Overwintering Stage Research Articles

Overwintering Stages of Pseudosclerotia Development for Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, Causal Agent of Mummy Berry Disease on Highbush Blueberry in North America

Mummy berry, caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, is an economically important disease of blueberries throughout North America. Pseudosclerotia develop apothecia and produce primary inoculum in coordination with floral bud break. Terminology for M. vaccinii-corymbosi pseudosclerotial overwintering stages is inconsistent throughout the literature, and the progression from development to sporulation has never been cohesively and sequentially outlined. A developmental classification scheme was derived from existing terminology and observations of naturally-conditioned pseudosclerotia over a two-year period in Corvallis, OR. The proposed terminology for pseudosclerotial overwintering stages include maturation, dormancy, germination, emergence, differentiation, and carpogenic germination. The standardization of these terms will allow researchers to better communicate regarding this pathogen. Accepted for publication 19 July 2016. Published 15 August 2016.

Comparative Phenology and Cohort Survival of Beech Scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in Part of its Native Range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an Invaded Area (Massachusetts, USA)

Abstract The phenology and survival of beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), were investigated in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA). Despite nearly identical growing seasons (as measured by cumulative day-degrees), the scale was found to be bivoltine in the Caucasus Mountain region but univoltine in Massachusetts. In Georgia, scales overwintered as adults, whereas in Massachusetts, 1st instar crawlers were the overwintering stage. In Massachusetts, protective cages increased scale survival over a year-long period, but the effect was not great and was presumed to be due to exclusion of generalist predators, not specialized natural enemies. There was no effect of caging on survival in Georgia, and no support was found for the hypothesis that specialized natural enemies might exist in the scale's native range that might be imported for biological control of the pest in the United States. Rather, it appears that...

Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., an Eelgrass-Associated Bryozoan (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata) with Large Variationin Zooid Morphology Related to Life History.

We describe the cribrimorph cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., which we detected as an epibiont on eelgrass (Zostera marina) at Akkeshi, Hokkaido, northern Japan. This species shows three distinct zooid types during summer: the R (rib), I (intermediate), and S (shield) types. Evidence indicates that zooids commit to development as a given type, rather than transform from one type to another with age. Differences in the frontal spinocyst among the types appear to be mediated by a simple developmental mechanism, acceleration or retardation in the production of lateral costal fusions as the costae elongate during ontogeny. Colonies of all three types were identical, or nearly so, in partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene (555-631 bp), suggesting that they represent a single species. Zooid types varied temporally in overall frequency in the population: colonies contained nearly exclusively R-type zooids in mid-June; predominantly I-type, or both R- and I-type, zooids in mid-July; and I-type, S-type, or both I- and S-type zooids (interspersed or in discrete bands) in mid- to late August. Reproduction occurred throughout the season, but peaked in July, with only R- and I-type zooids reproducing. Reproductive zooids bear a vestigial compound (tripartite) ooecium and brood internally; S-type zooids, first appearing in August, were non-reproductive, which suggests that they may serve as an overwintering stage. As this species is easily accessible, common, and simple in form, it is potentially useful as a model system for studying polyphenism at multiple levels (zooid, colony, and population) in the context of life-history adaptations.

Effects of pre‐Sowing Irrigation on Crop Water Consumption, Grain Yield and Water Productivity of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain

AbstractIn three growing seasons from 2009 to 2012, we investigated the effects of different combinations of pre‐sowing irrigation and supplemental irrigation on crop water consumption, grain yield, and water productivity (WP) of winter wheat. One conventional irrigation schedule (irrigation applied at the overwintering and jointing stages) can stabilize wheat yield and WP with low or sufficient rainfall, but another conventional irrigation schedule (irrigation applied at the reviving and filling stages) decreased wheat yield and WP significantly with continuous droughts throughout winter and spring. The winter wheat with the pre‐sowing irrigation and supplemental irrigation applied at the recovery or elongation stage had a grain yield and WP in the seasons with less rainfall during the early growing stage that was higher than 7500 kg ha‐1 and 1.85 kg m‐3, respectively. In contrast, the irrigation schedule with the pre‐sowing irrigation and irrigation applied at the grain‐filling stage decreased wheat yield and WP significantly in the seasons with continuous droughts throughout winter and spring. These results indicated that combined with pre‐sowing irrigation, supplemental irrigation should be applied at the recovery stage and not later than the jointing stage; otherwise, the grain yield and WP of winter wheat will be decreased. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ecological specialization matters: long‐term trends in butterfly species richness and assemblage composition depend on multiple functional traits

