Functional Overload Research Articles

A Study on the Mechanisms Influencing Youth Intermittent Disengagement Behavior on Short Video PlatformsBased on the Moderating Role of Self-Control Ability

As a product of the technological revolution in information media, short video platforms feature an increasingly complex scale of information, functional settings, and social networks. These complexities pose risks of perceived overload on the user level, leading to negative usage behaviors such as usage fatigue and intermittent disengagement. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theoretical framework, this study constructs a model of the mechanisms influencing intermittent disengagement behaviors among young users on short video platforms. Innovatively, the study introduces the moderating role of self-control theory. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, yielding 423 valid samples, and analyzed using structural equation modeling, mediation effect modeling, and moderation effect modeling. Results indicate that perceived information overload has a significant positive impact on the occurrence of intermittent disengagement among youth; usage fatigue partially mediates the pathway from perceived information overload to intermittent disengagement and fully mediates the pathway from perceived functional overload to intermittent disengagement; self-control ability positively moderates the relationship between usage fatigue and intermittent disengagement.

Mechanisms of functional asymmetry of the face formation in patients with dysfunctional condition of temporomandibular joint

Objective. To give a detailed description of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of functional asymmetry of the face in patients with dysfunctional condition of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Materials and methods. A complete examination of 34 (25 %) patients with symptomatic facial asymmetry of the 3rd type according to H.S. Hwang classification was carried out. The group consisted of 5 males (14,71 %) and 29 females (85,29 %). Screening protocol included standard dental care, cone beam computer tomography of both jaws and TMJ, MRI of TMJ with functional load. Results. 24 patients (70.59 %) completed complex dental treatment; 10 (29.41 %) people stopped treatment for various reasons and were excluded from further study. Complete restoration of facial symmetry was achieved in 21 people (87.5 %), partial restoration in 3 (12.5 %) patients. The height of the lower facial part and the synchrony of occlusal contacts were restored in all patients. Noise in the joint area persisted in 3 (8.8 %) cases, which is associated with arthrosis in the articular heads. In patients with unreducible dislocations, the intensity of the clicks decreased, and there was no pain at the end of treatment. It should be noted that all patients of this group refused subsequent surgical treatment. Conclusion. Functional asymmetry of the face results from multifactorial impact on the human organism and is multimorbid by nature. This condition is accompanied by complicated dental pathology, such as increased hard tooth tissues attrition, functional overload with traumatic nodes formation, disturbance of muscles and TMJ functions. It requires following diagnostic and treatment algorithm under the supervision of internal medicine specialists to correct sleep, postural stability, impaired psychoneurological status.

Efficacy of REAC Neurobiological Optimization Treatments in Post-Polio Syndrome: A Manual Muscle Testing Evaluation.

Background: This study evaluated the effectiveness of radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) neurobiological optimization treatments on muscle strength (MS) in individuals with post-polio syndrome (PPS), a condition causing new muscle weakness in polio survivors. Traditional treatments focus on symptom management, whereas REAC technology uses radio electric symmetric conveyed fields to modulate neurotransmission and cellular function. Methods: This open-label study involved 17 PPS patients who maintained their existing medications. The participants underwent four REAC treatment protocols: neuro-postural optimization (NPO), neuro-psycho-physical optimization (NPPO), neuro-psycho-physical optimization-cervical brachial (NPPO-CB), and neuromuscular optimization (NMO). MS was assessed using manual muscular tests (MMT) before and after each protocol. Results: A statistical analysis via repeated measures ANOVA showed significant MS improvements, particularly in the proximal muscles of the left lower limb (LLL), distal muscles of both lower limbs (LLs), and distal muscles of the left upper limb. The LLL, the most severely affected limb at this study's start, exhibited the greatest improvement. Conclusions: These results suggest REAC treatments could enhance MS in PPS patients, potentially reorganizing motor patterns and reducing functional overload on less affected limbs.

