Overhead Water Tanks Research Articles

OVERHEAD WATER TANK CONSTRUCTION: AN INNOVATIVE STRATEGY

The construction of an overhead water tank leads to extensive scaffolding and formwork for the full height of the tank. A steel mill in Sadat City, Egypt, required a tank with a total capacity of 275 m3 at a staging height of 36.75 meters above ground level, so it was built using the “Slip Forming and Heavy Lifting Technique”. It comprises twin chambers, each having a capacity of 75 m3 and 200 m3, supported by a circular shaft. A comparison between the methods of "slip-forming and heavy lifting techniques” and “conventional methods of construction” has been presented. “Slip Forming and Heavy Lifting Technique” is the need of the hour to provide an economical solution to the requirement of a time-bound finish to any project.

Optimization of Staging Height of RCC Overhead Water Tank in High Seismic Zones Using P-Delta Analysis

Abstract: This study investigates the P-delta effect, which is a secondary effect or a geometric non-linear effect in the analysis of a circular overhead water tank with a capacity of 100 KL using STAAD software in high seismic zones, i.e., Zone IV & Zone V with a focus on optimization of staging height and to quantify the effect of P-Delta. Initially, a linear static analysis was performed without considering the P-Delta effect to determine the shear forces, bending moments and lateral displacements due to all possible loads including seismic and wind loads acting on RCC overhead water tanks. Subsequently, the P-Delta effect has been considered to assess the structural behaviour of the RCC overhead water tank with varying staging heights. To optimize the staging height, the maximum lateral displacement has been considered as the governing criteria. Based on the analysis, the optimum staging heights can be observed at 30 m. and 33 m. in Seismic Zone V and Zone IV respectively

Assessing the Efficiency of Municipal Infrastructure - Case study in Vaaniyambadi Municipality, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract: This document discusses the evaluation of infrastructure facilities in Vaniyambadi, with the aim of improving the quality of life by addressing the issues and suggesting ways to enhance these facilities. The study focuses on physical infrastructure, including water supply, sewage and drainage, solid waste management, and electricity supply. It highlights the need for alternate water sources, additional pumping stations, and proper distribution of overhead water tanks to ensure equal access to water. It also emphasizes the importance of covering open drains, installing sewage treatment plants, and raising awareness about proper waste management to create a cleaner and healthier environment. Furthermore, the document addresses social infrastructure, particularly healthcare facilities and educational institutions. It suggests improvements such as increasing the number of beds and water supply in government hospitals, enhancing security systems in schools, and promoting collaboration between the community and municipal workers to maintain cleanliness. The document concludes by emphasizing the significance of infrastructure in driving economic and social development and the need for continuous improvement and modernization. Keywords: Municipal infrastructure, Physical infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Solid waste management , water supply

Comparatively Design and Analyze Elevated Rectangular Water Reservoir with and without Bracing for Different Stagging Height

A water tank, like a container that stores liquids, are categorized based on shape studies predict the analysis and design of rectangular as well as circular overhead water tanks through the usage of STADD PRO software. Storage reservoirs, especially overhead tanks, serve the purpose of storing and distributing water to consumers. Water supply planning may not have been adequately done for the recently built Overhead Circular Tank to meet the increasing demands of the expanding urban population. Branched distribution systems could be in several scenarios, including rural irrigation and the distribution of reclaimed water. Time is approaching when the need to conserve and store water becomes so essential. In such moments, it is crucial to develop cost-effective methods for storing and distributing water. The water that is stored in overhead water tanks is strategically placed. The overhead tank is vital as it serves as a common public utility structure. The distribution to nearby areas can be done without the need for pumping!!! The cost efficiency of overhead storage water tanks relies significantly on the quantity of concrete and steel needed for tank construction. As an initial resolution to this issue, it is essential to develop a water storage project based on STAAD principles, famously known as Overhead Water Reservoir. The current study covers the analysis and design of an elevated circular water tank using STAAD.Pro V8i. The design involves manual load calculations and the analysis of the entire structure using STAAD Pro V8i. The method of design used in the STAAD.Pro analysis is Limit State Design; the water tank is being subjected to various loads such as wind load, deadload, self-weight, and hydrostatic load due to water.

