Overall Prevalence Of Malocclusion Research Articles

Prevalence of Malocclusion and Occlusal Traits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

BackgroundThe purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and to determine the most common occlusal traits.Materials and MethodsThe present cross-sectional study was conducted among 7–15 years old children with ASDs and randomly selected healthy children with the same demographic characteristics. Molar relationship, lip incompetence, overbite, overjet, midline deviation, crossbite, and crowding/spacing were recorded. A descriptive analysis was performed for all variables. A comparison of the presence or absence of malocclusion traits between children with and without ASDs was assessed using the chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assay various parameters between autism and non-autism group.ResultsA total of 96 patients were assessed, 47 patients in the ASD group, and 49 in the control (non-ASD) group. The results showed no significant difference between the ASD and control groups in terms of the overall prevalence of malocclusion (P>0.05). However, the prevalence of increased overjet and Class II molar relationship was significantly higher in the ASD group compared to the control group (P=0.03). Patients in the control group showed a higher prevalence of midline deviation (P=0.001).ConclusionDespite a higher prevalence of overjet and Class II molar relationship in children with ASDs, the prevalence of malocclusion was not higher in this group of patients.

PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS

Objective: Malocclusion is every difference in the arrangement of teeth beyond the standard of regular occlusion illustrated by anomalies within the dental arches. The purpose of this study was to measure prevalence of malocclusion between primary school children in Sana’a city Yemen.
 Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 1079 school children (546 girls and 533 boys), their age ranged from 7 to 12 years old from public and private schools selected randomly in Sana'a City, Yemen. The prevalence of malocclusion was investigated according to age, gender and school type based on Angle's classification.
 Results: The study showed that the overall prevalence of malocclusion among school children was 81.1%, in which Class I normal molar association was found only in 18.9% of school children, while Class I malocclusion included the highest percentage of the sample 70.4%, followed by Class II relation 9.5%, and Class III involved only 1.1%. The most prevalent malocclusion trait was spacing 35.7%, whereas the crowding was present in 30.0% of the sample. The deep bite was present in 10.1% followed by anterior crossbite 8.8%, midline diastema 8.6%, anterior open bite 4.5%, posterior crossbite 4.0%, and the least noted malocclusion trait was posterior open bite 0.4%.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, there was a high rate of malocclusion in school children and significantly increased with age, class I malocclusion was the most common followed by Class II malocclusion, while Class III was the rear. The most prevalent occlusal problem was spacing, followed by crowding. Thus, 7-12 year-olds can benefit from interceptive and preventive oral health procedures which may either entirely prevent or reduce the development of serious types of malocclusions afterward in their lives.
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 8 January 2020; Revised 9 February; Accepted 1 March, Available online 15 March 2020
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 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Name: Dr. George Zhu
 Affiliation: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
 E-mail: sansan4240732@163.com
 
 Name: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel
 Affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
 E-mail: gehankandeel9@yahoo.com
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Prevalence of malocclusion in Chinese schoolchildren from 1991 to 2018: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Malocclusion is a common oral health problem in schoolchildren. Literature describing the prevalence of malocclusion varies substantially across China. This study identified the epidemiological characteristics of malocclusion among Chinese schoolchildren from 1991 to 2018. Six English and Chinese electronic databases were searched through November 2018. The search was supplemented by hand searching to identify relevant surveys. The overall prevalence of malocclusion was estimated by a random-effects meta-analysis model, and variations in different groups were assessed by subgroup meta-analysis. Thirty-seven eligible articles describing 117682 samples were investigated. The pooled national prevalence for malocclusion was 47.92% (95% CI: 58.6%-71.9%). For the Angle classification, the overall prevalence rates were 30.07% (95% CI: 25.37%-35.48%), 9.91% (95% CI: 7.41%-13.79%), and 4.76% (95% CI: 3.85%-6.54%) for Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion, respectively. A deep overbite (16.67%, 95% CI: 11.50%-23.08%) was shown to be the most common trait of malocclusion. When stratified by sex, males had a slightly higher prevalence than females (RR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06). More importantly, an ascending trend and substantial variations across the country were observed. Our results confirmed that malocclusion has become a serious oral health problem in Chinese schoolchildren, highlighting the need for proactive interventions at an early age. Moreover, high-quality epidemiological studies on malocclusion are still required.

