Line Overlap Research Articles

Site-selective NMR measurements in single crystal PrNb2Al20

We report the result and analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements at the magnetic field of 8.57 T and temperature of 80 K using a single crystal PrNb2Al20. Combining the field angle dependence of NMR spectra, numerical simulation, and band calculation, we deconvoluted the NMR signals from the Nb, Al 48 f, and Al 96g sites. Unfortunately, the overlapping of NMR lines prevents us to extract the NMR signals from the Al 16c site. However, the obtained nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters for the Nb and Al 48f sites are consistent with the previous reports [T. Kubo et al., 2014 JPS Conf. Proc. 3 012031; 2015 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 592 012093; 2016 J. Phys. Conf.: Ser. 683 012015] and for the Al 96g site are refined to be vQ = 0.98 MHz and η = 0.46.

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty with dorsal dartos flap cover and asymmetrical prepucial flaps: A valuable option in hypospadias repair?

Background: Snodgrass or tabularized incised plate (TIP) repair is the most common technique for distal penile hypospadias cases. However different variations of this procedure have been tried in attempts to reduce the complications. The variations reported are for the cover of the neourethra and creations of prepucial flaps In this study the authors report another variation devised by them in which there is dorsal prepuce is divided into two unequal parts. Patients and Methods: We have managed 35 patients of distal hypospadias without chordee with hypospadias were managed wherein the neourethra was created by incised urethral plate and it was covered by a dorsal dartos flap taken from 1/3rd portion of asymmetrically divided prepuce after discarding its outer layer and rest 2/3rd of the two layered prepuce used to cover the penile shaft. Results: Three (8.57 %) patients developed a fistula at the coronal level, of which one closed spontaneously within three months of repair while two healed after a surgical repair. There was retraction of the meatus in one patient. All the remaining patients had acceptable cosmetic and functional outcome. Conclusion: The tubularized incised plate repair with suggested modification of asymmetrical division of dorsal prepuce and use of dartos flap to cover the neourethrais a good option in select patients of hypospadias without chordee. The advantage is that there is no overlapping of suture lines of the neourethra and skin and it takes care of glanular tilt. However the cosmesis is not as good as in cases where there is symmetrical division of prepucial flaps.

Double breasting spongioplasty in tubularized/tubularized incise plate urethroplasty: A new technique.

Introduction:The main disadvantage of currently described techniques of spongioplasty is superimposition of 3 suture lines (neourethra, spongioplasty, and skin closure) which is likely to increase the chances of a fistula. We describe and evaluate the results of a double breasting spongioplasty in urethroplasty.Methods:A prospective study of 60 primary hypospadias was undertaken by double breasting spongioplasty from August 2012 to March 2014. Mobilization of the urethral plate and the spongiosum is done by creating a plane just proximal to the meatus. Double breasting spongioplasty is done after tubularization of urethral plate. First layer of spongiosum is sutured toward lateral side of the neourethra covering the suture line. A second double breasting layer is sutured over the first layer with its suture line toward the opposite side covering the suture line of the first layer; thus avoiding overlapping of suture lines of all the three layers.Results:Age of the patients varied from 10 months to 16 years with a mean and median of 3.73 and 3.50 years, respectively. Hypospadias was distal, mid, and proximal in 38, 10, and 12 cases, respectively. Chordee was noticed in 35 cases and torque in 28 cases. Overall complication rate was 5% and fistula rate was 1.66%.Conclusions:Double breasting spongioplasty avoids superimposition of suture line and adds two layers of spongiosum over neourethra, thus decreases the chances of urethral fistula and gives cylindrical shape to neourethra.