AbstractAimTo quantify spatio‐temporal changes in species richness and assemblage composition of Danish butterflies over more than 100 years and to assess whether different functional groups of butterflies show different temporal trajectories.LocationDenmark, Europe.MethodsWe applied species accumulation curves to estimate relative species richness changes from unequally sampled occurrence records, collected over more than a century (1900–2012), at local (i.e. 10 km× 10 km) and regional (country‐wide) spatial scales. Furthermore, we calculated similarity in species composition between 10 km× 10 km grid cells to evaluate changes in assemblage composition (i.e. biotic homogenization) of butterflies through space and time. Trends were evaluated for all butterflies as well as for three functional groups, using hierarchical clustering and species‐specific values of eight ecological traits.ResultsWe document severe declines in butterfly diversity over the last century, with substantial regional‐scale extinctions leading to a net loss of 10% of all Danish butterfly species. Segregating species into functional groups showed that the highest rate of regional extinction occurred among sedentary habitat specialists overwintering in the egg stage, while the most severe local‐scale declines occurred among sedentary host plant specialists overwintering in the larval stage. In contrast, mobile generalist species with mature overwintering stages showed stable richness trends throughout the century. However, a pervasive spatio‐temporal biotic homogenization of butterfly assemblages was revealed for all functional groups.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that observed changes in species richness were driven by a gradual replacement of ecological specialists by broadly adapted ecological generalists. In addition to drawing attention to a severe long‐term impoverishment of the Danish butterfly fauna, our results suggest that trajectories of butterfly species richness and assemblage composition over the last century are related to multiple functional traits, highlighting the need to consider different aspects of ecological specialization when assessing extinction risk.

Nutrient deficiency limits population development, yield formation, and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha−1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

Persistence of Calanus finmarchicus in the western Gulf of Maine during recent extreme warming

The planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, resides at the southern edge of its subarctic range in the Gulf of Maine (GoM). Here we investigate the population response of C. finmarchicus to record warming in the GoM in 2012. Demographic data from two time series stations and a plankton survey conducted in early autumn 2012 show that C. finmarchicus did not produce an autumn generation as predicted, despite warm summer and overwintering temperatures. On the contrary, we observed high abundances of the overwintering stage CV in the western GoM and a new cohort in early spring 2013 likely originating from egg production during a winter phytoplankton bloom. This spring cohort was the most abundant ever recorded in the 8-year time series. To account for these observations, we hypothesize that production of females originating from the eastern GoM and Scotian Shelf, combined with growth of copepodid stages in the Maine Coastal Current and local egg production, are the primary sources of supply maintaining high abundances in Wilkinson Basin, the primary repository of C. finmarchicus in the western GoM. Predicting fluctuations in abundance or circumstances for disappearance of C. finmarchicus in the northwest Atlantic will need models that address the roles of local production and advection.

Relation of nitrate N accumulation in dryland soil with wheat response to N fertilizer

Eleven field trials of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Yongshou County, Shaanxi Province and seven in Luoyang District, Henan Province were conducted with two treatments (without N as control and with 150kg Nha−1 addition). Soil nitrate N and ammonium N concentrations were determined in five layers from 0 to 100cm depth at each site. Results showed that soil ammonium concentrations were very low and concentrations and cumulative amounts had no relations with wheat yield and yield increase by N applications. Nitrate N concentrations, in contrast, were high and correlated with seed (grain) and biomass yields of wheat without added N, and with yield increase by N addition in some layers. The cumulative nitrate N in 0–20cm layer plus other layers to different depths was significantly or very significantly correlated with control yield and yield increase by N addition. The cumulative nitrate N in 0–80cm depth explained 70% of seed yield, and that in 0–100cm 72% shoot variation and over 55% yield increases. Nitrate N occupied 88% of the total amount of ammonium N and nitrate N, and had the same trends as the total in reflecting soil N supplying capacity. Wheat mainly depended on 0–20cm layer nitrate N at over-wintering stage, 0-40cm at reviving, 0-60cm or deeper at elongation stages, and at maturity, the correlation of cumulative nitrate N in 0–100cm layer was highest with biomass and biomass increase by N addition. The control wheat in Yongshou County absorbed 107.4kg Nha−1 from soil on average, equivalent to 72% of the cumulative nitrate N or 65% of the total mineral N in 0–100cm layer. After wheat harvest, the concentration of ammonium N was not significantly different from the initial while that of nitrate N greatly decreased.