The prevalence of malocclusion among 10–12-year-old schoolchildren in Khammam district, Telangana: An epidemiological study

Aim: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among 10–12-year-old school-going children in Khammam district of Telangana state. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 2550 schoolchildren aged 10–12 years old in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India, to assess the prevalence of malocclusion. An oral examination was conducted by a single trained examiner using a mouth mirror and probe. Occlusal characteristics such as molar relation, overjet, overbite, open bite, crossbite, midline deviations, midline diastema, and rotation were recorded. The data were tabulated and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of malocclusion was 76.6%. Of this, 65.9% of the children had Angle's Class I malocclusion, 9.25% had Class II malocclusion, and 1.37% had Class III malocclusion. About 15.4% showed an increased overjet (>3 mm), 0.2% had reverse overjet, 43.6% had increased overbite (>3 mm), 2% had open bite, 14.01% had crossbite, 46.23% had deviation of midline, 2.07% had midline diastema, and 2.98% had rotated tooth. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Khammam district of Telangana. Problems of a functional nature that arise from these morphological changes may become more complex skeletal problems in future with serious psychosocial consequences for the developing individual.

Prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors among pre-schoolchildren in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts, Tanzania

Background: Malocclusion is any deviation in the arrangement of teeth exceeding the standards of normal occlusion characterized by anomalies within the dental arches. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors among pre-school children in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts in Tanzania.Methods: This cross sectional survey of children aged 3-5 years was conducted in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts in Tanzania. T Parents of pre-schoolchildren were interviewed regarding their socio-demographic details and their child’s sucking habits. Clinical examination was performed to each child to assess malocclusions.Results: The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 32.5%. In bivariate analysis, sucking habit was the significant factor associated with malocclusions. After controlling for socio-demographic variables, current sucking habits and sex remained significant determinants for having an open bite with odds ratios of 13.5 and 2.2, respectively.Conclusion: The study showed that more than one third of pre-schoolchildren in the two districts had one or more forms of malocclusions. Open bite was the most common vertical malocclusion trait which was significantly related to sucking habits and child’s sex. Thus, 3-5 year-olds can benefit from preventive and interceptive oral health measures which may either totally prevent or lessen the development of severe forms of malocclusions later in their lives.

MALOCCLUSION AMONG TANZANIAN ADULTS;

Introduction: An increase for oral health care uptakes in Tanzanian through currentsurge of health insurance establishments has placed adult individuals to seek for orthodonticcare which was nonexistent at their adolescent age. However, prevalence of malocclusion andmagnitude of orthodontic treatment needs not known in Tanzanian adults. This study aimed tosurvey on the prevalence of malocclusion and objective orthodontic treatment needs among theadult population in Tanzania. Study Design: Survey study. Setting: Conducted at KilimanjaroChristian Medical Centre Teaching Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania. Period: January to April in2014. Subjects and methods: A population of 217 nursing student at Kilimanjaro ChristianMedical Centre Teaching Hospital in Moshi, Tanzania were involved for clinical examinationof malocclusion traits. The traits were registered according to the criteria developed by Bjork,Krebs and Solow in 1964. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to determine orthodontictreatment needs in this group of Tanzanian adults. Data for malocclusion traits were analyzedusing Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) wasused to determine intra-examiner reliability of the discrete variables of Bjork criteria and DAIcomponents. ICC value classification was based on those developed by Landis and Koch in1977. The intra-examiner reliability by ICC in our study was almost perfect (ICC=0.895-1.000).Results: The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 94.4%. Angle’s Class II and Class IIImalocclusion occurred in 12.9% and 6.7% respectively of the studied population. Aplasia orimpacted teeth excluding the last molar occurred in 8.4% of the students. Deep bites occurredin 7% and frontal open bites in 9.3% of the students studied respectively. Crowding in both jawswere found in almost half of the students with more crowding in mandibular incisors. Midlinedisplacement was registered in 38.8% of the students. The populations mean DAI score was27.7 (8.64 ±SD). About 51% of the students had either no need or slight orthodontic treatments.About 49% were found with orthodontic treatment needs ranging from elective, highly desirableto mandatory. Conclusion: The current findings showed presence of malocclusion traits in thispopulation with tendency for some of the traits to increase in severity compared to the findingsin the adolescents studied previously in Tanzania. Higher overall prevalence of malocclusionaccording to Bjork criteria in this population corresponded with considerable orthodontictreatment needs assessed by DAI scores.

