Overall Prevalence Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Trend of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistance among tuberculosis presumptive patients in Central Tigray, Ethiopia; 2018 -2023: a six-year retrospective study

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in the developing countries. Moreover, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is challenging. However, there are no organized data on the trends of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the study area.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to fill the information gap in Central Tigray at St. Mary General Hospital between 2018 and 2023. Data were collected from the GeneXpert™ tuberculosis registration logbooks using standard checklists and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 22. After performing logistic regression, a p-value < 0.05 with a corresponding 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. Moreover, chi square test for trend was performed to assess the percentage of annual detection of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the study years.ResultPresumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients with complete data (n = 3696) were included in the study. The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 11.7%, of which 8.1% were resistant to rifampicin. The study revealed that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis has been increasing, mainly in the recent four years. Likewise, an increase in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed with considerable fluctuations. Age, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and presumptive rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection were significantly associated with the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Moreover, pulmonary tuberculosis was more prevalent among participants in the productive-age group.ConclusionAlthough there have been fluctuations, an increasing of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been observed in recent years. Hence, prevention and treatment strategies for tuberculosis should be strengthened to alleviate the burden of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the study area.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Tuberculosis among the High Risk Populations of Bera, Pabna

The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis among the populations of Bera, Pabna from January to December 2021. Samples (Sputum) were collected from 09 different unions of susceptible pulmonary TB patients of different ages and occupations by field health workers in Bera, Pabna using a pretest and questionnaire. A gross of 4353 samples (January-December 2021) was tested by fluorescent smear microscope and GeneXpert, in the middle of them, 2442 (56%) were male, and the rest of 1911 (44%) were female. We stained 2577 samples and 151 participants tested positive. By the GeneXpert method, we tested 1776 samples and 266 tested positive. We identify a total of 417 sputa positive, of these 253 (61%) were male and 164 (39%) were female. We found a total of 542 positive TB patients from January to December 2021, in the middle of them, Bacteriologically confirm 405 (75%), Clinically diagnosed 25 ( 5% ), Extrapulmonary 78 (14%), Retreatment 32 (6%) and Failure 2 (0%). The maximum positive TB patient's age was &gt;65 years. In comparisons between 2020 and 2021, the number of positive TB patients in 2020 was 408, and in 2021 was 542. Microscopy and Xpert test together to make it possible for large amounts of presumptive tests and diagnosed easily to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis. The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the participants was 9.6%.

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among adults living with HIV/AIDS attending public hospitals in Shashamene Town, Oromia Region, South Ethiopia.

Objective:This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among adults living with HIV/AIDS attending Public Hospitals, Shashamene Town, Oromia Region, South Ethiopia.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to February 2021 among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS attending Public Hospitals in Shashamene Town, Oromia Region, South Ethiopia. A sputum sample was collected and analyzed using Xpert MTB/RIF assay and blood sample was collected to count CD4 using BD FACSPresto analyzer. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 25 software was used for statistical analysis and a p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:In this study, the overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults living with HIV/AIDS attending the Public Hospitals was 23.5% (5% confidence interval: 18.26, 29.13). Variables such as age range of 50–64 years, female gender, occupation with house wife, and World Health Organization stage (III and IV) were significantly associated with prevalence of tuberculosis infection.Conclusion:The prevalence of tuberculosis in our study site was high. There is a need for regular screening of people living with HIV/AIDS for TB using highly sensitive method like Xpert MTB/RIF assay to know their TB status as well as early commencement of anti-TB.