야외조건에서 인공사육에 의한 팥나방 발육과 월동태

야외조건에서 인공사육에 의한 팥나방 발육과 월동태

Cold hardiness and biochemical response to low temperature of the unfed bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae).

BackgroundThe survival of overwintering ticks, is critical for their subsequent population dynamics in the spring, and consequent transmission of tick-borne diseases. Survival is largely influenced by the severity of the winter temperatures and their degree of cold hardiness at the overwintering stage. The bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, is widely distributed in China, and can transmit various pathogens that pose serious medical/veterinary problems. In the present study we investigated the effect of low temperature stress to tick survival, super-cooling point and body content of water, glycerol and total protein.MethodsAfter various temperature acclimations, the super-cooling point was measured by Ni/CrNi-thermocouples with a precision temperature recorder. Water content was determined from weight loss of the sample exposed to 60°C for 48 h. Glycerol content was determined using Free Glycerol Reagent as directed by the manufacturer, and total protein was determined using the Bradford assay.ResultsThe 50% mortality temperatures for the adults and nymphs were -13.7°C and -15.2°C, respectively; and the discriminating temperatures for the adults and nymphs were -16.0°C and -17.0°C, respectively. The super-cooling points of the adults and nymphs were -19.0°C and -22.7°C, respectively. The water content of adult H. longicornis decreased substantially after acclimation at 0°C for 10 d, whereas the nymphs decreased after acclimation at 0°C for 20 d, and the glycerol and proteins of both nymphs and adults were significantly increased (p < 0.01) when stressed at 0°C for 10 d.ConclusionsIn H. longicornis, low temperature stress can enhance its cold hardiness and trigger appropriate responses, including reducing water content, and increasing glycerol and total protein content.

Density and spatial distribution of different development stages of Sternechus subsignatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in soybean crops

The population recruitment and the spatial distribution of eggs, larvae, overwintering stages and adults of the soybean stalk weevil, Sternechus subsignatus Boheman, on soybean were estimated in two commercial farms of the Tucumán province, Argentina, during three consecutive productive cycles. At weekly intervals 30 sampling units were taken in a random distribution from each farm, and the number of adults as well as the number of “rings” and gall-like structures around stems and/or branches recorded, from which the number of eggs and larvae, respectively, were inferred. At fortnightly intervals 20 sampling units of soil were taken at random and the number of overwintering stages recorded. The recruited number of the different developmental stages was analyzed by nested ANOVA, and the spatial distribution was estimated by the Taylor's Power law and Iwao's regression methods. Adults were recorded in all samples while eggs and larvae were found from mid-January to late April. The recruited number of the different stages was low and did not differ between stages or farms, and the spatial disposition of all developmental stages was at random. This study constitutes the first of its kind for this pest, and provides information that will be useful for the purposes of monitoring for biological studies and for insect pest control in the field.

Insects found in birds' nests from Argentina. Pseudoseisura lophotes Reichenbach, 1853 and Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Furnariidae), hosts of Triatoma platensis Neiva, 1913 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae).

The insect fauna of the nests of Pseudoseisura lophotes (Reichenbach, 1853) (Aves: Furnariidae) from Argentina was investigated. A total of 110 species (68 identified to species, 22 identified to genus, 20 identified to family) in 40 families of 10 orders of insects was found in these nests. Triatoma platensis Neiva, 1913 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was found again in nests of P. lophotes, corroborating after 73 years the first observations made by Mazza in 1936. The occurrence of the insects in nests of P. lophotes is compared with the previously known insect fauna in nests of A. annumbi, Furnarius rufus (Furnariidae), and Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae). The insect fauna in additional nests of Anumbius annumbi from the same and/or different localities is given, and used in comparisons. The first occurrence of Cuterebridae (Diptera) in birds' nests, their pupae as the overwintering stage, and the second simultaneous infestation by two species of Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) on the same nestlings are presented. Other simultaneous infestations of different hematophagous arthropods (Hemiptera: Cimidae; Reduviidae: Triatominae, and Acari: Argasidae) are remarked and discussed.