English

Introduction: An increase for oral health care uptakes in Tanzanian through currentsurge of health insurance establishments has placed adult individuals to seek for orthodonticcare which was nonexistent at their adolescent age. However, prevalence of malocclusion andmagnitude of orthodontic treatment needs not known in Tanzanian adults. This study aimed tosurvey on the prevalence of malocclusion and objective orthodontic treatment needs among theadult population in Tanzania. Study Design: Survey study. Setting: Conducted at KilimanjaroChristian Medical Centre Teaching Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania. Period: January to April in2014. Subjects and methods: A population of 217 nursing student at Kilimanjaro ChristianMedical Centre Teaching Hospital in Moshi, Tanzania were involved for clinical examinationof malocclusion traits. The traits were registered according to the criteria developed by Bjork,Krebs and Solow in 1964. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to determine orthodontictreatment needs in this group of Tanzanian adults. Data for malocclusion traits were analyzedusing Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) wasused to determine intra-examiner reliability of the discrete variables of Bjork criteria and DAIcomponents. ICC value classification was based on those developed by Landis and Koch in1977. The intra-examiner reliability by ICC in our study was almost perfect (ICC=0.895-1.000).Results: The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 94.4%. Angle’s Class II and Class IIImalocclusion occurred in 12.9% and 6.7% respectively of the studied population. Aplasia orimpacted teeth excluding the last molar occurred in 8.4% of the students. Deep bites occurredin 7% and frontal open bites in 9.3% of the students studied respectively. Crowding in both jawswere found in almost half of the students with more crowding in mandibular incisors. Midlinedisplacement was registered in 38.8% of the students. The populations mean DAI score was27.7 (8.64 ±SD). About 51% of the students had either no need or slight orthodontic treatments.About 49% were found with orthodontic treatment needs ranging from elective, highly desirableto mandatory. Conclusion: The current findings showed presence of malocclusion traits in thispopulation with tendency for some of the traits to increase in severity compared to the findingsin the adolescents studied previously in Tanzania. Higher overall prevalence of malocclusionaccording to Bjork criteria in this population corresponded with considerable orthodontictreatment needs assessed by DAI scores.

Malocclusion and dental caries experience among 8-9-year-old children in a city of South Indian region: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND:Although numerous studies have documented malocclusion in various age groups in India, the literature on the prevalence of malocclusion in mixed dentition is scanty. Dental caries is another most common condition affecting the general health. However, its association with malocclusion in mixed dentition is not well known.AIM:The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of malocclusion and its association with caries experience in 8–9-year-old children of Davangere city, South Indian region.SETTING AND DESIGN:The study design was a cross-sectional survey.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 800 children from 350 schools (both males and females) were randomly selected for the study. t-test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS:The overall prevalence of malocclusion among 8–9-year-old children was 40.9%. The most prevalent malocclusion was crowding (11.5%), followed by excessive overjet (9.4%), deep bite (6.8%), spacing (6.5%), crossbite (4.5%), and open bite (3.2%). Class I molar relationship prevailed in 95.5% of children.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of malocclusion in our study was in accordance with the other studies reported in India, which ranged from 19.6% to 90%. Furthermore, correlation of malocclusion and dental caries in the primary dentition, although nonsignificant, presented children with malocclusion to have a higher caries experience than children without malocclusion.

PREVALENCE OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MALOCCLUSION AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS AT MOI UNIVERSITY IN KENYA

INTRODUCTION: The single classification of malocclusion is difficult and of limited value in dentofacial assessment due to the multifactorial and multivariate nature of malocclusion. In order to plan a strategy for orthodontic treatment, the prevalence of malocclusion in a population must be estimated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of different classes of malocclusion among dental students at Moi University in Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at the Moi University Faculty of Dentistry in Kenya among 40 dental students aged 18-25 years. It was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Study cast models of the subjects were prepared from alginate impressions and used to classify the malocclusions using Angle’s method. Chi square and independent t test were used to test the effect of sex on prevalence of malocclusion. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 87.5%.Class I malocclusion was the most prevalent at 70% followed by Class II Division 1 at 7.5% and Class III and Class II Division 2 at 5% each. Normal occlusion was present in 12.5% of the respondents. There were gender differences in the prevalence of malocclusion but these were not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The most prevalent class of malocclusion among the study sample was Class I Malocclusion while Class II Division 2 was the least prevalent. KEY WORDS: Malocclusion, Prevalence, Angle Classification, Study Casts, Bolton Analysis

Prevalence of Malocclusion among 10-12-year-old Schoolchildren in Kozhikode District, Kerala: An Epidemiological Study.

