High Voltage Overhead Lines Research Articles

LAND PROCUREMENT IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWED FROM THE ASPECTS OF LEGAL CERTAINTY

Article 5 of the Basic Agrarian Law of Indonesia establishes that the earth, water, space, and their natural resources are under the control of the state, with the aim of achieving public prosperity in a just society. In developing the electricity system, as per Law No. 30 of 2009 on Electricity, land use necessitates compensation for land rights holders in accordance with Law No. 2 of 2012 on Land Acquisition for Public Interest and related regulations. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 13 of 2023 addresses spatial planning, minimum distance for electric transmission networks, and compensation for land and buildings under these networks. However, land beneath the Extra High Voltage Overhead Line (SUTET) only receives compensation for land value, not for the use of the space beneath the line, leading to reduced land productivity and economic value. This research employs normative juridical research with statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials such as relevant laws and regulations. It utilizes legal theories including legal certainty, justice, and state welfare. The research finds that the current practice of not compensating land under SUTET, but only compensating for land value, results in economic disadvantage and lacks fairness. To promote legal certainty and justice, it is recommended that compensation provisions be explicitly regulated by law to address these issues comprehensively.

Sag and Tension Calculations for High-Voltage Overhead Line Conductors

Overhead lines are used to transmit electricity from where it is generated to the receiving stations. The correct design of an overhead line affects public safety, because it should ensure the required clearances between conductors and the ground and objects located in the space under the overhead line. The temperature of conductors in overhead lines depends on the load current and weather conditions, and affects the sag and tension of the conductors. Calculations of sags and tensions of overhead conductors can be performed using simplified calculation methods that do not consider insulator sets. In some situations, this approach may cause calculation errors. This article discusses algorithms for calculating overhead conductor tensions and sags in the tensioning sections of high-voltage overhead lines, accounting for and excluding insulator sets. The analysis is carried out for different lengths of tensioning sections and various thermal and mechanical states of the conductors.

Characterisation of the damping performance of a Stockbridge damper from laboratory tests of an overhead high-voltage transmission line conductor

Characterisation of the damping performance of a Stockbridge damper from laboratory tests of an overhead high-voltage transmission line conductor

Electromagnetic Impact of Overhead High-Voltage Lines during Power Transmission on Buried Signaling Cables of the Traffic Control Systems in Modernized Railway Lines

The railway transport system is a key factor supporting industrialization in all aspects of human activity. However, in order not to lose its importance, it must meet the challenge of modern civilization. The safety, reliability, and efficiency of railway transport, to a large degree, depend on using highly integrated electronics, which are very sensitive to various disturbances generated in the electric traction system and train or coming from the environment. One of the sources of electromagnetic disturbances are high-voltage (HV) power lines running close to the railway infrastructure. The purpose was to assess the electromagnetic impact of overhead HV transmission lines on buried signaling cables of the railway traffic control system crossbreeding with them. The levels of voltage induced in the cable under steady state and the earth fault in the HV line at various soil resistivity were estimated. A software tool based on a hybrid numerical method that combines circuit theory and electromagnetic field theory was used for computations. It was found that very high voltages may be induced in the signaling cables during earth faults in the HV lines, which may lead to serious interference or damage to the equipment. The results provide useful knowledge for implementing modern railway traffic control systems and protection measures.

Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin

The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.

Diagnostics of Internal Defects in Composite Overhead Insulators Using an Optic E-Field Sensor.