Straw Mulching Reduces the Harmful Effects of Extreme Hydrological and Temperature Conditions in Citrus Orchards

Extreme weather conditions with negative impacts can strongly affect agricultural production. In the Danjiangkou reservoir area, citrus yields were greatly influenced by cold weather conditions and drought stress in 2011. Soil straw mulching (SM) practices have a major effect on soil water and thermal regimes. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate whether the SM practices can help achieve favorable citrus fruit yields. Results showed that the annual total runoff was significantly (P<0.05) reduced with SM as compared to the control (CK). Correspondingly, mean soil water storage in the top 100 cm of the soil profile was increased in the SM as compared to the CK treatment. However, this result was significant only in the dry season (Jan to Mar), and not in the wet season (Jul to Sep) for both years. Interestingly, the SM treatment did not significantly increase citrus fruit yield in 2010 but did so in 2011, when the citrus crop was completely destroyed (zero fruit yield) in the CK treatment plot due to extremely low temperatures during the citrus overwintering stage. The mulch probably acted as an insulator, resulting in smaller fluctuations in soil temperature in the SM than in the CK treatment. The results suggested that the small effects on soil water and temperature changes created by surface mulch had limited impact on citrus fruit yield in a normal year (e.g., in 2010). However, SM practices can positively impact citrus fruit yield in extreme weather conditions.

Species' traits explain differences in Red list status and long-term population trends in longhorn beetles

Some species are more likely to go extinct than others and this is partially due to species' traits. Therefore, it is important to establish links between traits and extinction risks. Different aspects of a species' biology also relates to different sources of threat, such as fragmented populations or low population growth rate. In a comparative study of Swedish longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), we related species' traits to two aspects of extinction risk – population decline and small/fragmented populations – measured by long-term population trends and IUCN Red list classifications. Trait relationships were analysed with generalized linear models and multi-model inference. We found that extinction risk generally increased with longer generation times, corresponding to slower life histories. Adult activity period was also related to both metrics of extinction risk, but in different ways. We also found that extinction risk increased with larval host plant specialization, but only for Red list classification. Large body size was related to increased Red list classification in species overwintering as adults, and overwintering stage also structured the effects of several other traits. Our results show that both intrinsic demographic traits and ecological traits affect extinction risks, and also suggest that risks are shaped by multiple mechanisms. Therefore, researchers should carefully choose their metric of extinction risk for comparative studies, as the Red list classification may best capture current risk, whereas population trends can be used more proactively but may reflect historical relationships between traits and extinction risk.

О ЖИЗНЕННОМ ЦИКЛЕ СЛИЗНЯ-ВСЕЛЕНЦА DEROCERAS CAUCASICUM (SIMROTH, 1901) (GASTROPODA: AGRIOLIMACIDAE) НА ЮГЕ ПРИМОРСКОГО КРАЯ

A field experiment was conducted to specify the over-wintering stage in the life cycle of the Caucasian garden slug Deroceras caucasicum. It was established that this invasive agricultural pest over-winters in the south of Primorskii Krai at the egg stage.

Discrete Modes of Life Cycle in Velarifictorus micado Species Complex (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Different modes of climatic adaptation often lead to a split in reproductive cohesion and stimulate speciation between populations with different patterns of life cycle. We here examined egg development and photoperiodic adaptations in the nymphal development of Velarifictorus micado. We defined fast hatching populations as nymphal diapause and slow hatching populations as egg diapause. The nymphs were reared under two photoperiods, LD 16 : 8 and LD 12 : 12 at 27.5°C, and the mean days of nymphal development were compared. The results indicate that the nymphal diapause populations showed slower nymphal development under LD 12 : 12 than under LD 16 : 8, and this retardation increased with the increase of original latitude. The egg diapause populations showed slower nymphal development under LD 16 : 8 than under LD 12 : 12. These features help synchronizing their overwintering stages. Gene flow from the opposite forms may disturb this synchronization mechanism, and therefore natural selection should favor displacement of the two forms. This could be an incipient climatic isolation mechanism of reproductive stage.