ABSTRACTBackground: A malocclusion is an irregularity of the teeth or a malrelationship of the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 10-12 years in Kozhikode district of Kerala, South India.Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolchildren aged 10-12 years in six schools in Kozhikode district of Kerala, South India. A total of 2,366 children satisfied the inclusion criteria. Occlusal characteristics like crossbite, open bite, deep bite, protrusion of teeth, midline deviations, midline diastema and tooth rotation were recorded. The data were tabulated and analyzed using Chi-square test.Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of malocclusion was 83.3%. Of this, 69.8% of the children had Angle’s class I malocclusion, 9.3% had class II malocclusion (division 1 = 8.85%, division 2 = 0.5%) and 4.1% had class III malocclusion; 23.2% showed an increased overjet (>3 mm), 0.4% reverse overjet, 35.6% increased overbite (>3 mm), 0.29% open bite, 7.2% crossbite with 4.6% crossbite of complete anterior teeth, 63.3% deviation of midline, 0.76% midline diastema and 3.25% rotated tooth. No significant differences in gender distributions of malocclusions were noted except for increased overjet and overbite.Conclusion: There is high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Kozhikode district of Kerala. Early interception and early correction of these malocclusions will eliminate the potential irregularities and malpositions in the developing dentofacial complex.How to cite this article: Narayanan RK, Jeseem MT, Kumar TVA. Prevalence of Malocclusion among 10-12-year-old Schoolchildren in Kozhikode District, Kerala: An Epidemiological Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(1):50-55.

Prevalence of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs Among 12 and 15 Years Old Rural School Children in Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu

ABSTRACT Introduction Oral health care in rural areas is limited due to shortage of dental manpower, financial constraints and the lack of perceived need for dental care among rural masses. Aim and Objectives To assess malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12 and 15 years old rural school children in Kancheepuram district. Materials and Methods Multistage random sampling methodology was employed for the selection of blocks, village panchayats, schools and school children. The final sample size of the study is 1000 which included 500 children from 12 years and 500 from 15 years. The malocclusion was recorded using Dental Aesthetic Index. Results The overall prevalence of malocclusion among both the age groups was 75%. The mean DAI score among the 12 years was 29.1 ± 6.02 and among the 15 years was 28.2 ± 5.45 respectively. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is high prevalence of malocclusion among the rural school children.

A study of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs according to dental aesthetic index among school children of a hilly state of India

Background:The documentation of magnitude of malocclusion in terms of prevalence and severity has not been done till date in Himachal Pradesh, India.Aims:To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs (OTNs) among 9-and 12-year-old school children by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) in the state.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1188 children from randomly selected schools. The survey was done according to the Oral Health Assessment Form (modified). DAI was used to assess the severity of malocclusion, along with collection of demographic data.Results:The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 12.5% and required orthodontic treatment, whereas 87.5% did not require treatment. A severe malocclusion for which treatment was highly desirable was recorded in 3.1%; 8% had a definite malocclusion for which treatment was elective. Only about 1.3% had a handicapping malocclusion that needed mandatory treatment. Almost equal proportions of males and females were affected with malocclusion with the means 20 ± 4.6 and 19.9 ± 4.9, respectively (P < 0.641). The prevalence and severity of malocclusion was more in 12-year age group than in 9-year age group (P = 0.002**). There was an increase in the proportion of malocclusion among older children: In 12-year age group, 15.7% with mean 20.5 ± 5.1 and in 9-year-old children, 8.9% with the mean 19.3 ± 4.1 were in the need of orthodontic treatment.Conclusion:Severity and treatment needs, both are important factors in public health planning.

Malocclusions in children at 3 and 7 years of age: a longitudinal study

The aim of this longitudinal study was to compare the prevalence of malocclusion at ages 3 and 7 years in a sample of children, exploring the hypothesis that prevalence of malocclusion is higher at 3 than at 7 years of age and may be influenced by sucking habits. The study sample comprised 386 children (199 girls and 187 boys), aged 3 years at study start, sourced from three Public Dental Service clinics in Sweden. Malocclusion was diagnosed by clinical examination, using a specific protocol. Data on allergy, traumatic injuries, sucking habits, and breathing pattern including nocturnal breathing disturbances were obtained by means of a questionnaire answered by child and parent in conjunction with the initial and final clinical examination. The overall prevalence of malocclusion decreased significantly, from 70 to 58% (P < 0.0001): predominantly anterior open bite, excessive overjet, and Class III malocclusion. Although high rates of spontaneous correction were also noted for deep bite, Class II malocclusion and posterior and anterior crossbites, new cases developed at almost the same rate; thus, the prevalence was unchanged at the end of the observation period. Anterior open bite and posterior crossbite were the only conditions showing significant associations with sucking habits. The results confirm the hypothesis of higher prevalence of malocclusion at 3 years of age and clearly support the strategy of deferring orthodontic correction of malocclusion until the mixed dentition stage.