Composite insulators for high-voltage overhead lines have better performances and are lighter than traditional designs, especially in heavily polluted areas. However, since it is a relatively recent technology, reliable methods to perform live-line diagnostics are still under development, especially with regard to internal defects, which provide few external symptoms. Thermal cameras can be employed, but their use is not always straightforward as the sun radiation can hide the thermal footprint of internal degenerative effects. In this work, an optical E-field sensor has been used to diagnose the internal defects of a set of composite insulators (bandwidth 200 mHz-50 MHz, min. detectable E-field 100 V/m). Moreover, a modelling activity using finite elements has been carried out to identify the possible nature of the defects by comparing experimental E-field profiles with those simulated assuming a specific defect geometry. The results show that the sensor can detect the presence of an internal defect, since its presence distorts the E-field profile when compared to the profile of a sound insulator. Moreover, the measured E-field profiles are compatible with the corresponding simulated ones when a conductive defect is considered. However, it was observed that a defect whose conductivity is not at least two orders of magnitude greater than the conductivity of the surroundings remains undetected.

EVALUATION OF CLOUD TO GROUND FLASH DENSITY OF 150 KV TRANSMISSION LINE BETWEEN PARIT BARU SUBSTATION AND SENGGIRING SUBSTATIO

SUTT is a high voltage overhead line with a power of 70 kV - 150 kV to distribute electric power from the generating center to the substation or from substation to substation. The purpose of this study was to obtain modeling of lightning strike density on the 150 kV transmission line between Parit Baru substation and Senggiring substation using geostatistical approaches, namely IDW methods (Inverse Distance Weighted). In identifying the level of vulnerability to lightning strikes, Cloud to Ground lightning event data (2018–2020) is used. The aim of this research is to obtain the density pattern of lightning strikes on the 150 kV transmission line between the Parit Baru substation and the Senggiring substation. The process in ArcGIS 10.8 software aims to obtain lightning strike density and display the results of the lightning strike density map. Based on the results of data processing for 3 years, the highest density of lightning strikes occurred in 2019 in Segedong District at 54.52 strikes/km². Meanwhile, the lowest density of lightning strikes occurred in 2018 in East Mempawah District, amounting to 2.86 strikes/km². Based on the lightning strike density map per grid on the 150 kV transmission line between Parit Baru substation and Senggiring substation for 3 years, the results obtained for the highest lightning strike were 36 strikes/km² while for the lowest strike it was 1 strike/km². From this research, it was found that there were 15 transmission towers that passed a high density of lightning strikes with a strike range of 25–36 strikes/km² and the highest lightning strike occurred at tower number 31, number 30, and number 29, amounted to 36 strikes/km².

Analysis of climatic factors affecting high-voltage overhead lines in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The article analyzes the harsh climatic factors affecting the operation of high-voltage power lines in Uzbekistan with hot, dry weather and polluted atmosphere. Based on the analysis of all climatic factors affecting the operation of insulation and other nodes of overhead lines and high-voltage equipment in general, the severity of these factors is shown both in terms of insulation and energy efficiency. Another significant factor has been identified that has a very strong impact on the operation of overhead lines and high-voltage equipment, which was not previously listed in the list of influencing factors in any literature.

Analysis of Technical and Economics High Voltage Overhead Transmission 150 kV Development in Industrial Area of High Voltage Consumers PT. Lotte Chemical Indonesia

In order to increase revenue, PT PLN (Persero) entered into a power purchase agreement with PT. Lotte Chemical Indonesia Cilegon. investment in the relocation of 150 kV high voltage overhead lines. This research is very important as a small-scale simulation given the large number of electric power transmission projects implemented by PLN. This study analyzes the impact of the relocation of the 150 kV T/L and found that the existing material that was dismantled was either utilized/not reused so that it has the potential to increase/decrease investment for PLN. The research method is in the form of data analysis on the feasibility study of the PLN project. Calculation analysis by calculating the value of existing assets which is then used as a reference in calculating sensitivity analysis which is then determined 3 scenarios using financial indicators IRR, NPV, B/C Ratio and Payback Period (PB). The results of the study show that scenarios 1, 2 and 3 have positive IRR and B/C ratio values and there is a difference of 1 year for the payback period between scenarios 1 and 3 vs scenario 2 and the highest NPV is in scenario 3.