Abstract We048: Exon-skipping therapy can restore functional dystrophin attenuating calcium overload for DMD cardiomyopathy with mutations in actin-binding domain 1

Antisense oligonucleotide (AO)-mediated exon-skipping is a promising therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the DMD gene encoding Dp427m, leading to progressive cardiomyopathy. In-frame deletion of exons 3–9 (Δ3–9) manifesting asymptomatic or very mild clinical phenotype is an ideal goal for exon-skipping by targeting actin-binding domain 1 (ABD1); however, the efficacy of this therapy for DMD cardiomyopathy remains unclear. We compared three isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) expressing Δ3–9, frameshifting Δ3–7, and intact DMD. RNA-seq revealed high similarity between Δ3–9 and wild-type hiPSC-CMs. Furthermore, we observed electrophysiological alterations with accelerated CaMKII activation in Δ3–7 hiPSC-CMs compared to Δ3–9 and wild-type hiPSC-CMs, while Δ3–9 Dp427m was stably expressed, maintaining substantial binding to F-actin and retention of desmin. AOs targeting exon 8 efficiently induced exons 8–9 skipping to restore functional Dp427m and electrophysiological parameters in Δ3–7 hiPSC-CMs. Exon-skipping therapy converting the reading frame to Δ3–9 might be promising for DMD cardiomyopathy.

The IRE1α/XBP1 signaling axis drives myoblast fusion in adult skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle regeneration involves a signaling network that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of muscle precursor cells to injured myofibers. IRE1α, one of the arms of the unfolded protein response, regulates cellular proteostasis in response to ER stress. Here, we demonstrate that inducible deletion of IRE1α in satellite cells of mice impairs skeletal muscle regeneration through inhibiting myoblast fusion. Knockdown of IRE1α or its downstream target, X-box protein 1 (XBP1), also inhibits myoblast fusion during myogenesis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of IRE1α or XBP1 dysregulates the gene expression of molecules involved in myoblast fusion. The IRE1α-XBP1 axis mediates the gene expression of multiple profusion molecules, including myomaker (Mymk). Spliced XBP1 (sXBP1) transcription factor binds to the promoter of Mymk gene during myogenesis. Overexpression of myomaker in IRE1α-knockdown cultures rescues fusion defects. Inducible deletion of IRE1α in satellite cells also inhibits myoblast fusion and myofiber hypertrophy in response to functional overload. Collectively, our study demonstrates that IRE1α promotes myoblast fusion through sXBP1-mediated up-regulation of the gene expression of multiple profusion molecules, including myomaker.

The effect of home-based exercise with functional overload on functional independence, balance, walking and electromyography changes in acute stroke patients

The effect of home-based exercise with functional overload on functional independence, balance, walking and electromyography changes in acute stroke patients

Investigating Functional Independence, Balance, Walking, and Electromyographic Changes in Chronic Stroke Patients Under the Influence of Home-Based Exercises with Functional Overload

Investigating Functional Independence, Balance, Walking, and Electromyographic Changes in Chronic Stroke Patients Under the Influence of Home-Based Exercises with Functional Overload

Individualized management of chronic periodontitis in patients with orthodontic abnormalities: a clinical case report

Relevance. Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease influenced by a variety of factors. Beyond periodontal pathogens and systemic conditions, important contributing factors include malocclusion, dental misalignment, and tooth loss. These conditions can compromise the tissue blood flow hemodynamics and precipitate occlusal trauma with signs of functional overload. Subsequently, this may intensify the inflammation and degradation of the alveolar bone, often leading to premature tooth loss.Correction of malocclusion is paramount in the effective management of periodontal diseases, requiring orthodontic treatment to resolve malocclusion and mitigate signs of functional overload. This treatment aims to redistribute occlusal forces uniformly, thus creating a conducive environment for successful prosthodontic rehabilitation and promoting optimal personal oral hygiene.Clinical case description. This article outlines a personalized approach to managing periodontal inflammation in individuals with orthodontic anomalies. Patient Z., born in 2002, was diagnosed with moderate severity chronic periodontitis (K05.31), presenting with a Class I molar and canine relationship on both sides, constricted dental arches, individual tooth macrodontia, and retrusion and torsiversion of the incisors. The assessment of the patient's periodontal status and overall health was conducted using standard clinical, radiographic, and laboratory diagnostics, whereas the orthodontic assessment involved anthropometric analysis of dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs. The periodontal intervention included foundational non-surgical treatments such as ultrasonic scaling both supra- and subgingivally, biofilm disruption using the Vector Paro system, and specific pharmacotherapy. The orthodontic treatment aimed to widen both dental arches and correct the inclination of the upper and lower incisors, achieving a normal occlusion with fixed orthodontic appliances (Damon Q brackets) in accordance with the treatment plan. The effectiveness of the treatment was measured by examining the improvement in gingival conditions, periodontal parameters, and radiographic evidence before and after the intervention.Conclusion. The research demonstrated that an individualized treatment protocol integrating periodontal and orthodontic care can substantially improve the overall health of the dentofacial complex, masticatory efficiency, and aesthetic aspects.

