Overflow Control Research Articles

Research on Intersection Frequent Overflow Control Strategy Based on Wide-Area Radar Data

Overflow identification and control at urban road intersection is a derivative problem of oversaturation control. The existing cross-section detector uses the road cross-section occupation of vehicles to identify the overflow state; then, the downstream road condition is often ignored. At present, more and more advanced traffic detection technologies, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure and wide-area radar, can provide reliable data for accurate overflow identification. In this paper, a new method of overflow identification and control at intersections is proposed by using advanced wide-area radar detection data. As a detector for specific segment of road, the wide-area radar can detect the traffic flow data in a certain range of road and provide more data types. Therefore, the average speed and space occupancy of the effective detection road segment are selected as subindicators to establish the comprehensive identification index of overflow identification. Then, the overflow control strategy is developed considering the traffic demand of the overflow phase and the nonoverflow phase. It is proved that the method is more accurate and effective in overflow identification and control by using simulation experiment of field data.

An Efficient Buffer Overflow Control Scheme to Mitigate Packet Loss in Manets

MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is self-configuring, self-organizing, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected without wires. Because of the dynamic changes in the network topology, there is no centralized control in ad hoc networks. So, mobile nodes can communicate with each other via intermediate nodes. The buffer size of intermediate nodes plays a significant role to hold packets in the buffer before dropping the newly arrived packets. In MANET, buffer overflow (congestion) occurs in any intermediary nodes when data packets pass through source to destination and incurs packet loss, which causes the performance degradations of a network. Congestion can be reduced by using several Active Queue Management [AQM] techniques. Queue Management Node or “QMN” is an active queue management strategy to control packet drops by assigning space of a buffer node to all its neighbouring nodes dynamically depending upon the total number of packets received from its neighbours. In this scheme, authors did not take into account the impact of collaboration between neighbors of a central node. They only consider the characteristics of nodes, while ignoring the message properties in MANET. And also a new node has to be waiting until it will get enough equal space from the QMN along with other neighbor nodes. During this waiting period, high packet loss can be occurred. So, an efficient buffer overflow control scheme is required to make sure every node has adequate storage space to hold the data once the buffer of the node is near to congestion. In this paper, we proposed a scheme that integrates QMN technique with combinational buffer management (CBM) strategy, which includes both the features of messages and nodes, and transfer the duplicated messages to neighbour node for total utility optimization, rather than deleting them. By using this scheme packet loss can be mitigated in MANETs efficiently. Our simulation results here reveal that, the proposed scheme achieves better performance than other existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, overhead ratio and end to end delay .

Flood mitigation function of rain gardens for management of urban storm runoff in Japan

Urban waterlogging stems from coverage with impervious surfaces and increasing rainfall intensity from climate change and variability, meaning that storm water cannot readily infiltrate the ground and excessive surface runoff leads to urban flooding. To reduce related environmental and safety risks, rainfall and groundwater level research was carried out in Kyoto Prefecture with two rain gardens (RG1 and RG2) to investigate flood mitigation functions using a tank model. During the 134 days of monitoring from July 14, 2017, to November 25, 2017, RG1 had seven overflow events with an average runoff control ratio of 63.94%, and RG2 had one event with a ratio of 95.97%. The RG1 tank model (two stages) showed that initial storage for the first and second depths was 6.912 × 10−11 and 0 mm, respectively. The heights of the discharge holes were 20.857 and 0.784 mm for the first stage and 0.659 mm for the second stage, and the discharge hole coefficients were 0.529 and 0.002 for the first stage and 0.004 for the second stage. The results showed that RG1 had penetration hole coefficients of 0.138 (first stage) and 0.254 (second stage), with a water balance error of 0.017 (< 0.02) and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.922, indicating better reliability and quality than RG2 with the one-stage tank model. Peak flow simulation for mitigation showed that RG1 had a high overflow control ratio (mitigation time 2 h for instant rainfall of 100 mm/h), and can therefore be considered appropriate for other urban areas of Japan.