Mimicking lizard-like surface structures upon ultrashort laser pulse irradiation of inorganic materials

Inorganic materials, such as steel, were functionalized by ultrashort laser pulse irradiation (fs- to ps-range) to modify the surface’s wetting behavior. The laser processing was performed by scanning the laser beam across the surface of initially polished flat sample material. A systematic experimental study of the laser processing parameters (peak fluence, scan velocity, line overlap) allowed the identification of different regimes associated with characteristic surface morphologies (laser-induced periodic surface structures, grooves, spikes, etc.). Analyses of the surface using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy revealed morphologies providing the optimum similarity to the natural skin of lizards. For mimicking skin structures of moisture-harvesting lizards towards an optimization of the surface wetting behavior, additionally a two-step laser processing strategy was established for realizing hierarchical microstructures. In this approach, micrometer-scaled capillaries (step 1) were superimposed by a laser-generated regular array of small dimples (step 2). Optical focus variation imaging measurements finally disclosed the three dimensional topography of the laser processed surfaces derived from lizard skin structures. The functionality of these surfaces was analyzed in view of wetting properties.

CO(B 1Σ+→A 1Π) Angstrom System for Gas Temperature Measurements in CO2 Containing Plasmas

CO2 containing plasmas are of growing interest for greenhouse gas remediation and dry gas reforming. In this paper, we show that the optical emission spectrum of CO(B-A) transition can be used for gas temperature determination in CO2 containing plasmas. The study was performed in a packed-bed reactor and compared with previously published results for a MW discharge. The CO emission is mainly produced by direct electron excitation from ground state CO. The rotational temperature is determined by a fitting algorithm of the CO(B-A) (0-1) spectrum and the accuracy of the deduced rotational temperature is shown to be better than 30 K. Meanwhile, we also compared the results with the widely used Boltzmann plots of the CO(B-A) (0-1). The rotational lines corresponding to Q(18–24) yield accurately the gas temperature for spectra with a resolution in excess of 0.05 nm FWHM. Rotational lines with N < 18 cannot be used due to the overlap of rotational lines from different branches unless a spectral resolution of at least 5 pm is used.

X‐ray fluorescence determination of sulfur chemical state in sulfide ores

This paper describes the X‐ray fluorescence technique for estimation of the ratio between sulfide and total sulfur in sulfide ores using the influence of sulfur chemical state on positions and intensities of lines (SKα1,2, SKβ1,3) and satellites (SKβ′, SKα3,4) of the sulfur X‐ray emission spectra measured by the wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. The samples to be analyzed were prepared as pressed powder pellets on boric acid substrate. The SKα1,2 line chemical shift is the most appropriate parameter for sulfur chemical state estimation because spectral lines in this field are intensive and are almost not affected by spectral overlap of lead spectrum lines. The ratios of line intensities SKβ′/SKβ1,3, SKα3,4/SKα1,2 and SKβ1,3/SKα1,2 were also used as analytical parameters. Forty‐one samples of sulfide ores collected in the Russian Far East and Southern Ural deposits have been analyzed. The results of estimation of sulfur chemical state by gravimetric and proposed X‐ray fluorescence techniques agree fairly well. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Gain-switching injection-locked dual optical frequency combs: characterization and optimization.

In this work, the generation of dual optical frequency combs based on gain-switching and optical injection locking is experimentally examined. The study reveals that an effective process of optical injection can lead to optimized RF combs in terms of span and signal-to-noise ratio. The system also minimizes the overlap of lines and reduces the number of optical components involved, eliminating the need for any external modulator (electro-optic, acousto-optic). The validation of the system was performed as a dual-comb spectrometer, which allowed for determination of the absorption and dispersion profiles of the molecular transition of H13CN at 1538.523 nm.