ENHANCING STRENGTH OF EXISTING R.C.C. OVERHEAD WATER TANKS WITH Y TYPE STEEL BRACINGS UTILIZING NDT

Reinforcing of R.C.C. overhead tank greatly improved choice to upgrade the security and increment the existence time of design and furthermore it requires less economy and time. Steel bracing have demonstrated to give greater stability and sturdiness to any design. These bracing would bear both horizontal and vertical load in an exceptionally protected way. In this research, application of Y shapes steel bracing at every stage of RCC elevated Water tank was investigated to strengthen the model. Such bracing are generally used to strengthen the structure in high intensity seismic zones. This dissertation mirrors the utilization of non-destructive tests for appraisal of existing R.C.C. Overhead tank, trailed by examination through STAAD-Pro, with or without Y bracing to comprehend the impact of bracing on existing damaged R.C.C. Overhead Water Tank. Keywords: Staad.Pro, RCC water Tank, Y Bracing, Non Destructive Test (NDT).

Modification of response reduction factors of overhead water tanks based on ductility factor

In the earthquake-resistant design of overhead tanks, this research dealt with the determination of the response reduction factor applicable to overhead water tanks performing beyond the elastic limit. Eight existing water tanks were selected for the investigation and 127 ground accelerations due to 10 Indian earthquakes were selected. The magnitude of the earthquakes selected ranges from 4.5 to 7.2. Initially, 10.16 million nonlinear dynamic data of response reduction factor had been produced using Newmark’s β method by varying parameters. From the results obtained, multi-linear regression analysis was made to arrive at the empirical formula relating the parameters and it was found that ductility factor was the most significant factor among others such as damping ratio, pre-post stiffness ratio, natural period, and soil types, in influencing response reduction factor. Eventually, It is concluded that the values of the response reduction factor to be adopted in the dynamic analysis of Overhead water tanks should be based on the desired value of the ductility factor.

Comparative Analysis of Annular Raft and Solid Raft

Abstract: The goal of the study is annular mat foundation in various modern structures: Circular tower-shaped structures, like, microwave towers,TV tower, cooling towers, overhead water tanks, etc For this purpose, three raft cases are considered, which are mentioned below. (1) Intze overhead tank Annular raft with net SBC 24Kn/m2 (2)Intze overhead tank Circular Solid raft This study aims to evaluate these foundation systems' structural behavior and performance aft's outer radius is also taken as a variable for obtaining different results in our thesis work. An F.E.M.-based analysis is done to determine critical moments and deflections in both annular and circular rafts. Comparison of this base pressure critical moments, shear force, bending stress, and deflections are made based on the above-mentioned case, including the cost comparison foundation. The concrete grade is M-30, and HYSD FE 500 steel reinforcement is used in design calculation. The load combination is followed as IS 1893-2016 and IS 456-2000—seismic zone 3. The software package staad pro v8i and connect edition is used. To provide relevant calculations, Microsoft Excel is used.

Design of an Overhead Water Tank as a Passive Tuned Damper Using an Innovative Support System Adaptive to Liquid Depth Fluctuation in the Tank

Difficulty in maintaining tuning due to water depth fluctuation makes overhead water tanks (OWTs) ineffective as tuned liquid or mass dampers. Recently, a semi-active damper involving OWT, that varies the stiffness of the tank-supporting columns with liquid depth variation to maintain the impulsive frequency of the tank constant at a value required for tuning, has been proposed. In this paper, the concept is extended to develop a passive tuned damper involving the OWT (PTD-OWT), which is more reliable, cost-effective, and has a simpler configuration than its semi-active counterpart but achieves the same objective as the latter. For the PTD-OWT, a novel mechanism involving a spring-supported platform, a rigid frame, and tank-supporting columns is developed. The working principle and mathematical model of the PTD-OWT are presented followed by an illustrative design example considering the host building undergoing base excitation. The results revealed that the PTD-OWT remains tuned and thereby performs consistently despite wide variations in water depth in the tank. Significant reductions have been achieved by the PTD-OWT in peak and root-mean-square displacement and acceleration responses of the structure for a variation in liquid depth between 100% full tank to empty tank condition, with the maximum fall in control achieved as only 6.8%. A comparison of PTD-OWT is made with the case when the tank is designed as a conventional passive tuned mass damper (TMD) without the provision for maintaining tuning. The conventional mass damper suffers significant performance degradation as liquid depth fluctuates in the tank.