Study and Practice on Pollution Control of Rain and Sewage Overflow in Old Urban Area -- Taking the Yangluo Old Urban Areas in Wuhan as an Example

In view of the pollution problem of rain and sewage overflow in old urban area, the pollution characteristics and the pollution load are calculated and analysed, and then it is proposed that the initial rainwater storage technology be used to deal with the rainwater and sewage overflow. Based on the rainfall datas of years in Wuhan, and balance rainfall field controlling rate, annual runoff controlling rate and storage area to determine the initial rainfall storage standard. Then, the benefits of storage and disposal are forecasted. Finally, suggestions for further solving the problem of rain and sewage overflow pollution in the old city are put forward.

Research on Design Method Optimization of Combined Sewer Overflow Detention Tank

Detention tank is widely used in urban waterlogging control, rainwater runoff pollution control, combined sewer overflow (CSO) control and rainwater utilization, etc. For detention tanks in different types or functions, their design methods, construction forms and ways of operation and management are very different. In recent years, many cities in China have begun to apply or plan to build CSO detention tanks to control the CSO pollution, but there are still many problems and puzzles in designing the tank. This paper summarizes and evaluates the common design methods of CSO detention tank at China and abroad. Based on the physical projects in which the author has participated in, the scale and control effect of the CSO detention tank are studied by model simulation, taking a combined sewer system catchment in the Beijing old city as examples. Based on the analysis, the long-term simulation method is recommended for designing of CSO detention tanks in China, and a design criteria suitable for a larger range can be determined through research and analysis of a typical and representative area if there is no way to research every area. At last, several key factors that affect greatly the scale and pollutant control efficiency of CSO detention tank are summarized and analyzed, including objectives of CSO control, rainfall characteristics, CSO pollutants transport law, interception multiple, capacity of wastewater treatment plant, space conditions and investment, layout of detention tank and operation mode of detention tank. Hope to provide reference for the scientific designing of CSO detention tank and realize cost-effectively controlling CSO in cities of China.

MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF COMBINEDSEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL SYSTEM

How to reduce the construction cost while increasing the reduction rate of combined sewer overflow (CSO) control system has been widely concerned by the planning & decision makers. In this study, the multi-objective optimization model of CSO system construction cost and CSO reduction rate was established by using Matlab, Python and SWMM. A series of Pareto solution sets were obtained using non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ), so different options were put forward to planning decision makers. For the 3-year storm events, the optimization results showed that the proportion of the construction cost was highest for constructing source low impact development (LID) facilities, followed by constructing the detention tanks and retrofitting the midway pipes. Among the three types of facilities, the contribution of the CSO reduction rate of the detention tanks was the highest, followed by the source LID facilities and the midway pipes.

Synthesis of quantum images using phase rotation

A topic about synthesis of quantum images is proposed, and a specific phase rotation transform constructed is adopted to theoretically realize the synthesis of two quantum images. The synthesis strategy of quantum images comprises three steps, which include: (1) in the stage of phase extraction, we obtain the phases of the state of the quantum image by transforming the state of the quantum image to prepare the conditions for multiple phases extraction. (2) In the stage of rotation operator construction, the phases obtained in the first stage are used to construct the rotation operator where a mechanism is introduced into it to reduce the phase overflow. (3) In the stage of application of the rotation operator, we apply the operator constructed in the second stage on the state of quantum image to get a goal state. Additionally, numerical analysis gives the joint uncertainty relation of the pixel of the synthesized quantum image. The analysis result about the compression ratio indicates that the phase rotation transform and the overflow control mechanism are effective.

Effectiveness Analysis of Systematic Combined Sewer Overflow Control Schemes in the Sponge City Pilot Area of Beijing.