Impact of risk factors, early rehabilitation and management of lymphedema associated with breast cancer: a retrospective study of breast Cancer survivors over 5 years

BackgroundBreast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a potentially disabling and often irreversible consequence of breast cancer treatment, caused by the mechanical incompetence of the lymphatic system, resulting in reduced drainage capacity and functional overload due to an excessive volume of interstitial fluid surpassing the system’s transport capacity in the arm. We wanted to determine the impact and explore the differences in independent risk factors for the occurrence of BCRL; incidence of BCRL over a five-year period at the Institute of Oncology Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica and to answer the research question regarding the influence of the prehabilitation program on the overall incidence of BCRL during the observed five-year period.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2018, a retrospective study was conducted at the Institute of Oncology of Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica, analyzing female patients who had undergone breast cancer surgery.ResultsThe study included 150 breast cancer patients who developed secondary lymphedema following surgery with the mean age of 59.2 ± 11.3 years. Fluctuations in hospitalization rates were observed over the five-year period, with the highest number of admissions in 2014 (24.0%) and a decline in 2018 (14.0%). The most common surgical procedure performed was left quadrantectomy (24.0%), followed by right quadrantectomy (20.0%) and left amputation (15.3%). The mean number of removed lymph nodes was 15.2 ± 6.1, with no statistically significant association between the number of removed lymph nodes and the manifestation of secondary lymphedema. The severity of secondary lymphedema varied based on patient age, with a higher incidence of moderate and severe lymphedema observed in patients aged 61 years and older. Patients who underwent radical surgery were more likely to experience severe lymphedema compared to those who had conservative surgery, although this difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionIn our study, the type of surgery, elapsed time since surgery, and the number of removed lymph nodes were not influencing factors for the occurrence of BCRL. However, concerning its severity, a greater number of systemic therapy modalities combined with radiotherapy were associated with a more frequent occurrence of mild and moderate BCRL. Also, the severity of BCRL varied among different age groups, with a higher incidence of moderate and severe lymphedema observed in patients aged 61 years and older. Ultimately, improving the quality of life for individuals affected by secondary lymphedema remains a crucial goal in the field of oncology.

Glycative stress inhibits hypertrophy and impairs cell membrane integrity in overloaded mouse skeletal muscle.

Glycative stress, characterized by the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) associated with protein glycation reactions, has been implicated in inducing a decline of muscle function. Although the inverse correlation between glycative stress and muscle mass and strength has been demonstrated, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate how glycative stress affects the skeletal muscle, particularly the adaptive muscle response to hypertrophic stimuli and its molecular mechanism. Male C57BL/6NCr mice were randomly divided into the following two groups: the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-treated and AGE-treated groups. Mice in the AGE-treated group were intraperitoneally administered AGEs (0.5mg/g) once daily, whereas those in the BSA-treated group received an equal amount of BSA (0.5mg/g) as the vehicle control. After 7days of continuous administration, the right leg plantaris muscle of mice in each group underwent functional overload treatment by synergist ablation for 7days to induce muscle hypertrophy. In in vitro studies, cultured C2C12 myocytes were treated with AGEs (1mg/mL) to examine cell adhesion and cell membrane permeability. Continuous AGE administration increased the levels of fluorescent AGEs, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, and methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 in both plasma and skeletal muscle. Plantaris muscle weight, muscle fibre cross-sectional area, protein synthesis rate, and the number of myonuclei increased with functional overload in both groups; however, the increase was significantly reduced by AGE treatment. Some muscles of AGE-treated mice were destroyed by functional overload. Proteomic analysis was performed to explore the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy suppression and myofibre destruction by AGEs. When principal component analysis was performed on 4659 data obtained by proteomic analysis, AGE treatment was observed to affect protein expression only in functionally overloaded muscles. Enrichment analysis of the 436 proteins extracted using the K-means method further identified a group of proteins involved in cell adhesion. Consistent with this finding, dystrophin-glycoprotein complex proteins and cell adhesion-related proteins were confirmed to increase with functional overload; however, this was attenuated by AGE treatment. Additionally, the treatment of C2C12 muscle cells with AGEs inhibited their ability to adhere and increased cell membrane permeability. This study indicates that glycative stress may be a novel pathogenic factor in skeletal muscle dysfunctions by causing loss of membrane integrity and preventing muscle mass gain.