An improved model of radiative transfer for the NLTE problem in the NIR bands of CO2 and CO molecules in the daytime atmosphere of Mars. 1. Input data and calculation method

Advances in attacking the problem of radiative transfer in the near infrared (NIR) bands of CO2 and CO under nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) conditions depend on the accuracy of taking into account the radiation processes and inelastic collisions of CO2 and CO molecules. The focus of the paper is to substantially improve the physical model of the problem and update the calculation method. It is the first time the surface albedo is introduced into the problem of the molecular emission under NLTE conditions. The values of the rate constants for inelastic molecular collisions and their temperature dependences have been radically updated. In some cases, since laboratory measurements of these constants are lacking, different versions are provided for them. The relative abundance of CO2 and CO isotopologues is based on the ratios of isotope abundances for the elements C and O obtained from the measurements in the atmosphere of Mars. The intensity of extraterrestrial solar NIR radiation is specified on the base of the high-accuracy ground-based measurements. In the method for calculating the populations of vibrational states, we pioneer in completely taking into account the overlapping of spectral lines in the NIR bands of CO2 and CO.

Enhancing optical and electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO coated polyethylene terephthalate substrates by laser annealing using overlap rate controlling strategy

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) layers were deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible substrates and optimized by laser annealing using a 532nm nanosecond pulsed laser. Effects of overlap rates, i.e. laser spot overlap rate (SOR) and laser scan line overlap rate (LOR), on AZO/PET films were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–visible transmittance spectra and digital four-point probe instrument, respectively. Laser annealing could greatly enhance grain crystallinity, increase crystallite size and avoid damage to the PET flexible substrates, thus effectively enhance transmittance and conductivity of the films. The results showed that the AZO/PET film annealed by using 85% SOR and 60% LOR presented the highest average visible transmittance of 76.2% and the lowest resistivity of 1.95×10−3Ωcm, which respectively improved by approximately 23% and 75% compared to those of the as-deposited AZO/PET film. This work may be of great importance from the viewpoint of performance optimization of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) flexible films.

Construction of Bi-Pearcey beams and their mathematical mechanism

We present a theoretical expression in the form of the Pearcey function by deducing the Fresnel diffraction distribution of an elliptic line. Then, we numerically simulate and experimentally generate this kind of new Pearcey beams by using the Fresnel diffraction of optical ellipse line. This kind of beams can be referred to as Bi-Pearcey beams because their appearance of the topological structure is very similar to the combination of two face-to-face classical Pearcey beams. It is no doubt that so-called Bi-Pearcey beams are the new member of a family of form-invariant Pearcey beams. Subsequently, we also provide the theoretical mechanism of generating Bi-Pearcey beams based on the Zeeman catastrophe machine of catastrophic theory. By solving the critical equation of potential function of Bi-Pearcey beams generated by an ellipse line, we find that the optical morphogenesis of Bi-Pearcey beams is determined by the number of roots of the critical equation. The critical equation of potential function of Bi-Pearcey beams is a classical Cartan equation, which has at most three real roots. For the Fresnel diffraction of ellipse line, three real roots of the critical equation are corresponding to three stable points and represent three diffraction lines, hence they can be used to examine the optical topological structure of Bi-Pearcey beams. By choosing the appropriate control variable of Bi-Pearcey beams, two diffraction lines of an ellipse line overlap, and the strong caustic line of Bi-Pearcey beams is correspondingly generated when the two of the three real roots of the critical equation are equal. If the three real roots of the critical equation are all equal, the strongest cusps of Bi-Pearcey beams are generated, accordingly. Moreover, the equation of the caustic line and their positions of four cusps of Bi-Pearcey beams are given by solving the control variable equation of Bi-Pearcey beams. In conclusion, we elucidate the mathematical mechanism of topical morphogenesis of Bi-Pearcey beams based on catastrophic theory.