An Analytical Study of Annular Raft on Granular Piles

Abstract Rafts are frequently used to design foundations on soft soils to minimize the overall and differential settlements of structures built on them. In many cases, the raft alone can offer sufficient bearing capacity and all that is needed to restrict foundation settlements to a predetermined level with a few widely spaced piles. Granular piles (GPs) can be used due to their several advantages over steel or concrete piles. An annular raft foundation is generally provided for overhead water tanks, chimneys, etc. The provision of granular piles underneath the annular raft foundation not only increases the capacity of the foundation but also minimizes the settlement to an acceptable level. The present study deals with a rigorous analysis of annular raft foundation supported by GPs based on the continuum approach. A new numerical method is developed with geometric considerations for excluding the loaded pile portion from the region of the raft area by considering two distinct zones. This article introduces a novel approach, the annular raft over granular piles, which represents an innovative solution in geotechnical engineering. This innovation has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of foundation design in various construction projects. The response of annular raft foundation with GPs is evaluated in terms of settlement influence factor (SIF), load shared by granular piles (in %), and normalized shear stress variation along the GP–soil interface. The present study reveals that the presence of the pile influences the stress distribution locally. The stiffness of GP, relative length of GP, relative size of the raft influence the settlement and load sharing of annular raft with GPs.

Naegleria fowleri in 2023: A rising threat to Pakistan.

Madam, Naegleria fowleri, i.e., brain-eating amoeba, is a single-cell, free-living parasite that resides in soil and warm freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It enters the nasal cavity from contaminated water, uses the olfactory nerve to reach the brain, and causes a deadly infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), with a mortality rate higher than 97% even with treatment. (1,2) It causes symptoms similar to those of other bacterial and viral meningitis, such as fever, headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness and coma, followed by death in the span of a week to 10 days. (1) There are 20 strains of Naegleria world worldwide, but only N. fowleri is dangerous to humans. (1) In 2008, the first case was reported from Karachi, Pakistan. (2) By 2019, the number had reached 146, (2) and the cases have been increasing until now. In 2023, eight cases have been reported from May to August, among which seven are from the province of Sindh and one from Punjab. (3, 4, 6) The available data shows that two deaths were due to recreational water activities and others because of contaminated tap water.(3,4) This pathogenic amoeba commonly infects men, and the majority of cases were in people aged 26 to 45 years.(1) Of all the reported cases this year, one was a 32-year-old female, and seven were males in the aged 19-45 years.(3,4, 6) The increasing global warming and higher authorities’ negligence towards WHO recommended chlorination (0.1-10 mg/L) of domestic water supply are contributing factors to the higher burden of Naegleria fowleri cases in Karachi, the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan .(5) The new lethal strain of N. fowleri, named as Karachi-NF001, has been found in one patient who traveled from Saudi Arabia to Karachi in 2019. (2) These emerging cases concern strict actions against this problem and the need to alert the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) regarding consistent chlorination from April to October. (5) The monsoon season (May to September) is the best time to spread awareness regarding its prevention and update the current status of N. fowleri in our country. The general public should be encouraged to use boiled or sterilised water for ablution and avoid aquatic activities in non-chlorinated water during the summer season. (3) Besides that, all underground and overhead water tanks in homes, hospitals, shopping malls, schools, offices, etc. should be cleaned once a year. (3)

Dynamic Analysis of RCC Elevated Water Tank Considering Effect of Conventional and Composite Staging