Regenerative Medicine Solutions for Rotator Cuff Injuries in Athletes: Indications and Outcomes.

Rotator cuff (RC) injuries include a wide range of pathologic states. Athletes are perhaps the most susceptible to RC injuries ranging from tendinopathy to partial or full-thickness tears, due to functional overload and repetitive movements, causing abstention from sports for long periods. Regenerative medicine keeps giving us multiple choices to fight the disability caused by these pathologies. A literature search was performed, and findings related to the structure-function of rotator cuff units, pathophysiology of injuries, regenerative medicine treatments, and future strategies were outlined. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has a greater number of articles and clinical trials, accompanied by stem cells progenitor, prolotherapy, and new approaches such as microfragmented adipose tissue and exosomes. RC injuries in athletes can cause pain, functional impotence, and the risk of recurrence, and can lead them to stop playing sports. Regenerative medicine offers a range of treatments, but some of them need further studies to underline their actual validity.

Unilateral Renal Agenesis in dog

Background: Nephropathies are generalizations that indicate kidney disease or damage, which eventually can lead to some type of kidney failure. A rare condition in dogs, renal agenesis can be bilateral or unilateral, the former being incompatible with postnatal life. Unilateral renal agenesis is commonly asymptomatic unless the opposite kidney is involved. Ureteral agenesis ipsilateral to the absent kidney may also be seen, the ureter may be absent or malformed with a blunt end ending in connective tissue. The aim of the present report is to describe a case of renal agenesis in an adult female dog. Case: A mixed-breed, spayed bitch, approximately five years old, was seen for consultation and preoperative exams, in order to perform an elective periodontal cleaning procedure. The animal had a history of ovariosalpingohysterectomy without previous laboratory tests. Imaging tests were also performed. In the ultrasound examination, the absence of the right kidney was found, and the other organs had a normal appearance. A second ultrasound and radiography performed later showed the absence of a functional right kidney and its remains. In both exams, the left kidney was within an apparent normality. During the radiographic examination, no silhouette or structure consistent with the right kidney was observed. Discussion: The etiopathogenesis of renal agenesis in companion animals is still uncertain, but genetic predisposition has been identified mainly in Beagle dogs, as well as in Shetland Sheepdogs and Doberman Pinschers. In agreement with the case report presented, the kidney should be retroperitoneally compressed against the dorsal abdominal wall, more cranial in relation to the left kidney, predominantly in the lumbar region, projecting cranially to the intrathoracic part of the abdomen. As renal function can be sustained when up to 75% of the organ is affected, unilateral agenesis can go unnoticed during the animal's life, being found by chance in routine examinations or during necropsy. This is due in most cases to the compensatory hypertrophy of the other kidney, with an increase in the glomerular filtration rate, which explains why biochemical parameters of renal evaluation remain in the normal range. This also corroborates the present report, because although there was no compensatory hypertrophy of the left kidney, the diagnosis was only made in routine exams, that is, the patient had no clinical signs consistent with kidney disease. The study of nephrology in companion animals is of extreme clinical importance, because due to genetics or the prolongation of life of these individuals, dysfunctions and diseases related to the urinary system are increasingly present in the routine of care, in significant numbers and severity. Although unilateral renal agenesis is compatible with life, this dysfunction can lead to functional overload of the remaining kidney, which can lead to renal failure. In veterinary nephrology there is still room for discussion and learning and the way to develop better strategies to address this problem is through study and research in the area. It is extremely important to assess the health of the urinary system of companion animals, especially in preoperative exams, allowing for adequate care and procedures to maintain the patient's health and good quality of life.

Temporal expression of mitochondrial life cycle markers during acute and chronic overload of rat plantaris muscles.