Combined sewer overflow (CSO) pollution poses a serious threat to the urban water environment and is more severe in old urban areas. This research uses the old urban area in the sponge city pilot area in Tongzhou District, Beijing, as the study area. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) storm water management model (SWMM) was used to establish the hydrologic and hydraulic model of this area. The model parameters were calibrated and validated based on the measured rainfall and runoff data. The results show that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for calibration and validation is more than 0.74. Thirty-two sets of systematic CSO control schemes are formulated, which include the "gray (includes the pipes, pumps, ditches, and detention ponds engineered by people to manage stormwater) strategy" and "gray-green strategies", and the regularity of CSO control for "low impact development (LID) facilities at the source", "intercepting sewer pipes at the midway", and "storage tank at the end", are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the LID facility has an average annual reduction rate of 22% for the CSO frequency and 35% to 49% for the CSO volume. The retrofitting of intercepting sewer pipes has an average annual reduction rate of 11% for the CSO frequency and 4% to 15% for the CSO volume, and the storage tank has an average annual reduction rate from 3% to 36% for the CSO volume; furthermore, the reduction rate decreases with the increase in the CSO volume reduction rate by LID facilities. When the CSO control target is stricter, the control effect of the "end" segment is more obvious, but the control efficiency is lower. By studying the variability of the storage tank volume under different control targets, it can be concluded that it is reasonable to set the CSO control target because the number of overflow events does not exceed four times per year for the study area.

Green First Approach for Wet Weather Programs

Many United States and Canadian cities have recently started to initiate combined sewer overflow (CSO) and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) control projects to co…

Use long short-term memory to enhance Internet of Things for combined sewer overflow monitoring

Combined sewer overflow causes severe water pollution, urban flooding and reduced treatment plant efficiency. Understanding the behavior of CSO structures is vital for urban flooding prevention and overflow control. Neural networks have been extensively applied in water resource related fields. In this study, we collect data from an Internet of Things monitoring CSO structure and build different neural network models for simulating and predicting the water level of the CSO structure. Through a comparison of four different neural networks, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP), wavelet neural network (WNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), the LSTM and GRU present superior capabilities for multi-step-ahead time series prediction. Furthermore, GRU achieves prediction performances similar to LSTM with a quicker learning curve.

Quantitative analysis of impact of green stormwater infrastructures on combined sewer overflow control and urban flooding control

Stimulated by the recent USEPA’s green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) guidance and policies, GSI systems have been widely implemented in the municipal area to control the combined sewer overflows (CSOs), also known as low impact development (LID) approaches. To quantitatively evaluate the performance of GSI systems on CSO and urban flooding control, USEPA-Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) model was adopted in this study to simulate the behaviors of GSI systems in a well-developed urban drainage area, PSW45, under different circumstances. The impact of different percentages of stormwater runoff transported from impervious surfaces to the GSI systems on CSO and urban flooding control has also been investigated. Results show that with current buildup, GSI systems in PSW45 have the best performance for low intensity and short duration events on both volume and peak flow reductions, and have the worst performance for high intensity and long duration events. Since the low intensity and short duration events are dominant from a long-term perspective, utilizing GSI systems is considered as an effective measure of CSO control to meet the long-term control strategy for PSW45 watershed. However, GSI systems are not suitable for the flooding control purpose in PSW45 due to the high occurrence possibility of urban flooding during or after high intensity events where GSI systems have relatively poor performance no matter for a short or long duration event.