Community-Based Active Case Finding to Increase Tuberculosis Case Detection and Treatment Success Rate in High Tuberculosis Burden Areas of Arsi Zone, Oromia

<i>Background</i>: More than 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) occur per year and about two million people die of TB. The probable cause of death is delay in diagnosis, low case detection rate and treatment success rate. Due to the low potential of tuberculosis (TB) microscopic examination and the need to increase rate of new TB case identification is also increased. <i>Objective</i>: To determine magnitude of active tuberculosis cases, evaluate the performance of LED-FM and X-pert MTB/RIF assay and characterize treatment outcome <i>Methods</i>: The door-to-door survey for TB in high TB burden areas of Arsi zone was performed. The participants were screened based on typical TB symptoms. The sputum samples were collected and transported to the laboratories. Culture, LED-FM and X-pert MTB/RIF assay were performed to confirm tuberculosis infection. Result was communicated through cell phone or short message system (SMS) for issuing of positive results. The health extension worker would contact diagnosed patients referred to their local health center for care. Finally, the performance of diagnostic tests, case detection rate and treatment success were determined. <i>Result</i>: In this study 344 pulmonary TB suspected study participants were involved from the three study sites. Based on the LED microscope results the general prevalence of pulmonary TB among the current study participants was 2.3%. On the other hand Gene X-pert MTB/RIF assay could show that 9 (2.6%) of the study participants became positive for pulmonary TB cases. There was 1 (0.3%) discordant result between the two assay methods. LED microscope missed one TB suspected case which was detected by Gen X-pert MTB/RIF assay and then confirmed by LJ culture media and become positive for pulmonary TB. Hence, the overall prevalence of pulmonary TB in our current study became 2.6% with 95% CI (1.2-4.5) using LJ culture media as tiebreaker. Of 344 study participants in this study, 9 (2.6%) were positive for pulmonary TB and given first line anti-TB drugs. Of the nine pulmonary TB test positive study participants who had prescribed with first line anti-TB drugs in which 2 (22.2%) were known to be cured as well as 7 (77.8%) had completed the treatment regimen prescribed for them.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tuberculosis among Adult Household Contacts of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated in Public Health Facilities of Haramaya District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia.

Background Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It still remains a major public health problem which affects all age groups. Risk of exposure is higher in household contact than members of the general population. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Haramaya district, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia from February to March, 2019. Method A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 454 study participants were selected using systematic sampling method from all adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated from July 2017 to December 2018. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire; and laboratory examination was processed using fluorescent smear microscope. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the infection of pulmonary tuberculosis and a statistically significant association was declared at P-value < 0.05. Result The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adult household contacts was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.8–10.0). The risk factors for tuberculosis infection among household contacts were eating meals less than three times per day (AOR = 4.31; 95% CI: 1.61, 11.55), drinking raw milk (AOR = 4.12; 95% CI: 1.43, 11.90), having family history of tuberculosis with more than one index case (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 6.92), living in poor ventilated houses (AOR = 4.02; 95% CI: 1.38, 11.76), and living in inadequate size of living room (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.30, 8.86). Conclusion In this study, the prevalence of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis is high. Eating meals less than three times per day, drinking raw milk, living in poor ventilated houses, and inadequate sizes of the rooms were identified as contributing factors. Therefore, we recommend that the transmission of tuberculosis can potentially be reduced by a better contact tracing and treatment strategies along with appropriate health education.

Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Dubti Hospital, Afar, Ethiopia.

Ethiopia stood third in drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in Africa, and more than 5,000 MDR-TB patients are reported each year. Greater than 90% of rifampicin (RIF) resistant strains are resistant to isoniazid (INH) and hence the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of RIF resistant MTB among presumptive TB cases at Dubti General Hospital, Afar, Ethiopia. In this cross-sectional study, 384 presumptive TB cases were recruited and a structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data. Sputum samples were collected and examined using X-pertMTB/RIF assay. Bivariate, multivariate logistic regressions, and fishers' exact analysis were done to assess the associations between the prevalence of TB and MDR-TB with different socio-demographic and clinical variables. In the present study, the overall prevalence of pulmonary TB was 24.5% (94/384), of this 4 (4.3%) isolates were resistant to RIF. History of anti-TB treatment (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3-4.4 and TB contact (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.1-6.2 were significantly associated with gene X-pert MTB/RIF positive TB. Moreover, resistance to rifampicin was statistically associated with the history of TB contact with multi-drug resistant TB (P = 0.027) and khat chewer cases (P = 0.04). The overall prevalence of TB and its drug-resistant were relatively higher than that of in the general population in Ethiopia. History of anti-TB treatment and TB contact were significantly associated with X-pert MTB/RIF positive MDR-TB.