A Four-Year Field Program Investigating Long-Term Effects of Repeated Exposure of Honey Bee Colonies to Flowering Crops Treated with Thiamethoxam

Neonicotinoid residues in nectar and pollen from crop plants have been implicated as one of the potential factors causing the declines of honey bee populations. Median residues of thiamethoxam in pollen collected from honey bees after foraging on flowering seed treated maize were found to be between 1 and 7 µg/kg, median residues of the metabolite CGA322704 (clothianidin) in the pollen were between 1 and 4 µg/kg. In oilseed rape, median residues of thiamethoxam found in pollen collected from bees were between <1 and 3.5 µg/kg and in nectar from foraging bees were between 0.65 and 2.4 µg/kg. Median residues of CGA322704 in pollen and nectar in the oilseed rape trials were all below the limit of quantification (1 µg/kg). Residues in the hive were even lower in both the maize and oilseed rape trials, being at or below the level of detection of 1 µg/kg for bee bread in the hive and at or below the level of detection of 0.5 µg/kg for hive nectar, honey and royal jelly samples. The long-term risk to honey bee colonies in the field was also investigated, including the sensitive overwintering stage, from four years consecutive single treatment crop exposures to flowering maize and oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam treated seeds at rates recommended for insect control. Throughout the study, mortality, foraging behavior, colony strength, colony weight, brood development and food storage levels were similar between treatment and control colonies. Detailed examination of brood development throughout the year demonstrated that colonies exposed to the treated crop were able to successfully overwinter and had a similar health status to the control colonies in the following spring. We conclude that these data demonstrate there is a low risk to honey bees from systemic residues in nectar and pollen following the use of thiamethoxam as a seed treatment on oilseed rape and maize.

Cold tolerance of Chinese emerald ash borer parasitoids: Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive insect that has caused significant ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in North America. Three Chinese parasitoids have been approved for release as part of a classical biological control program for A. planipennis in the United States: Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). This study was designed to measure the cold tolerance of the overwintering stage for each parasitoid species in the laboratory. We exposed cold-acclimated and non-cold-acclimated individuals to temperatures from 0 to −35°C to determine temperatures that cause body fluids to freeze, mortality after brief exposure, and mortality after long-term exposure. Cold acclimation lowered the supercooling points of S. agrili (median −28.8°C) and T. planipennisi (median −29.4°C). Median supercooling point for Oobius agrili was −30.5°C. Cold acclimation also increased survival of diapausing S. agrili (50% mortality at −27.3 versus −23.7°C for non-diapausing S. agrili) during brief cold exposure. T. planipennisi and S. agrili mortality increased over long term cold exposure when held at constant temperature. Half of T. planipennisi are predicted to fail to eclose after exposure to 0, −5, −10, and −15°C after >84, 82, 59, and 36days, respectively, while 50% of S. agrili with diapause induced in one generation would be discolored from cold injury >84days for all exposure temperatures. Our models characterizing parasitoid mortality due to cold exposure can be used to assess the climatic suitability of a location prior to release.

Modelling habitat suitability for fish in the fluvial and lacustrine regions of a new Eco-City

An eco-hydraulic model was used to determine the levels of fish habitat suitability in the fluvial and lacustrine regions of a new Eco-City. This model has been developed by combining a depth integrated hydrodynamic and water quality model with a habitat suitability index model. Carps were selected as the target species because they represent the major fish population in the study area. Water depth, flow velocity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were used as the suitability indicators. Hydrologic data recorded during 2001–2010 were analysed to determine the base flow, average flow and high flow rates, which were used to represent the discharges in the river for the three stages of the carp life cycle: overwintering, spawning and growth, respectively. Numerical model simulations were undertaken to determine the levels of habitat suitability for carps to live at these three life stages. The model results indicate that under the current flow regime the habitat suitability level in the lacustrine region is too low for carps at the growth and overwintering stages. DO depletion, overriding the role of velocity and depth, is attributed to the poorly suited habitat conditions in the lacustrine region. To improve the suitability conditions in the lacustrine region, a DO enhancement scheme was used. Model results show that the scheme has significantly enhanced the water quality, with the ideally suited area increased from 24.4% to 67.9% for the overwintering stage and from 44.5% to 77.5% for the growth stage. Due to the high flow requirement for carps to spawn in the fluvial region, further numerical model simulations were undertaken to investigate the effect of flow augmentation on the carp spawning habitat suitability. Non-traditional water obtained from recycled domestic and industrial wastewater in the Eco-City was used as an additional water resource. The analysis indicates that the Eco-City has sufficient non-traditional water to meet the high flow requirement for carps to spawn in the fluvial region.