Pengaruh Efek Kontaminasi Isolator KeramikTerhadap Rugi DayaSaluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi

In meeting consumers' needs for electric power continuously, the reliability of electric power distribution is something that needs to be considered. One of the reliability parameters is the network's ability to distribute power from generators continuously, with the allowable voltage and frequency quality. For this reason, the presence of an insulator in the power distribution system is very important considering its function is to separate live conductors from their supports. If the isolation properties do not function, a voltage failure will occur so that power distribution will stop, resulting in low system reliability. From the data from the calculation results of 150 kV high voltage overhead line power losses due to flashovers on insulators installed in each fouling area, it is clear that increasing the contaminant value will make it easier for flashovers to occur which cause very large power losses and conversely, insulators that are clean make it difficult. the occurrence of flashover so as to reduce power losses on the transmission line. The appropriate insulator to use is the fog type, because the diameter is wider, increasing the propagation distance so that the insulator's ability to withstand greater voltage

Power grid monitoring based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques

<p><strong>Background:</strong> In this work, some application examples of machine learning and deep learning techniques in the monitoring of electricity distribution services and infrastructures are proposed. Three different fields of application are considered to highlight the use of techniques based on neural networks: detection and classification of power quality disturbances, monitoring of underground cables in medium voltage lines and diagnosis of joints in high voltage overhead power lines. <strong>Methods:</strong> In the field of power grid monitoring, this work proposes a classification method based on a complex valued neural network to assess working conditions of junction regions in high-voltage overhead lines and insulating materials in medium voltage underground networks. The purpose of this method is to prevent the rupture of joint structures and the abnormal degradation of underground cables via frequency response measurements. This approach allows the direct processing of complex measurements and to reduce the computational effort compared to other methods available in the literature. <strong>Results:</strong> The results obtained in the monitoring of underground cables and joints of high voltage lines guarantee an overall classification rate higher than 90%. In the field of power quality, several deep learning and machine learning methods are proposed to detect the most common voltage disturbances. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In this paper, an innovative use of widespread algorithms such as convolutional neural networks is proposed with excellent results. Furthermore, the use of a complex-valued neural network in electrical infrastructure monitoring is presented, introducing a minimally invasive classification method that could be instrumental in the transition from corrective to predictive maintenance in the near future.</p>

Development of Methods for an Overhead Cable Health Index Evaluation That Considers Economic Feasibility

To supply stable and high-quality power according to the advancement of industrial growth, electric power companies have performed maintenance of power facilities using various methods. In the case of domestic power distribution facilities, there are limitations in performing diagnostic management on all facilities owing to the large number of facilities; therefore, old facilities are managed using the health index assessment method. The health index assessment comprises only facility operation data and external environmental data and is managed only for four types of distribution facilities including overhead/underground transformers and switchgears. In the case of high voltage overhead lines, there are a large number of wires such as transformers and switchgears connected to the lines, and the ripple effect of power outages is large. However, in Korea, there is no overhead line health index standard. In overseas cases, a health index for overhead lines was developed, but only the material characteristics and surrounding environment of the overhead lines were considered and economic feasibility was not considered. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a health index evaluation methodology for ultra-high voltage overhead lines that considers economic feasibility. In this paper, unlike the existing health index evaluation method that uses only operational data and external environmental data to determine facility performance evaluation and aging replacement standards, we developed an economic health index evaluation methodology that additionally considers failure probability and risk costs. Using the health index assessment methodology developed in this paper, it is possible to expect a reduction in facility operating costs and investment costs from the perspective of the electric power companies through the replacement of old extra-high voltage overhead cables. In addition, from the perspective of consumers, it is expected to increase power reliability and reduce the ripple effect of failure by preferentially replacing equipment with a high probability of failure.