Typical case analysis of deep tunnel drainage system in urban area

Urban rainstorm-waterlogging events were becoming more common and more difficult to control in the past decade. With the inadequate capacity of urban drainage system and the low standards of drainage planning, it is urgent to reform and improve the original drainage system. However, due to the constraints of space conditions, construction costs, environment interference and some other factors, it is not easy to transform the original drainage system and the effect is not obvious. Urban deep tunnel drainage system is an important method to alleviate urban waterlogging, as well as the initial runoff pollution and overflow pollution. The research on urban deep tunnel drainage system is necessary and important, especially in rapid urbanizing countries like China. The preliminary planning and studies have been done in several cities in China with the aim of solving urban waterlogging problem by urban deep tunnel drainage system. This kind of system has already been applied maturely in many developed countries/cities, such as Singapore, Chicago, London and so on. These applications can provide many experiences and lessons for Chinese engineers and researchers. By introducing the work principle of urban deep tunnel drainage system and analyzing its design and uses at home and abroad, this review provides technical support of deep tunnel system to reduce pollution and waterlogging. From the typical cases investigated in this paper, they confirmed that the urban deep tunnel drainage system could play a multiple role in urban waterlogging control and reducing overflow pollution. For example, in London, Paris, Singapore, they are used for drainage and the pollution control of overflow; in Tokyo and Hongkong, they are used for urban waterlogging control; in Chicago they are used both for waterlogging control and overflow pollution control. Although the experience of foreign countries and cities can be used for a reference to the system’s development in China, it cannot be completely copied. Besides, this review paper also points out the direction and main goals for the future research on urban deep tunnel drainage system. There are four key problems analyzed on its development, which are involved in both technical problems and management approaches. Some achievements have been made in urban hydrological simulation and evaluation technology, but this kind of technology has just started and has not been widely used. Scheduling management and joint design with other projects like sewage treatment plant are other two important parts that are directly related to the normal operation and efficiency of the tunnel. And it still faces many of unavoidable technical problems such as geological problems, operation management problem, etc. The review has summarized the key issues for researchers to understand the principles, development status and key problems of urban deep tunnel drainage system. It has certain reference value not only to the planning/design of urban drainage system, but also to the construction of the Sponge city. In the serious situation of the urban waterlogging as well as the initial runoff pollution and overflow pollution, it can be conducted that the research of urban deep tunnel drainage system has urgent practical needs and broad application prospects in China. Moreover, how to combine the characteristics of each city and find property solutions to the key problems still need further study.

Automatic Water Tank Filling System Controlled Using ArduinoTM Based Sensor for Home Application

Water supply is the most important thing in daily home activity especially for washing, cleaning, and taking a bath. The Indonesian villagers commonly supply the water by pumping the groundwater to fill a water tank. However, the utilization of non-automated switch used to turn on and turn off a pumping machine sometimes causes either the water spills or a wasteful electrical consumption. The previous works reported the utilizations of ArduinoTM based sensors for plant watering system, water tank overflow control, and automated irrigation system. In this work, an automated water tank filling system will be proposed. The system is designed by applying an ultrasonic sensor, an automatic switch module, a water-flow sensor, an ArduinoTM microcontroller, and a pumping machine in order to automatically switch the water filling. By applying an ultrasonic sensor, an ultrasonic transmitter is mounted on the top of the tank and transmits an ultrasonic pulse down into the tank. This pulse which travels at the speed of sound will be reflected back to the transmitter from the liquid surface. The time delay measurement between transmitted and received signals enables the device to calculate the distance to the surface. The transmitter is programmed to automatically determine the liquid level and switch the pumping machine. The dynamics of water flow and liquid level during filling and draining the water tank will be reported. We hope to this system, people will enjoy supplying water without their worries related to water spills and a wasteful electrical consumption.

Balancing Existing Conditions, Clean Water Act Compliance, and Financial Realities: Development of the Unified Government’s Integrated Overflow Control Plan

Balancing Existing Conditions, Clean Water Act Compliance, and Financial Realities: Development of the Unified Government’s Integrated Overflow Control Plan

A Study on Determining the Hydropower Potential of &amp;#199;ine Dam in Turkey

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining the hydroelectric potential that can be utilized by Cine dam which will be constructed for irrigation, overflow control and for energy production purposes on the Cine stream (which is located as an important arm of Büyük Menderes River in Turkey). The study will also compare other research conducted by various organizations. In order to determine the hydroelectric energy potential, the SIMAHPP 4 (Simulate and Assess the Feasibility of Hydropower Projects) professional software has been utilized. It has been observed that the calculated hydroelectric potential conforms to energy potential calculated by other organizations such as DSI (State Hydraulic Works). Especially the turbine power, installed power, turbine design flow rate and annual energy production values in the studies have been realized with close values to the real ones. The power plant which is planned to have an average of natural streams of the past 43 years has been designed with an annual power production capacity of 210.87 GWh/year (without regulation ratio) and with installed power of 48,144 MW along with a design flow rate of 35 m3/s. As a result, since these water structures have high costs associated with them and also since they will have to be functional for many years, it will be beneficial to use various different computational methods.