Erratum

Journal of Evolutionary BiologyVolume 26, Issue 6 p. 1379-1379 ErratumFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Disentangling determinants of egg size in the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) using an advanced phylogenetic comparative method R. B. DAVIS, J. JAVOIŠ, J. PIENAAR, E. ÕUNAP, T. TAMMARU, Volume 25Issue 1Journal of Evolutionary Biology pages: 210-219 First Published online: November 28, 2011 First published: 10 June 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12208AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat It is with regret that the analyses of Davis et al. (2012) were affected by an error in the authors' R code, which led to mistakes in phylogenetic comparative analysis. Reanalysis using corrected R code shows that although the absolute numbers are different to those previously published, nevertheless, qualitatively, the results are unaffected and the same conclusions can be drawn as before. Table 1 is provided with the correct values. Some particular aspects of these results are of note: Table 1. - Individual trait tests for phylogenetic signal in egg size and maternal body size (bold), and optimal regressions of different variables on egg size and maternal body size. A and D = ACCTRAN and DELTRAN character optimizations, respectively. INF = infinite half-life Trait (in bold) + Predictors Half-life: % tree height (t1/2) [support region] R 2 AICc Egg Size 45 [9-INF] – – + Maternal Body Size 8 [0-INF] 56.09 80.06 + Diet (Poly/Oligophagy) A: 34 [6-INF] 3.7 111.67 D: 43 [4-INF] 3.1 109.44 + Diet (Tree/Herb) A: 46 [4-INF] 3.22 111.79 D: 47 [6-INF] 2.97 109.47 + Habitat A & D: 33 [4-INF] 11.8 104.99 + Overwintering Eggs A & D: 39 [11-INF] 17.95 101.41 + Maternal Body Size and Diet (Poly/Oligophagy) D: 1 [0-INF] 56.51 82.87 + Maternal Body Size and Diet (Tree/Herb) D: 2 [0-INF] 56.43 81.69 + Maternal Body Size and Habitat A & D: 1 [0-INF] 59.14 81.61 + Maternal Body Size and Overwintering Eggs A & D: 9 [0-INF] 59.47 78.54 Maternal Body Size 82 [8-INF] – – + Diet (Poly/Oligophagy) A: 37 [0-INF] 10.38 125.27 D: 36 [9-INF] 7.54 124.49 + Diet (Tree/Herb) A: 27 [6-INF] 17.87 121.94 D: 45 [9-INF] 14.22 120.35 + Habitat A & D: 42 [9-INF] 11.34 122.1 + Overwintering Eggs A & D: 59 [17-INF] 8.76 123.24 Although egg size was previously shown to have a very small phylogenetic half-life, the half-life point estimate is now much greater (45%). However, compared with maternal body size, evidence still suggests that egg size is a more rapidly evolving trait than maternal body size (phylogenetic half-life point estimate = 82%) and can be analysed in an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck framework as before (i.e. egg size as response to maternal body size as predictor). The important conclusion that maternal body size as a single trait is the best predictor of egg size in geometrid moths remains the same showing an R2 value (56%) similar to that of the previously published article. Whether the egg is the overwintering stage of a species or not is shown in reanalysis to have a much greater R2 value than previously and may be of some predictive value, but is still shown to be a considerably less good predictor of egg size than maternal body size. Mixed model predictors are shown not to greatly increase predictive ability compared with maternal body size alone. This is an unchanged conclusion from the previously published article. Furthermore, maternal body size is not greatly explained by any discrete predictors as shown in the previous analysis. Reference Davis, R.B., Javoiš, J., Pienaar, J., Õunap, E. & Tammaru, T. 2012. Disentangling determinants of egg size in the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) using an advanced phylogenetic comparative method. J. Evol. Biol. 25: 210– 219. Wiley Online LibraryPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume26, Issue6June 2013Pages 1379-1379 ReferencesRelatedInformation