Identification of Free Components during Non-Simultaneous Complex Faults in Overhead Lines: A Review

This study concerns the identification and interpretation of current and voltage signals during complex non-simultaneous disturbances in high-voltage overhead lines. It includes topics related to both the search for the optimal model of the system during complex disturbances as well as the analysis of the obtained results. The available EMT-like tools for the analysis of these phenomena are discussed. Models of high voltage overhead transmission lines are presented along with a discussion of their suitability for the study of electromagnetic transients during the analysis of complex non-simultaneous faults. Examples of transient waveforms of currents and voltages during non-simultaneous faults are presented, and the conditions for the occurrence of delayed current zero during short circuits in the system are discussed. The maximum values of the overvoltage factors and the conditions of their occurrence are described. Faults in transmission lines with various voltage levels suspended on the same supporting structures are discussed, together with an indication of the dangerous consequences of unusual intersystem faults. In the final part of the paper, the summary and recommendations for non-simultaneous fault studies are presented.

The problem of the actual insulation coordination for 500 kV with overvoltage in substations and the needed for more surge arresters in high voltage grid

The new extra high voltage overhead lines and substations have increased the overvoltage phenomenon in the electrical interconnected system, especially in high voltage circuit breakers operate in a failure condition. This research develops a new methodology for transitory analysis, due to limits in the insulation coordination, available in the international standards IEC 60071, however it is not enough, more surge arresters should be required with the new overhead lines caused by overvoltage. The influence by lightning, circuit breaker failure (50BF), grounding system, towers and insulation chains are affected, in three-phase reclosing, maneuvers and transformer energization, finally a new assessment of the performance develops an accurate calculation of the overvoltage. Our findings are in the three-phase reclosing, the maneuvers have introduced overvoltage through the transmission line, higher values ​than 2.3625p.u. However, the insulation coordination is less than 2.32p.u.; compared with the limit of 2.28p.u. Finally, the overvoltage has increased from 160% to 258% according to the distance in the overhead line in 500 kV, with the needed of surge arresters, with the new equipment the overvoltage has decreased from 258% to 100%.

Sistem Koordinasi Rele Jarak Untuk Pengaman Utama Dengan Rele Arus Lebih Pada Saluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi Di Wilayah Buduran

The transmission system plays an important role in maintaining the continuity of the distribution of electrical energy from one region to another. Disturbances in transmission lines are caused by short circuits, overloads, lightning surges, natural disturbances and others. For this reason, a protection system is needed that is reliable and can identify disturbances quickly while protecting the disturbed part of the system from other parts that can still operate normally. However, the protection system can experience operational failure due to various factors, therefore, apart from the main protection, backup protection is needed which can work when the main protection fails to work. Distance relays can be used as primary protection as well as remote backup protection on high voltage overhead lines. Meanwhile, the overcurrent relay is used as local backup protection if the distance relay fails to work. In this paper, a protection system is designed for the Buduran Main Substation channel using a combination of distance relays as main protection and overcurrent relays as backup protection using simulation method the Digsilent Power Factory. The overcurrent relay will trip at 0.5 and 0.15 seconds. From the Load Flow results, the value is obtained = 3,615 kA, = 4,67 kA and The range impedance according to the conductor cable data at the Buduran region 0,9676, Zone1 1 0,79Ω; 80%, Zone2 1,19Ω; 120% dan Zone3 as 1,48Ω is 150%. Thus the research can be declared successful in carrying out overcurrent protection

Calculated residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields for an epidemiological study in France and comparison to measurements

The GEOCAP epidemiological study of paediatric cancers in relation with various environmental factors is currently being carried out in France. Proximity to high voltage overhead lines (63–400 kV) related to exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) is one of studied factors. The study covers the mainland French territory and includes 4174 leukaemia cases and 45 000 controls recruited from 2002 to 2010. Residential exposure was calculated for 1124 subjects whose distance to power lines was small enough for their residential exposure to possibly exceed the background reference level 0.1 μT. Residential exposure was calculated by modelling all the influencing spans close to the subjects’ residences. At final, 371 subjects out of 1124 have a calculated exposure over 0.1 μT, including 123 subjects over 0.4 μT, i.e. 0.25% of the study population. These 371 calculated exposures exceeding 0.1 μT have been matched to an existing database of ELF-MF measurements performed in inhabited areas crossed by power lines, and measurements were found for 206 subjects. Comparison was possible for 156 of them. After extrapolation of the measured values to match to calculation conditions, the difference between calculations and adjusted measurements was lower than 30% for 124 subjects (80%), with no clear tendency for over/under estimation. Differences higher than 30% have been analysed and explained.