Laser-Induced Deterioration Grinding of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) – Generation of Layer Patterns and Performance Evaluation

Laser-induced deterioration was proposed for the wet grinding of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramic used in the dental, semiconductor and automotive industries. The mechanisms for laser induced deterioration and wet grinding of the deterioration layer were theoretically analysed, and the four key processing parameters that determine the micro-topography and distribution of the laser-induced crater were proposed, including the laser power density Ip, the defocus distance z, the laser spot overlap ratio Us and the laser scanning track line overlap ratio Ul. Further, the forming mechanism of the single pulse-induced crater under different laser power densities, the defocus distance, and the interaction mechanisms between adjacent spots along the longitudinal and transverse directions were investigated. The optimal values of the key processing parameters were identified. To further evaluate the effect of laser-induced deterioration objectively, a comparative experiment was conducted under laser-induced deterioration wet grinding (LIDWG) and conventional grinding (CG) conditions. It was found that the procedure of laser-induced deterioration had a strong influence on the grinding results. The normal and tangential grinding forces for LIDWG condition were lower than for CG condition, with a maximum reduction of 59.2% (62.9%).

The physics of water masers observable with ALMA and SOFIA: model predictions for evolved stars

We present the results of models that were designed to study all possible water maser transitions in the frequency range 0-1.91THz, with particular emphasis on maser transitions that may be generated in evolved-star envelopes and observed with the ALMA and SOFIA telescopes. We used tens of thousands of radiative transfer models of both spin species of H2O, spanning a considerable parameter space in number density, kinetic temperature and dust temperature. Results, in the form of maser optical depths, have been summarized in a master table, Table 6. Maser transitions identified in these models were grouped according to loci of inverted regions in the density/kinetic temperature plane, a property clearly related to the dominant mode of pumping. A more detailed study of the effect of dust temperature on maser optical depth enabled us to divide the maser transitions into three groups: those with both collisional and radiative pumping schemes (22,96,209,321,325,395,941 and 1486\,GHz), a much larger set that are predominantly radiatively pumped, and another large group with a predominantly collisional pump. The effect of accelerative and decelerative velocity shifts of up to 5km/s was found to be generally modest, with the primary effect of reducing computed maser optical depths. More subtle asymmetric effects, dependent on line overlap, include maximum gains offset from zero shift by >1km/s, but these effects were predominantly found under conditions of weak amplification. These models will allow astronomers to use multi-transition water maser observations to constrain physical conditions down to the size of individual masing clouds (size of a few astronomical units).

Direct Detection of Pu-242 with a Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter Gamma-Ray Detector

Cryogenic high-resolution $$\gamma $$ -ray detectors can improve the accuracy of non-destructive assay (NDA) of nuclear materials in cases where conventional high-purity germanium detectors are limited by line overlap or by the Compton background. We have improved the performance of gamma detectors based on metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) by separating the 0.5 $$\times $$ 2 $$\times $$ 0.25 mm $$^{3}$$ Au absorber from the Au:Er sensor with sixteen 30- $$\upmu $$ m-diameter Au posts. This ensures that the entire $$\gamma $$ -ray energy thermalizes in the absorber before heating the Au:Er sensor, and improves the energy resolution at 35 mK to as low as 90 eV FWHM at 60 keV. This energy resolution enables the direct detection of $$\gamma $$ -rays from Pu-242, an isotope that cannot be measured by traditional NDA and whose concentration is therefore inferred through correlations with other Pu isotopes. The Pu-242 concentration of 11.11 $$\pm $$ 0.42 % measured by NDA with MMCs agrees with mass spectrometry results and exceeds the accuracy of correlation measurements.

Study on Map Matching Using Characteristics of Vehicular Movements

PURPOSES : In link matching using vehicular trajectory in a car navigation system, it is technically difficult to match the location of the subject vehicle with a link on an electronic map in the vehicle on a grade separation highway segment consisting of an elevated highway and atgrade highway, because of the overlap of geometric lines of the two highways. This study was initiated to propose a link matching algorithm using the characteristics of vehicular movement of the subject vehicle. METHODS : The selected test site is the highway segment between Jeong-reung IC and Gil-eum IC where the Inner Circulation Road and Jeong-reung-ro run together. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, this study collected the raw packet data of vehicles that drove on the test site. In a simulation environment, link matching was performed using an existing algorithm as well as the proposed algorithm. RESULTS: It was clearly found that the characteristics of vehicular movements are different on the two highways. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed algorithm outperformed the existing algorithm.