The raised water tank is the most significant building for storing huge amounts of water at a certain elevation to distribute the water in the surrounding area for survival purposes and to develop pressure for the distribution system. As elevated tanks are commonly utilized in seismically active areas, their seismic design must be thoroughly examined. The sloshing of the water during an earthquake may be one of the most important aspects for specific proportions of the tank and construction. The fluid-structure interaction complicates the dynamic analysis of a liquid-filled tank. As a result, there is a need to concentrate on the seismic safety of lifeline structures in terms of seismic design systems that are both safe during earthquakes and can sustain higher design forces. In this study, an elevated water tank is analyzed under seismic loading by considering conventional RCC staging and composite staging. The main focus of the study was to reduce the damage to the water tank under dynamic loading and to know the effect of composite member staging on the design performance of the water tank. The results were collected in terms of maximum base shear, overturning moment, displacement of tank etc. After performing the study, it was seen that composite columns in the staging of overhead water tanks improve the performance under seismic loading and help to control the roof displacement of the overhead water tank due to more stiffness provided by composite columns.

Seismic Analysis of Conventional, Braced, and Shell, Elevated Water Tanks for Different Seismic Zones

Abstract: Water is stored in the tanks and then distributed through the public water supply systems. The term "overhead water tanks" (OWT) or "elevated water tanks" (EWT) refers to water tanks that are constructed at a specific height. A large mass that is concentrated at the top of the EWT is supported by thin supports. The horizontal stresses brought on by earthquakes affect it severely. The elevated water tanks all around the world either collapsed or experienced major damage as a result of the earthquake since the supporting mechanisms were either poorly constructed or selected. Different structural methods and materials have been employed by a number of researchers and designers to create safe designs that keep the EWT stable during earthquakes. The current study's objective is to analyze the conventional, braced (diagonal and cross), and shell-stagging EWT for seismic zones III and IV. For that purpose, the lateral displacement and base shear of conventional, braced (diagonal and cross), and shell-stagging elevated Intze tanks have been investigated and compared. The current study also illustrates how zones III and IV are affected by full and empty EWT situations. The shell EWT has performed better than conventional EWT when lateral displacement and base shear are compared.

Design and Development of Overhead Water Tank Cleaning Machine

Abstract: To design a overhead water tank cleaning machine which will be able to remove sand and mud (SEDIMENTS) from the bottom of the tank without fully emptying the tank. While cleaning overhead tank, we have to remove all water from the tank and one has to enter the tank and clean it manually. Generally, it has been observed that mud and sand particles are settled down to the bottom of the tank. It is difficult to clean the tank in a week due to which the taps and pipes gets damaged. Emptying the tank all the time is a waste of water and time. We have an idea to clean the tank when it is partially filled. In our project we are saving time and no need to enter into the tank, it will be cleaned weekly or whenever needed. Aim of this project is to develop a mechanical system for cleaning domestic cylindrical water tank. The mechanical system uses PVC pipe arrangement for stand and water suction arrangement. A box attached to the suction motor with help of PVC pipe arrangement. Initially, after starting the suction motor it sucks the clean water at the same moments put off the motor and placed the pipe with box attached to bottom there is vacuum created and due capillary action bottom sediments with muddy water getting suck. In this way, the box is moved total bottom area of tank by using some arrangement and to clean the tank. The purpose of this project is to reduce the human efforts and to avoid the chemical influence on health of person entering the tank for cleaning.