Ultrasensitive lightweight magnetic probe for non-destructive inspection of high-voltage overhead lines

For power utilities with comprehensive asset management programs, inspection of high-voltage line conductors is critical to ensure network reliability. Current non-destructive testing methods for ferromagnetic materials are still not completely adapted to perform these inspections quickly, safely and accurately. This paper presents the prototype of a novel probe that is specifically designed for the inspection of conductors steel core. It is based on a novel lightweight and symmetrical design intended for automated inspection by drone. The sensitivity of the new probe is achieved by compensating for the conductor’s imperfect centering during inspection and by creating a zero magnetic field point that allows the use of low range and accurate fluxgate sensors. Experimental results verify that the prototype is capable of detecting broken wires, quantifying metal area loss and inspecting steel core splice joints under unsaturated magnetization, which is the key element to achieve a lightweight probe.

A Review on Characteristics and Assessment Techniques of High Voltage Silicone Rubber Insulator

The usage of polymeric insulators in transmission and distribution overhead lines for the last few decades has increased extensively. Silicone rubber (SiR) material is used enormously to make high voltage (HV) polymeric insulators. The SiR insulator provides insulation protection for overhead HV lines. The life span of the SiR insulators is shortened due to the aging effect. The progressive aging ultimately leads to the failure of the insulation system as well as the power supply. Therefore, a regular condition assessment of SiR insulators can help prevent the power system’s failures. A comprehensive study of the various types of aging processes of SiR insulators is reported in this article. Also, the comparative analysis of SiR insulators’ physical, chemical, and electrical properties under the influence of aging is reported here. The usefulness, limitation, and difficulties confronted in the existing methodologies are also reported in this article. This review article would be helpful to implement in future research for applying the HV overhead line insulator.

Subtransmission overhead lines mechanical monitoring for fast detection of damaging events

Different harmful events affecting high voltage overhead lines (OHLs) cause changes in the mechanical tension (tensile strength) of conductors. A mechanical monitoring of OHLs, therefore, can provide useful additional information (compared with the information provided by the widely used SCADA systems) about the power system state. The tension measurements combined with a few environmental measurements (air temperature, wind speed) can be used for an automatic (fast) detection of different events and for their approximate location along an OHL, reducing the impact of these events. Referring to 132–150 kV sub-transmission OHLs, this paper proposes some original algorithms, based on the mechanical monitoring of OHLs, for the automatic detection of the following events: conductor breaking, fall of trees on the conductors, ice/snow sleeve accretion on the conductors, strands breaking and galloping. The proposed algorithms require a limited number of sensors placed along the OHLs for measurements of the conductor tension and weather-related quantities.

An approach to the impedance modelling of low-voltage cables in digital twins

The volatility of distributed production and the uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles cause major challenges in terms of supply reliability and local congestion problems in the distribution networks. In order to tackle these two aspects preventively, digital twin models are introduced to analyse the impacts of these stochastic distributed grid exchangers. Herein, line impedances are a key feature which determines the accuracy of the model. The chosen software environment to set up these digital twins, is based on Carson’s equations which are typically used for overhead high voltage lines. Hence, in this contribution an adapted model of Carson’s equations on low-voltage underground cables at 50 Hz is presented, with the aim to develop a digital twin for analysing the integration of nowadays loads and distributed sources on low voltage distribution systems. Finally, the model will be validated based on realistic grid and smart meter data provided by a distribution system operator.