A theoretical and experimental study on laser-induced deterioration in wet grinding of Al2O3 engineering ceramic

A series of theoretical analyses and experimental investigations were performed to examine a strategy for laser-induced deterioration in wet grinding of Al2O3 engineering ceramic. The mechanisms for laser-induced deterioration and wet grinding of the deterioration layer were theoretically analyzed, and the three key processing parameters that determined the micro-topography and distribution of the laser-inducing craters were proposed, including the laser power density, the laser spot overlap ratio, and the laser scanning track line overlap ratio. Further, the forming mechanism of the single pulse-inducing crater under different laser power densities and the interaction mechanisms between adjacent spots along the longitudinal and transverse directions were investigated. The optimal values of the key processing parameters were identified. To further evaluate the effect of laser-induced deterioration objectively, a comparative experiment was conducted under laser-induced deterioration wet grinding (LIDWG) and conventional grinding (CG) conditions. It was found that the procedure of laser-induced deterioration had a strong influence on the grinding results. The normal and tangential grinding forces for LIDWG condition were lower than those for CG condition, with a maximum reduction of 72.4 % (68.9 %).

A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Outcome of Double Dartos Flap in Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty for Distal Hypospadias Repair

Background/purpose: The tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (Snodgrass technique) presents the procedure of choice for distal hypospadias repair. Fistula formation is the most common complication with various rates. Avoiding overlap of suture lines in the Snodgrass repair is critical to minimize fistula formation through second-layer coverage of the neourethra. We compared the outcome of double- layer dartos flaps to flapless procedure in the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias repair to assess the effectiveness of dartos flap in this method.Methods: Our study included 28 patients aged upto 12 years who were treated with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital from April 2010 to December 2011. They were divided into two groups. Group A (14 patients) had double dartos flap coverings. Group B (14 patients) had no dartos flap covering. The dissected dorsal dartos flap was bisected vertically to form two pedicle wings. Each wing was rotated laterally from either side of the glans to cover the neourethra ventrally in a double-layer fashion.Result: Mean follow up period was 9 months. In Group A, one patient (7%) developed fistula and one (7%) superficial skin necrosis. On the other hand three (21%) patients developed fistula and one patient (7%) meatal stenosis in group B, who were treated with Snodgrass procedure without using dartos flap. All successful repaired hypospadias patients of both groups had a cosmetically normal looking circumcised penis with ventrally slit meatus.Conclusions : Double dartos flaps covering of the neourethra is a simple procedure and could be effective for the prevention of urethrocutaneous fistula after tubularized incised plate urethroplasty.J. Paediatr. Surg. Bangladesh 3(2): 65-70, 2012 (July)

SPECTRAL CONFUSION FOR COSMOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF REDSHIFTED C II EMISSION

Far-infrared cooling lines are ubiquitous features in the spectra of star-forming galaxies. Surveys of redshifted fine-structure lines provide a promising new tool to study structure formation and galactic evolution at redshifts including the epoch of reionization as well as the peak of star formation. Unlike neutral hydrogen surveys, where the 21 cm line is the only bright line, surveys of redshifted fine-structure lines suffer from confusion generated by line broadening, spectral overlap of different lines, and the crowding of sources with redshift. We use simulations to investigate the resulting spectral confusion and derive observing parameters to minimize these effects in pencil-beam surveys of redshifted far-IR line emission. We generate simulated spectra of the 17 brightest far-IR lines in galaxies, covering the 150–1300 μm wavelength region corresponding to redshifts 0 < z < 7, and develop a simple iterative algorithm that successfully identifies the 158 μm [C ii] line and other lines. Although the [C ii] line is a principal coolant for the interstellar medium, the assumption that the brightest observed lines in a given line of sight are always [C ii] lines is a poor approximation to the simulated spectra once other lines are included. Blind line identification requires detection of fainter companion lines from the same host galaxies, driving survey sensitivity requirements. The observations require moderate spectral resolution 700 < R < 4000 with angular resolution between 20'' and 10', sufficiently narrow to minimize confusion yet sufficiently large to include a statistically meaningful number of sources.