P1-274 Prevalence and predisposing factors for malocclusion among Brazilian preschool children

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in primary teeth and its predisposing factors.MethodsA randomised representative cross-sectional study was carried out in Belo Horizonte, Brazil,...

Morphological and functional traits of malocclusion in 3-5 Year-olds in Moshi, Tanzania

To assess the morphological and functional traits of malocclusion. Cross-sectional study. Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Examination for occlusal traits was done on 372 randomly selected 3-5-year olds (157 males and 215 females). The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 26.9%. Females had significantly more occlusal anomalies than males. The flush terminal plane (93.8%) was the commonest anteroposterior relation. Excessive maxillary overjet and deep-bite occurred in 5.1% and 21.5% of the children respectively. Reverse overbite (1.9%), frontal open-bite (1.6%), lateral open-bite (0.8%) and posterior cross-bite (0.3%) were relatively rare. Harmful oral habits were uncommon in this population. The sample mean for inter canine width in the maxilla was 31.1 mm (SD +/- 2.72) and for the mandible 25.3 mm (SD +/- 2.46). Lack of natural spacing in the anterior segment of the maxilla occurred in 34.4% of the children and 33.6% in the mandible. Generally, females had significantly more occlusal anomalies than males. The flush terminal plane was the commonest anteroposterior finding. Lack of natural spacing in the anterior segments and deep bite were common.

Prevalence of malocclusion among school children in bangalore, India.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among school children of Bangalore city, India during their mixed dentition period. The sample consisted of 745 children (388 males and 357 females) in the age group of 8-12 years randomly selected from twelve different schools in Bangalore city. The subjects were randomly selected, and none had received previous orthodontic treatment. Occlusal anteroposterior relationships were assessed based on the Angle classification. Also various malocclusion features associated with class I malocclusion according to Dewey’s modification of Angle’s classification were assessed. The results showed that about 71% of the subjects had malocclusion. Class I malocclusion constituted the major proportion of malocclusion which was found in 62% of the studied population. No significant difference was found between boys and girls neither in the overall prevalence of malocclusion nor in various forms of malocclusion. Crowded incisors was found to be most ommon finding in subjects with class I malocclusion. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among Indian children and it has been reported that the results range from a value as low as 19.6% (Miglani DC, Chennai 1961) to as high as 90% (Sidhu SS, Delhi). This varied range emphasizes the need to standardize criteria for assessing malocclusion.

Prevalence of malocclusion among 12-15-year-olds in Moshi, Tanzania, using Bjork's criteria

To assess the prevalence of malocclusion in 12-15 -year-olds in Moshi, Tanzania. Cross-sectional study. Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Two hundred and eighty nine randomly selected primary school children (153 males and 136 females) had a clinical examination for malocclusion traits done. The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 97.6%. Angle's Class II and III malocclusion occurred in 6.9% and 11% of the sample respectively. Crowding was encountered very frequently in both jaws, especially in the lower anterior segments. Anterior open bite occurred in 6.2% and the deep bite in 10.7% of the sample. There was no significant gender difference in either the overall prevalence of malocclusion or in the occurrence of the different occlusal traits. It was noteworthy that some of the malocclusion traits recorded were relatively minor deviations from the normal occlusion. Hence the high prevalence of malocclusion did not necessarily imply a heavy burden of need and demand for orthodontic treatment.

The prevalence of malocclusion in 13- to 15-year-old children in Nairobi, Kenya.

Data on occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment in Kenya is scanty. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children in Nairobi, Kenya. Nine hundred and nineteen children aged 13-15 years (468 male, 451 female) were examined. The registration method used was that described by Björk et al. The prevalence of malocclusion was 72%. The predominant anteroposterior relationship of the dental arches was neutral occlusion (93%). Specific malocclusion traits were highest for crowding (19%), rotations (19%), posterior crossbite (10%), maxillary overjet (10%), and frontal open bite (8%). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall prevalence of malocclusion between males and females, but some occlusal traits were significantly higher in males. Although the findings indicate that the present population is not characterized by a substantial difference in the overall prevalence of malocclusion compared with other communities, some traits differed in prevalence from those reported elsewhere.