Overlay Layers Research Articles

A metaheuristic approach for location of gas stations in a metropolitan area

The paper presents a metaheuristic model, which is developed to determine the location of gas stations in the state of Kuwait. The variables of this study cover requirements to high demand areas such as commercial areas, businesses as well as safety and environmental factors translated into minimum distances to sensitive entities and receptors. The developed methodology combines GIS with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to weigh and overlay layers of interest on the base map of urban and suburban areas in Kuwait. The output on this process is a suitability map that contains feasible locations for future gas stations sites. Feasible locations are then fed into an optimisation routine to obtain the optimal sites. The methodology includes international and national standards and regulation including minimum allowable distance to existing gas stations, natural gas distributors, fire stations, educational institutions, governmental agencies and ministries, airport, residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas, road network and others. 199 feasible locations were obtained in the State of Kuwait that abide with all regulation while satisfying demand of businesses and residents. The optimum was obtained from these feasible solutions by using an optimisation routine.

INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERIG TEMPERATURE AND LASER BEAM ON HARDNESS AND WEAR OF THE OVERLAY WELDED LAYERS

In this paper we report the results of overlay welded layers by automatic device under the flux, its hardness depending on tempering temperature and influence of laser beam on structure and wear. Specimens of structural steel Ст3 were overlay welded with material powders sprayed over the surface and melted under the coating of flux or material powder mixtures sprayed over the surface melted unemployed standard flux. The all components were melted by arc between continuously supplied 1.2 mm diameter low carbon steel wire Cв 08 and structural steel Ст3. For overlay welding standard flux AMS1 (have more 50% MnO and SiO 2 ), chromium, tungsten, Fe – 70% Mn and boron carbide (Ba 4 C) and SiCaBa powder, secondary material powders (glass, high speed steel P6M5 chips, metal ceramic plates BK – 8, SiC from grinding disks) and to increase amount of carbon the graphite powders were used. Overlay welded layers was periodically impacted by laser beam in microscopical analiser MLA10. The wear tests have been done by abrading welded specimens at applied load 320 N. For the wear of overlay welded layers influence of structure, chemical composition and hardness was obtained. Laser beam treatment of overlay welded layers in no all senses increase the wear resistance. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.17.6.1016

초내열합금분말에 의한 PTA 오버레이부의 연삭 마모 특성 연구

** (주) 종합 폴스타 *** 한국해양대학교 대학원 **** 한국해양대학교 기관시스템공학부 Abstract The Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) overlay welding method is lately introduced as one of the most useful surface overlay method of the engine component. In this paper, the overlay welding on the SNCrW heat resisting alloy was conducted by the PTA overlay welding process using the super alloy powder. The characteristics of the overlay layers were investigated through the metallurgical and abrasive test. Experimental results showed that the overlay on the SNCrW heat resisting alloy surface was successfully made without hot cracking. The friction wear characteristics of the Co-base Stellite 6 overlayer were most superior. However the abrasive wear characteristics were most inferior in the Co-base Stellite 6 overlayer.

Multi-component percussion mallet

An improved mallet for percussive musical instruments comprises, in one embodiment, a shaft ( 1100, 1200 , etc.), an adapter or inner core ( 300, 1400 ), an elastomeric surrounding core ( 400 ), and an elastomeric core overlay ( 1200 ). Optionally a cover ( 1300 ), or optionally two simultaneously-wound layers of yarn or other wrapping material ( 1705, 1710 ) are attached over the assembly. The adapter or inner core and the elastomeric surrounding core are formed together in molds ( 700, 900 ). Yarns are wrapped either by hand or with the use of a wrapping machine comprising a rotary motive source, a chuck ( 1810 ), and wrapping arms ( 1825, 1830 ) for interweaving the layers of yarn. In an alternative embodiment the adapter has a through-hole to permit extension of the shaft through the adapter to near the top of the mallet head. Numerous percussive sound effects are achieved by selection of the properties of the adapter or inner core, surrounding core, overlay, and yarn layers.