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is generally associated with a fast-to-slow phenotypic adaptation in both human and rodent models. Paradoxically, this phenotypic shift is not paralleled by a concomitant increase in mitochondrial content and aerobic markers that would be expected to accompany a slow muscle phenotype. To understand the temporal response of the mitochondrial life cycle (i.e., biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, fission/fusion, and mitophagy/autophagy) to hypertrophic stimuli, in this study, we used the functional overload (FO) model in adult female rats and examined the plantaris muscle responses at 1 and 10weeks. As expected, the absolute plantaris muscle mass increased by ∼12 and 26% at 1 and 10weeks following the FO procedure, respectively. Myosin heavy-chain isoform types I and IIa significantly increased by 116% and 17%, respectively, in 10-week FO plantaris muscles. Although there was a general increase in protein markers associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in acute FO muscles, this response was unexpectedly sustained under 10-week FO conditions after muscle hypertrophy begins to plateau. Furthermore, the early increase in mito/autophagy markers observed under acute FO conditions was normalized by 10weeks, suggesting a cellular environment favoring mitochondrial biogenesis to accommodate the aerobic demands of the plantaris muscle. We also observed a significant increase in the expression of mitochondrial-, but not nuclear-, encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and peptides (i.e., humanin and MOTS-c) under chronic, but not acute, FO conditions. Taken together, the temporal response of markers related to the mitochondrial life cycle indicates a pattern of promoting biogenesis and mitochondrial protein expression to support the energy demands and/or enhanced neural recruitment of chronically overloaded skeletal muscle.

Exploring Polymorphism: Flexibility and Code Reusability in Object-Oriented Programming

A key concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) is polymorphism, which enables objects or references to take on different forms depending on the situation. To allow for the creation of numerous sorts of objects, variables, and methods, it integrates ideas like virtual functions, function overriding, and function overloading. By enabling several implementations of the same function within parent classes, polymorphism promotes scalability and improves code clarity. Understanding how polymorphism is used in programming and how class objects may access and use it is crucial. This paper covers the idea of polymorphism, examines its uses, benefits, and drawbacks, and offers examples to show how it is used in OOP. Polymorphism allows for quick development, reuse of code, and flexibility in object-oriented programming paradigms.

"Left on read" examining social media users' lurking behavior: an integration of anxiety and social media fatigue.

With the widespread use of social media, the behavior and mindset of users have been transformed, leading to a gradual increase in lurking users, which can impede the sustainable development of social media platforms. In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors on social media users' anxiety, social media fatigue, and lurking behavior. For the confirmation of these phenomena and to validate the theories, a structural equation model was constructed based on the SSO (Stressor-Strain-Outcome) theoretical framework. The model was then tested and validated with data from 836 valid online surveys. These data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 24.0 software. The results indicate that intrinsic motivations (such as social comparison and privacy concerns) and extrinsic motivations (including information overload, functional overload, and social overload) are positively associated with users' lurking behavior through the mediating effects of social media fatigue and anxiety. Additionally, for the mediator variables, social media fatigue was found to be positively associated with anxiety. These findings underscore the importance of social media platforms considering both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors to mitigate user anxiety and social media fatigue. By addressing these factors, platforms can foster user satisfaction and increase engagement, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of social media platforms.

Radiological assessment of long-term outcomes of restorative treatment in patients with shortened dental arches

Restoring the integrity of the dentition with orthopedic structures should be carried out strictly according to indications, taking into account the condition of the supporting teeth and/or teeth limiting the defect. To conduct a retrospective analysis of the results of orthopedic treatment of patients with shortened dentition according to clinical and radiological methods. The material for the study was data from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of 126 patients with shortened dentition (most patients with the absence of a second molar, as well as the absence of the first and second molars), who sought a consultation about missing teeth in the orthopedic and surgical department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center TsNIISiCHLKh Ministry of Health of Russia. At the stages of treatment for patients in the study group, insufficient attention is paid to the restoration of terminal defects of the dentition in the upper and lower jaws, especially the restoration of second molars. This may be due to improper planning of dental treatment and insufficient motivation of the patient to carry out comprehensive dental rehabilitation. According to CT studies, the number of complications of orthopedic treatment in the area of supporting teeth and/or teeth limiting the included defect or terminal defect of the dentition in the masticatory region increases depending on the period of use of the orthopedic structure. The use of cantilever structures leads to functional overload of the supporting teeth. Neglecting the restoration of a full dentition and prosthetics of end defects of the dentition leads to dentoalveolar advancement of antagonists of missing teeth and the appearance of complications such as functional overload of supporting teeth and resorption of alveolar bone.

Cyclin D3 Colocalizes with Myogenin and p21 in Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells during Early-Stage Functional Overload.