Burden of pulmonary tuberculosis in modern prison: A cross sectional prevalence survey from south India

BackgroundThe risk of spread of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) disease depends on several factors. One important factor is the situational and environmental vulnerabilities of the prison setting. Study was conducted in central prison in Chennai, south state, India to estimate the prevalence of PTB disease in 2013. MethodsAll inmates aged 15 years and above were available during survey period screened for symptoms suggestive of PTB and X-ray taken chest PA view. Two sputum specimens were collected for smear and culture examination. All culture positive samples were used for drug sensitivity testing for first line anti-TB drugs. Information on demographic, life style characteristics, past history of PTB treatment were collected through pre-coded interview schedule. ResultsOf 1854 jail inmates were screened, prevalence of symptoms suggestive of PTB was 35% and it was dominated by males. Out of all screened 16 PTB cases are diagnosed and the estimated overall prevalence of PTB among prison inmates was 16/1854 (863/100,000 population). ConclusionsPrevalence PTB was 2.5 times higher as compared to prevalence of PTB in general population in the same areas, and 3.4 times higher as compared to national average.

English

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an important public health problem worldwide. It is a leading cause of disability and death in many parts of the world especially in the developing countries. Ethiopia has already a record of history of TB around greater than 58 years. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Harar TB control center. A health institution based cross sectional study was conducted in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia from March 5, 2009 to May 7, 2009. All patients who were above 5 years of age and visited Harar TB control center during the study period were enrolled consecutively. Sputum specimens were collected based on standard operating procedures and processed using hot Ziehl-Neelson staining technique. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographic and associated factors. Data were cleaned, coded and entered using EPIDATA version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. P-values < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. A total of 108 Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) suspected patients were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of PTB was 16.7% where 22.8% of males and 9.8% of females were PTB smear positive. The prevalence of PTB was significantly higher among smokers (50%), alcohol drinkers (29.3%) and rural residents (29.3) (P<0.05). The prevalence of PTB in the study area was considerably high. Smoking, drinking alcohol and rural residence (areas nominated by the government as “rural” which lack important infrastructures) were significant predictors of PTB. Therefore; health education, early diagnosis and treatment are vital to combat PTB and further longitudinal studies are recommended. Keywords: Prevalence, PTB, Harar, Ethiopia

The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in underground copper miners in Zambia exposed to respirable silica: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among underground miners exposed to silica remains a global problem. Although well described in gold and coal mining, risk in other mining entities are not as well documented. This study aims to determine dust-related dose response risk for PTB among underground miners exposed to silica dust in Zambia's copper mines.MethodsA cross sectional study of in-service miners (n = 357) was conducted at Occupational Health and Safety Institute (OHSI), Zambia. A systematic review of medical data over a 5-year period from assessments conducted by doctors at OHSI and statutory silica exposure data (n = 16678) from the Mine Safety Department (MSD) were analysed. Lifetime cumulative exposure metrics were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between PTB and lifetime exposure to silica, while adjusting for various confounders.ResultsThe median respirable silica dust level was 0.3 mg/m3 (range 0.1–1.3). The overall prevalence of PTB was 9.5 % (n = 34). High cumulative respirable silica dust category showed a statistically significant association with PTB (OR = 6.4 (95 % CI 1. 8–23)) and a significant trend of increasing disease prevalence with increasing cumulative respirable silica dust categories was observed (ptrend < 0.01). Smoking showed a statistically significant association with PTB with OR = 4.3 (95 % CI 1.9–9.9).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the association of increased risk for certified active TB with cumulative respirable dust in a dose related manner among this sample of copper miners. There is need to intensify dust control measures and incorporate anti-smoking interventions into TB prevention and control programmes in the mines.