A Study on the Surface Modification of the Super Alloy by Plasma Transferred Arc Overlay Welding Method

The Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) overlay welding method is lately introduced as one of the most useful surface overlay method of the engine component. In this paper, the overlay welding method on the Nimonic super alloy was established by the PTA overlay welding process using the same super alloy powder. The characteristics of the Co-base and Ni-base super alloy overlay layers were investigated through the metallurgical, abrasive and cavitation erosion test. The abrasive and cavitation characteristics were investigated at room and high temperature.

Field Trial for Asphalt Pavements Reinforced with Geosynthetics and Behavior of Glass-Fiber Grids

This paper presents details of a large field trial and some observations conducted to evaluate the practical efficiencies of geosynthetically reinforced asphalt pavements in Shanxi Province, China. Three glass-fiber grids (LB2000 II, TGG-8080, GGA 2021), one plastic grid (Tensar AR1), two geotextiles (nonwoven needle-punched and nonwoven heat-bonded), and one geocomposite (Tensar AR-G) application were selected for evaluation. These geosynthetics were installed in the interface between new asphalt pavement layers (APL) and new cement-stabilized gravel–sand base courses coated by emulsified asphalt or within new APL in the reconstruction of asphalt pavement sections (Program I), or in the interface between old APL and new overlay layers in the asphalt overlay pavement sections (Program II). In each program, reinforced sections with different geosynthetics were compared with each other and with nonreinforced sections to determine relative performance. Inspections after construction showed that the integrate...

Influence of overlay layers on the abrasive wear

A problem of machine parts wear decrease and in this way of the economical effectiveness of rapid wearable parts interferes with majority of manufacturing processes. Service life and operating reliability of a great number of machine parts is largely influenced by friction and wear, which take a significant part in the power and material losses. Wear affects significantly the maintenance, repair and renewal costs of machine parts, too. Today we can use a row of overlay materials. They differ above all by chemical composition, which determinates the conditions of use. Next conditions are the solidification of the welded-on material and the diffusion ability of main alloying elements, which determine the resultant structure of an overlay. The paper intents on multilayer overlays problem and on the number of overlay layers influence on abrasive wear.

Sugarcane information and management system for mitr phol sugar group, Thailand

Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Centre has developed “Sugarcane Information and Management System” (SIMS) with integrated suitable information technologies viz., Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System(GIS) and Global Positioning System(GPS) to map the cane area and build database of contract fanners’ fields in the United Farmer and Industry Co. Ltd, Phukieo, Chaiyaphum. The project was initiated to improve administrative and cane management of each field in terms of estimation of cane area, extension, harvesting plan, transportation and yield increase. This project was carried out during 2002-2004 and covered about 50,000 ha of cane area on 25,000 fields in four provinces viz., Chaiyaphum, Khon Kaen, Loie and Nongbualampoo with 3,000 contract farmers. From visual interpretation we could identify each field’s boundary in the satellite image and geographic position along with field ownership was confirmed again by field survey using GPS. Then we used GIS to overlay different layers of data. The layer’s overlay facilitates the result’s manipulation and performance according to analysis. In future, we will link input data such as soil and fertilizer management, cultural practice, meteorological data, recommended varieties and soil suitability into SIMS for precision agriculture.

Experimental determination of the residual stresses in a spiral weld overlay tube

Neutron diffraction was used to determine the residual stresses in a spiral weld overlay tube. The specimen was a 2.5 in. OD carbon steel tube covered with a layer of alloy 625 weld overlay. Residual strains in the carbon steel and weld overlay layers were determined using the ferritic (211) and austenitic (311) reflections, respectively. The residual stresses in each material were derived from the measured strains using Hooke's law and appropriate elastic constants. Tensile stress regions were found not only in the weld metal but also in the heat-affected zone in the carbon steel. The maximum tensile stress was located in the weld overlay layer and amounted to 360 MPa, about 75% of the 0.2% yield strength of the weld metal. The experimental data were compared with a finite element analysis based on an uncoupled thermal-mechanical formulation. Overall, the modeling results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data, although the hoop strain (stress) seems to have been overestimated by the finite element model. Additional neutron diffraction measurements reveal that these welding residual stresses vanished after annealing at 900°C for 20 min.