Comparative Study of Intze Type of Water Tank for Different Bracing Pattern under Wind and Seismic Load

Abstract Overhead water tank is a water storage facility supported by a tower and constructed at an elevation to provide useful storage and pressure for a water distribution system. Safety as well as working of such structures is considered as very crucial during earthquakes, since they put up for necessities like drinking water, firefighting during fire accidents, etc. Such structures should stay in operating condition even after several earthquakes. This RC overhead water tanks involves huge water mass supported on the top of tank supporting system known as staging. This investigation is basically to discover the seismic behavior of RC overhead water tanks. In this study, a FEM based model is used for finding out the nonlinear seismic performance of RC overhead water tanks with several staging variations. The staging that is different bracing patterns considered in this study in lateral and vertical direction, which relatively increases the strength and stiffness of tank in supporting system. Staad models are prepared and analyze for different seismic zones as well as for cyclonic regions and observed the parameters such as base shear, base moment and lateral displacement. The commercial software STAAD.Pro is used for structural analysis. Since the seismic response of water tank structure depends on its dynamic properties and frequency of ground motion. This seismic analysis of overhead water tank structure cannot be carried out on the basis of maximum value of ground acceleration because of nonavailability of ground acceleration data at every location. Hence for seismic analysis of overhead water tank, earthquake response spectrum analysis is widely used. While using this method, smooth design spectra is used to determine the value of displacement and forces in members at every mode of vibration. Octagonal, Radial, Cross, Alternate tie , Diagonal and X- type bracings are used to analyze the structure under all the seismic zones viz. II, III, IV & V. Also observed the behavior of tank for cyclonic region where wind load is increased by 30%. Analysed the overhead water tanks of same capacity for different bottom dome deviation angles and concluded.

Seismic Analysis of RCC Buildings Using Water Tanks as Tuned Liquid Mass Dampers

A Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is a device that is mounted to a structure to reduce the dynamic response of the structure. It is made up of a mass, a spring, and a damper. The damper's frequency is tuned to a specific structural frequency, and when that frequency is excited, it will resonate in an opposite direction to the structural motion. Tuned Liquid Mass Dampers are more recommended when compared to Tuned Mass Damper due to their respective advantages. The overhead water tanks can act as Tuned Liquid Mass Dampers. In this study, the overhead water tanks in RCC buildings are used to represent liquid-tuned mass dampers. The impact of Multiple Liquid Tuned Mass Dampers on the RCC buildings with and without tuned liquid mass dampers is to be studied. Utilizing response spectrum analysis, the study was conducted on buildings that have hexagonal and rectangular shapes. The trials are repeated by changing the water levels in tanks to empty, one-third level, two-thirds level and full water tank conditions. Comparisons of seismic parameters are done for demonstrating the functionality of a tuned liquid mass damper.

Design formulation and analysis of overhead water tank: Material used for automatic cleaning mechanism

The domestic overhead tank does not have any default kind of an automatic cleaning mechanism. As there are various types of tanks based on different applications, it seems a little tough to design an unique cleaning mechanism. It also involves maintenance of tank that needs to be done regularly to avoid the health hazards. The article aims to design an automatic cleaning mechanism for domestic overhead water tank. To achieve this, the tank is designed in such a way that the cleaning can be done both in manual and automatic ways. By keeping this view, that the fabricated material of the present overhead tank also shoots a vital effect to the people’s lives in their habitual things. In order to eliminate those adverse effects, the material is latered along with the design alteration. Thus gives the healthy aspects for an overhead water tank to use in all daily chores. To assure the properties of polyethylene and S2 glass fibres are taken, then it undergoes a series of analysis like static, modal and dynamic. So, that S2 glass fibre is a useful material for the tank when compared with polyethylene in the storage of water.

Response of a building structure due to sloshing effect in an overhead water tank