English

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common serious opportunistic infection in Human- immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) positive patients and is the manifestation of AIDS in more than 50% of cases in developing countries. The present study was conducted from July 2012 to June 2014 at Al- Ameen Medical college Hospital, Bijapur, Southern India. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients correlating with their CD4 counts. 90 confirmed HIV positive patients attending HIV-Voluntary Counselling and Testing Center (VCTC) located at the same hospital were included in the study. All were screened for pulmonary tuberculosis by testing early morning sputum samples by direct microscopy of AFB (Acid fast bacilli) stained smear and a base line chest radiograph (CXR) of the subjects as per RNTCP standard uidelines (7). HIV cases were further classified in correlation with their CD4 count. Of the 90 HIV infected persons, 49 (54.44%) were males and 41(45.55%) were females. Majority of them were in the age group 31-40yrs (47.7%) followed by 21-30 (22.2%). The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 16.66%. Co-infection was found to be higher in males than females (male: female = 9:6), and the age group of 31-40yrs were predominantly co-infected. Among 15 diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 9 (60%) patients (7 males & 2 females) had CD4 count below 200cells/μl and 6 patients (40%) (2 males & 4 females) had CD4 count above 200cells/μl. The study shows total 16.66% TB prevalence in HIV positive patients and rate of tuberculosis is found to be more in patients with CD4 count less than 200(60%). As the tuberculosis is one of the important opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients, the screening for tuberculosis should be made mandatory for all HIV patients and require more strategic preventive measures that enhance body immunity among HIV patients are highly needed as early as possible before they develop active tuberculosis.

Prevalence of Refampcin Mono Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Among Suspected Cases Attending at Yirgalem Hospital

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). M. tuberculosis is a slow- growing bacterium, resistant to most conventional antimicrobial agents partly due to its impermeable cell wall. It may persist in a dormant or latent form, unsusceptible to agents targeting growing bacteria. The Gen Xpert MTB/RIF is an automated molecular test which detects DNA sequences specific for MTB and RIF resistance by polymerase chain reaction with fully integrated sample processing in patients suspected of drug sensitive or multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Objective: to determine Rifampicin Mono-Resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patient attending atYirgalem Hospital from August-December, 2014.Method:A cross sectional study was conducted on Rifampicin Mono-Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patient attending at Yirgalem Hospital from August-December, 2014,Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Result: A total of 236 participants were included under this study. Among these, males (57.6%) are slightly dominating female. Concerning to treatment history, 177 (75.0%) are new and the rest 59 (25.0%) retreated. Fifty eight (24.6%) of the total subjects were suspected for MDR tuberculosis. Twenty two (9.3%) of the subjects were smear positive. The highest positive finding of rifampcin susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli observed within age group of 16-30.The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 16.5%. From this prevalence, 3.4% was shared by Rifampcin mono-resistant Tuberculosis. Conclusion: Based on our study finding, The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 16.5%. From these, 3.4% was account for Rifampicin Mono-Resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis among study subject. Most of the affected study subjects were productive age group. Therefore, we recommend that there should be enhanced efforts in detection of MDR tuberculosis in study area to control dissemination of the disease among the community.