Category-theoretic models of algebraic computer systems

A computer system is said to be algebraic if it contains nodes that implement unconventional computation paradigms based on universal algebra. A category-based approach to modeling such systems that provides a theoretical basis for mapping tasks to these systems’ architecture is proposed. The construction of algebraic models of general-purpose computations involving conditional statements and overflow control is formally described by a reflector in an appropriate category of algebras. It is proved that this reflector takes the modulo ring whose operations are implemented in the conventional arithmetic processors to the Łukasiewicz logic matrix. Enrichments of the set of ring operations that form bases in the Łukasiewicz logic matrix are found.

Overflow Control Using Chemically Enhanced High Rate Treatment

Overflow Control Using Chemically Enhanced High Rate Treatment

Identifying Technologies and Communicating the Benefits and Risks of Disinfecting Wet Weather Flows

The primary objective of this project was to identify and communicate the benefits and risks of disinfecting wet weather flows by evaluating available disinfection technologies and identifying disinfection by-products and their potential risks to aquatic and human life. A decision-making framework was developed that could be used as a model to guide combined sewer overflow (CSO), sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) and stormwater (SW) disinfection control policies. This project was implemented as a case study in collaboration with the Onondaga County Department of Water Environment Protection (Syracuse, NY). A literature review was completed that identified appropriate disinfection technologies and the associated disinfection by-products. A disinfection demonstration was conducted to verify findings of the literature review and fill data gaps. The data collected during this project were used by local stakeholders to select the most appropriate technologies. Information regarding the benefits and risks of disinfecting wet weather flows was also presented to the public during a public workshop. Based on findings from the literature review and disinfection demonstration, hazards associated with wet weather flow disinfection appear low, but the potential for public opposition can be high. Therefore, proper communication planning to include stakeholders in the decision-making process and conduct public outreach is required. Stakeholders were included throughout the project through workshops. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397090 (Print) ISBN: 9781780404448 (eBook)

Performance and Cost-Based Comparison of Green and Gray Infrastructure to Control Combined Sewer Overflows

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is being used more often today as a water supply and stormwater management green infrastructure (GI). In recent years, GIs in urban water engineering have gained attention due to their lower lifecycle costs—in both implementation and operation phases—rather than traditional gray approaches. The research described in the present paper compared implementation of RWH systems to gray approaches previously designed as a part of the long-term control plan (LTCP) for combined sewer overflow (CSO) control in Toledo, Ohio. RWH scenarios in this study were defined based on different system capacities and release policies, and then combined gray and green scenarios were analyzed according to their hydrologic performance and cost. This study employed long-term continuous hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) simulations as well as lifecycle cost (LCC) analysis techniques. The results showed that greening the LTCP via RWH could improve the lifecycle cost-effectiveness by 48%. The captured rainwater was considered to supply toilet flushing water demand in buildings.

Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM: an example in Shanghai, China.

Although low impact development (LID) has been commonly applied across the developed countries for mitigating the negative impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on urban hydrological environment, it has not been widely used in developing countries yet. In this paper, a typical combined sewer system in an urbanized area of Shanghai, China was used to demonstrate how to design and choose CSO control solutions with LID using stormwater management model. We constructed and simulated three types of CSO control scenarios. Our findings support the notion that LID measures possess favorable capability on CSO reduction. Nevertheless, the green scenarios which are completely comprised by LID measures fail to achieve the maximal effectiveness on CSO reduction, while the gray-green scenarios (LID measure combined with gray measures) achieve it. The unit cost-effectiveness of each type of scenario sorts as: green scenario > gray-green scenario > gray scenario. Actually, as the storage tank is built in the case catchment, a complete application of green scenario is inaccessible here. Through comprehensive evaluation and comparison, the gray-green scenario F which used the combination of storage tank, bio-retention and rain barrels is considered as the most feasible one in this case.