Sloshing is a violent resonant fluid motion in a water tank or any other tank containing liquid. When a fluid moves and interacts with its container, the dynamic pressures of such interaction may cause large deformation in the container wall as well as the supporting structure, which results in failure of the tank. From the available literatures on water tank and sloshing effects on the tank, it was found that, an oscillation of the liquid, may result in negative effects such as deformations and ruptures of the tank walls due to impact. From the literatures, it has been observed that when the earthquake occurs, the tank moves dynamically creating a sloshing effect on the tank’s surface and creating impact loads over the structural parts of the tank, especially on the walls of the tank, generating more stresses and ultimately resulting in critical failure. But at the same time very less work was carried out on the response of the structure due to the sloshing effect in an overhead water tank for pure water inside condition for various a/H ratios (a-height of water inside tank and H-Height of the tank).In the literatures impact loading is not considered, It could be considered along with sloshing effect on structure. According to the various literatures that have been studied in this paper, the study for the creation of structural control devices to manage sloshing has received significant attention recently, particularly focused on reducing the effects of earthquake and wind actions, and it was found that Tuned Liquid Dampers are helpful in this regard. Few of the researchers analyzed various earthquakes, namely, El Centro earthquake, Bhuj earthquake, Washington earthquake, and values of deflections, bending moments, shear forces, base shear values, displacement values, etc., were studied and compared. Even few authors investigated soil-structure interaction and how the sloshing affects the behavior of tank concluding that in stiff soil, effect of sloshing on responses is more. This study is aimed at the gaps that have been made in literature and suggests carry out the analysis for checking the response of a building structure finding due to the sloshing effect in an overhead water tank. This work proposes that, the tank design must be carried out by considering and analyzing the dynamic response of a structure during sloshing, comparing the response of the structure against impact loads, temperature stresses, and other critical loads during sloshing of the water tank by using computational fluid dynamics and response spectrum method or time history method. Also, experimental analysis (shake table analysis) should be carried out to validate the simulation results with the theoretical calculations in terms of displacement, base shear, and the time period.

Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Building with Infill Wall and Overhead Water Tank

Abstract: Infill walls are typically treated as non-structural elements in building design and assessment, and they are ignored in analysis methods because they are assumed to be non-beneficial to response of a structure. Reinforced concrete framed buildings with infill walls are typically analysed as bare frames, with strength and stiffness contributions of the infills ignored. In this study an attempt is be made to find the effect of overhead water tank load on RC building with unreinforced infill wall. From the study it has been found that water tank load makes RC building more vulnerable against lateral loads, but proper incorporation of unreinforced infill walls can enhance storey stiffness, storey drift and other structural deformations parameters.

Shake Table Testing of Tuned Liquid Damper Modified with Rubber Mesh to Control Seismic Vibration of Structure

The main focus of this paper is to minimize the response induced from seismic excitation using Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) modified with rubber mesh. An over-head water tank was used as passive damper. A prototype structure with 20 inch by 20 inch steel plate slab and 6 ft height was constructed as a two storied prototype structural model to perform shake table experiment. Time history of El-Centro earthquake was applied as input ground motion using shake table. Different cases of rubber mesh with different water height were studied. From the uncontrolled and controlled data, it was found that in almost every case displacement decreases. Optimal water depth of rubber mesh was suggested on which displacement decreases most. From the results, it was concluded that the TLD modified with rubber mesh is very effective and efficient way to reduce structural vibration.

Enhancing tunability of liquid storage tanks to function as deep tuned liquid dampers by use of a submerged stretched membrane

This is a study on a deep, liquid-containing tank, such as an overhead water tank on a building, with a vertically submerged stretched membrane (SSM). Here, instead of the sloshing mode, which can become detuned and also affords a low damper mass ratio, the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system is designed to serve as a dynamic vibration absorber. The requirement of tuning the frequency of the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system to the structural frequency can be achieved without any imposition on the tank dimensions, which are generally fixed from the tank's functional requirements. The system frequency would remain unchanged so long the membrane would remain submerged below a minimum liquid depth, thereby allowing fluctuation of liquid level within a prescribed range of the tank depth. The formulation for obtaining the frequency of the impulsive liquid–membrane interacting system is derived, using the sub-domain partition approach. It is seen that through suitable adjustment of the design parameters of the membrane, the proposed tank damper can be tuned to both short-period and to long-period structures. Further, the impulsive liquid mass, which otherwise has no role to play in the damping mechanism of a tuned liquid damper (TLD), is here utilized to absorb and dissipate the vibrational energy. Through a time-domain study considering recorded seismic accelerograms, the significant control effectiveness of the proposed damper system is illustrated. Further, the results obtained from the equivalent mechanical model of the structure–damper system are compared with those from a finite element analysis of the fluid–structure system in the ANSYS Workbench environment.