Myogenic cell differentiation is modulated by multiple regulatory factors, such as myogenin, p21, and cyclin D3 during myogenesis in vitro. It is also recognized that myogenin and p21 play important roles in regulating muscle satellite cell (SC) differentiation during overload-induced muscle hypertrophy in vivo. However, the expression patterns and functional role of cyclin D3 in the progress of muscle hypertrophy remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated cyclin D3 expression in skeletal muscles during early-stage functional overload. Plantaris muscles were exposed to functional overload due to ablation of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. As a result, cyclin D3 expression was detected in the nuclei of SCs but not in myonuclei on day 1 after surgery. Cyclin D3 expression, after functional overload, gradually increased, reaching a maximum on day 7 along with myogenin expression. Moreover, in response to the functional overload, cyclin D3 was expressed simultaneously with myogenin and p21 in SC nuclei. Therefore, the present study suggests that cyclin D3 with myogenin and p21 may interactively regulate SC differentiation during early-stage functional overload.

Increased extracellular water/body mass is associated with functional impairment in hemodialysis patients

Background Functional impairment, malnutrition and fluid overload are prevalent in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The extracellular water/body cell mass ratio (ECW/BCM) is a new indicator reflecting fluid overload and malnutrition. A previous study has suggested that it performs better than other indices in assessing fluid status. This study investigates the relationship between pre-dialysis whole-body ECW/BCM and physical function in MHD patients. Methods We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study in Guizhou Province in Southwest China. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) was used to evaluate patients’ functional status. Patients with KPS scores of ≤ 80 were considered to have a functional impairment. The body composition was measured using the body composition monitor (BCM), and the value of the ECW/BCM ratio was calculated. The subjects were classified into three groups according to ECW/BCM tertiles. Multiple logistic regression models and interactive analyses were conducted. Results The final analysis included 2818 subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that compared with the lowest tertile (tertile 1), the adjusted odds ratio of functional impairment were 1.95 (95% CI: 1.21–3.13, p < 0.001) and 2.10 (95% CI: 1.31–3.37, p < 0.001) in the second and the third tertiles of ECW/BCM, respectively after adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, history of stroke, heart failure, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. Subgroup analysis showed that the association existed stably across all subgroups stratified by age, gender, cognitive impairment (CI), history of stroke, heart failure, and diabetes (all p values for interaction >0.05). Conclusions Elevated ECW/BCM is independently linked to an increased risk of functional impairment in patients with MHD.

Stanniocalcin-2 inhibits skeletal muscle growth and is upregulated in functional overload-induced hypertrophy.

Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) has recently been implicated in human muscle mass variability by genetic analysis. Biochemically, STC2 inhibits the proteolytic activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A, which promotes muscle growth by upregulating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. The aim was to examine if STC2 affects skeletal muscle mass and to assess how the IGF axis mediates muscle hypertrophy induced by functional overload. We compared muscle mass and muscle fiber morphology between Stc2-/- (n = 21) and wild-type (n = 15) mice. We then quantified IGF1, IGF2, IGF binding proteins -4 and -5 (IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5), PAPP-A and STC2 in plantaris muscles of wild-type mice subjected to 4-week unilateral overload (n = 14). Stc2-/- mice showed up to 10% larger muscle mass compared with wild-type mice. This increase was mediated by greater cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. Overload increased plantaris mass and components of the IGF axis, including quantities of IGF1 (by 2.41-fold, p = 0.0117), IGF2 (1.70-fold, p = 0.0461), IGFBP-4 (1.48-fold, p = 0.0268), PAPP-A (1.30-fold, p = 0.0154) and STC2 (1.28-fold, p = 0.019). Here we provide evidence that STC2 is an inhibitor of muscle growth upregulated, along with other components of the IGF axis, during overload-induced muscle hypertrophy.

DENTAL STATUS FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH ABFRACTION DEFECTS OF TEETH

The features of the dental status of 128 patients aged 30-49 years with abfraction defects of the teeth were studied. Complaints and anamnestic data, presumably related to the presence of abfraction defects, were recorded. An objective assessment of the severity of hyperesthesia of hard tissues of 193 teeth with abfraction defects in 128 patients was carried out using the Schiff air test. In the examined patients in the area of abfraction defects, a high prevalence of hyperesthesia of teeth necks (92.9%), enamel cracks (69.5%), gum recession without signs of inflammation of the gingival margin (89.1%), the presence of functional overload of teeth with abfraction defects (87.5%). In the study of 75.1% of teeth with abfraction defects, a high degree of hyperesthesia (2-3 points on the Schiff scale) was recorded. Hyperesthesia of the cervical region of the teeth is the leading symptom of abfraction defects, its predictable and guaranteed elimination during direct composite restoration is an urgent task in the complex treatment of these patients.