A comparative study of pulmonary Koch′s among marble stone worker community of Bhedaghat and nonmarble stone worker community of Garha

Introduction: Occupational stone dust exposure may result in several health risks tuberculosis (TB) silicosis, obstructive as well as restrictive lung diseases, among which TB is more prevalent in developing countries like India. Most people residing in Bhedaghat engaged in carving statues from variable stones and marble rocks belongs to poor socioeconomic conditions and unaware of the preventive measures. Ultimately they end up in chronic respiratory problems and various complications. Objective: The study was carried out to find the effect of marble stone dust exposure on the prevalence of TB and to study some of associated epidemiological factors and effect of working environment. Materials and Methods: The present study is cross-sectional study with a comparison group, which was matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status, unexposed to similar working environment, that is, carving and cutting marble stones. Using interview technique demographic, occupational and clinical details were recorded on the predesigned proforma. For pulmonary TB among study subjects already detected, cases were included, and those strongly suggestive on the basis of clinical history were confirmed by means subsequent sputum smear examination and radiography. Statistical analysis was carried out by using Statistical Software Package Epi Info 7. Results and Conclusion: Overall prevalence of pulmonary TB was 6.25% among marble stone workers while in the comparison group it was 4.38%. Among marble stone workers, the prevalence was more among workers working in closed and congested room and not using any personal protective measures and employed in stone cutting for >5 years.

Comparison of two laboratory-developed PCR methods for the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Brazilian patients with and without HIV infection

BackgroundDirect smear examination with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is cheap and easy to use, but its low sensitivity is a major drawback, particularly in HIV seropositive patients. As such, new tools for laboratory diagnosis are urgently needed to improve the case detection rate, especially in regions with a high prevalence of TB and HIV.ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of two in house PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): PCR dot-blot methodology (PCR dot-blot) and PCR agarose gel electrophoresis (PCR-AG) for the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients.MethodsA prospective study was conducted (from May 2003 to May 2004) in a TB/HIV reference hospital. Sputum specimens from 277 PTB suspects were tested by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear, Culture and in house PCR assays (PCR dot-blot and PCR-AG) and their performances evaluated. Positive cultures combined with the definition of clinical pulmonary TB were employed as the gold standard.ResultsThe overall prevalence of PTB was 46% (128/277); in HIV+, prevalence was 54.0% (40/74). The sensitivity and specificity of PCR dot-blot were 74% (CI 95%; 66.1%-81.2%) and 85% (CI 95%; 78.8%-90.3%); and of PCR-AG were 43% (CI 95%; 34.5%-51.6%) and 76% (CI 95%; 69.2%-82.8%), respectively. For HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative samples, sensitivities of PCR dot-blot (72% vs 75%; p = 0.46) and PCR-AG (42% vs 43%; p = 0.54) were similar. Among HIV seronegative patients and PTB suspects, ROC analysis presented the following values for the AFB smear (0.837), Culture (0.926), PCR dot-blot (0.801) and PCR-AG (0.599). In HIV seropositive patients, these area values were (0.713), (0.900), (0.789) and (0.595), respectively.ConclusionResults of this study demonstrate that the in house PCR dot blot may be an improvement for ruling out PTB diagnosis in PTB suspects assisted at hospitals with a high prevalence of TB/HIV.

Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Chiapas, Mexico

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and the sensitivity of bacilloscopy in the border region of Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS: We actively sought individuals aged 15 years or more with chronic cough from the Border Region of Chiapas, Mexico in three settings: one regional hospital, seven Primary Care Centers (PCC), and 32 communities. Individuals (a total of 899) reporting chronic cough were asked to provide three samples of sputum for acid-fast smears and cultures. The quality of acid-fast smears was evaluated using culture as the gold standard. RESULTS: We obtained sputum specimens from 590 of 899 individuals with chronic cough. A diagnosis of PTB was confirmed in 78. A conservative estimate of the overall prevalence of PTB at the population level was 151 per 100,000 (95% CI: 88 to 241). In the regional hospital, the estimated case detection rate was 66% (29/44). The proportion of candidates for PTB therapy that were actually on treatment was 50% (14/28) at the PCC and 11% (2/19) in the communities. The sensitivity of the bacilloscopy was about 90% in the hospital, and slightly lower than 50% in the PCC and the communities. CONCLUSION: Improved procedures for PTB detection are required in the studied area to adequately control the disease and to provide therapy to affected patients.