Ionic conductivity and molecular dynamic behavior in supramolecular ionic networks; the effect of lithium salt addition

Supramolecular ionic networks combine singular properties such as self-healing behaviour and ionic conductivity. In this work we present an insight into the ionic conductivity and molecular dynamic behaviour of an amorphous and semicrystalline supramolecular ionic networks (iNets) that were synthesised by self-assembly of difunctional imidazolium dicationic molecules coupled with (trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide dianionic molecules. Relatively low ionic conductivity values were obtained for the semicrystalline iNet below its melting point (Tm=101°C) in comparison with the amorphous iNet for which the conductivity significantly increased (∼3 orders of magnitude) above 100°C. Upon LiTFSI doping, the semicrystalline iNet reached conductivity values ∼ 10−3Scm−1 due to enhanced mobility of the network which was supported by solid-state static NMR. Furthermore, the overlapping of 19F and 7Li resonance lines from both the semicrystalline network and the LiTFSI suggests fast molecular motions.

Multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares in the quantitative determination of sulfur using overlapped S(Kα)-Mo(Lα) emission peaks by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Spectral line overlap is a serious problem in quantitative X‐ray fluorescence analysis. In this study multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) approach was used to resolve the effect of overlapping S(Kα)–Mo(Lα) emission lines generated by standard‐less software of a wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer (WDXRF) for the quantitative monitoring of sulfur in mineral samples. Scan channel set contained Ge crystal, 550‐µm collimator, flow detector (Ar + CH3) and rhodium (Rh) tube. The 18 calibration and 10 validation samples contain 0.00%–10.98% sulfate (SO3) and 0.00%–92.40% MoO3. The digitized spectral data were extracted in the range between 109° and 113.9° (2θ) at every 0.1 degree. Lack of fit percentage (LOF%) for experimental data and the variance explained at the optimum condition () were 2.32 and 99.94, respectively. The values of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for analyzing of sulfur were 0.23. MCR‐ALS was also compared with partial least squares (PLS) method for determination of sulfur in the presence of molybdenum. To evaluate the resolution and quantification performance of MCR‐ALS procedure, the method was used to determine sulfur in presence of molybdenum in two synthetic soil samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A NEW APPROACH TO DETERMINE OPTICALLY THICK H2COOLING AND ITS EFFECT ON PRIMORDIAL STAR FORMATION

We present a new method for estimating the H2 cooling rate in the optically thick regime in simulations of primordial star formation. Our new approach is based on the TreeCol algorithm, which projects matter distributions onto a spherical grid to create maps of column densities for each fluid element in the computational domain. We have improved this algorithm by using the relative gas velocities to weight the individual matter contributions with the relative spectral line overlaps, in order to properly account for the Doppler effect. We compare our new method to the widely used Sobolev approximation, which yields an estimate for the column density based on the local velocity gradient and the thermal velocity. This approach generally underestimates the photon escape probability because it neglects the density gradient and the actual shape of the cloud. We present a correction factor for the true line overlap in the Sobolev approximation and a new method based on local quantities, which fits the exact results reasonably well during the collapse of the cloud, with the error in the cooling rates always being less than 10%. Analytical fitting formulae fail at determining the photon escape probability after formation of the first protostar (error of ∼40%) because they are based on the assumption of spherical symmetry and therefore break down once a protostellar accretion disk has formed. Our method yields lower temperatures and hence promotes fragmentation for densities above ∼1010 cm−3 at a distance of ∼200 AU from the first protostar. Since the overall accretion rates are hardly affected by the cooling implementation, we expect Pop III stars to have lower masses in our simulations, compared to the results of previous simulations that used the Sobolev approximation.