Type Of Oven Research Articles

Market analysis of carbon fiber production with reference to the oxidation ovens used

AbstractAn important process step in carbon fiber production is the stabilization of the pan precursor fiber, which makes it infusible and incombustible. This article gives a market overview of the carbon fiber producers relating to their used oxidations oven and of market of oxidations oven itself. All six industrially available oxidation oven types are described and an overview of the oven supplier is given. The analysis of the oxidation oven market shows that only three out of six oxidation oven technologies are used for large‐volume production. CtE is currently the most widely used oven technology with approximately 55%. Since 2014, CF demand has been growing faster than the expansion of production capacities. A shortage is predicted within the next 5 years. In addition, the production capacities of existing CF lines have stagnated at an average of 1.5 kt*a−1 since the last 10 years. To meet the increasing CF demand in the coming years, various options are available: (1) Increasing large‐tow production, (2) Increasing process speed (3) Increasing the loading factor (4) Increasing with of oxidation oven.

Food preparation using solar oven with automated two axes sun following

In this work, a solar oven with automated two axes sun seeking system was designed, constructed, and operated. The results of experiments on globular solar oven with automated two axes sun seeking system, under Jordanian climatic conditions, in a typical winter day from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, show that this system can raise the inside temperature of the pot with water volume of 3.1 L from 15 °C to 100 °C during 25 min. This type of solar oven was used for preparation of different meals and heating of water.

Design of an Improved Traditional Baking Oven and evaluation of Baking Performance

Small-scale baking ovens are built by the local workers and usually no scientific principles are followed to design and build of it. Modern scientific principles and procedures are followed to design and fabricate the baking ovens using low-cost materials. The major drawbacks of this type of traditional oven are: improper control of baking temperature; contamination of products with ashes during heating and excess cost for heating. This study aimed at modeling heat and mass transfer during baking, and evaluating the quality characteristics of bread and cake. The problems were identified by conducting a one-time cross-sectional survey, and the heat and mass transfer were modeled by designing and fabricating an improved oven. This model predicted the bread temperature and moisture content at 160, 170, 180, 190 and 200°C oven temperatures. The result indicated that increasing the oven temperature from 160 to 200°C increased the bread crust temperature from 101.58 to 158.69°C. However, the temperature and weight of bread increased gradually with increasing baking time up to 18-20 min and then started declining until it reached equilibrium after 30 min. The weight loss of bread increased with increasing bread temperature. The model predicted fairly accurate bread temperature and weight loss. It predicted 20 to 132°C against the observed 22 to 115°C during baking at 200°C oven temperature, 0 to 40% weight loss against 0 to 49% observed weight loss. The developed improved oven required 25% less time for baking bread and cake compared to the traditional one. Loaves of bread baked in the improved oven had 27.4% lower moisture content, 660 cm3 higher volume, and 408 g lower crumb firmness value compared to the conventional baking process. The improved baking oven is, therefore, more efficient than traditional baking ovens in terms of heat and mass transfer, baking time and product quality.

Excavations at Khirbet Safra and the Report on the Oven from House B.2

It has been five years since Andrews University started excavating Khirbet Safra in Jordan under the supervision of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. Archaeological excavations in modern-day Jordan have increased in recent decades, providing invaluable information about ancient societies. That is especially the case with the Iron Age I. Our knowledge about that period has been updated with recent research and Khirbet Safra is one of many newly opened sites that has shared light on the subject. Although the preliminary results of the excavations have just started to get published, the authors wanted to present the current results of the excavations to promote the site among the Croatian public and interested readers. That is why this paper will bring an update on the Khirbet Safra excavations but also it will provide a preliminary report on the oven that was found in House B.2. A short analysis of the taboon type oven and its contextual analogies will bring forth a better understanding of household activities in the Iron Age I in the southern Levant.

Numerical and experimental analyses of a novel natural gas cooking burner with the aim of improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental pollution

Any optimization performed on home stoves can substantially reduce natural gas consumption due to their widespread utilization. The advantages of these optimizations include reduced energy consumption, economic benefits, and reduced emissions. Hence, the present study aims to perform experimental and numerical analyses on the effect of parameters such as outlet port swirling, port number, conical inlet nozzle, and the vessel height (burner-to-vessel distance) on the performance of home stoves. The numerical modeling was initially performed to observe the impact of the mentioned parameters on the stove performance. Subsequently, the combustion performance of the burner was investigated in an experimental study for different gas stoves to evaluate the results. Eventually, the validity of the numerical study was confirmed by the experimental data. The simple inlet nozzle demonstrated a uniform temperature distribution that reached the bottom of the vessel with a higher temperature. The maximum flame temperature was approximately 1300 K, which exhibited a wider range for a simple nozzle. Based on the conditions of this study, the amount of heat flux at the bottom of the vessel was 5 kW/m2. Increasing the number of ports did not lead to a complete flame distribution around the burner, and the flame was observed only in four areas adjacent to the burner. The experimental study showed that the highest efficiency belonged to the vessel height of 32.2 mm. Finally, the analysis revealed that the swirl burner with a 1.5 mm port and at a vessel height of 32.2 mm caused two types of ovens with efficiencies of 59.6% and 64.5% to increase the efficiency by 2.46% and 1.6%, respectively. This increase in efficiency led to the conversion of the studied stove to a higher-grade gas stove.

A new prediction method of industrial atmospheric pollutant emission intensity based on pollutant emission standard quantification.

Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China. Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely. Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020, we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards (QRPES) into the construction of support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR) prediction methods for SO2 emission of coking enterprises in China. The results show that, affected by the types of coke ovens and regions, China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards, with marked differences. After adding QRPES, it was found that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a, and the R2 increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945, respectively. This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy, and the SO2 emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards. The predicted result shows that 45% of SO2 emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China. The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11783-023-1608-1 and is accessible for authorized users.

Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners Periodic Testing Issue

During the refueling outage (RFO) 2013 at NPP Krško, the electric hydrogen recombiners, a system for the hydrogen control during severe accidents and design basis accidents, were replaced by passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs). During the next RFOs in 2015, 2016 and 2018, periodic tests of PAR cartridges were performed. The periodic testing of NIS-PARs shall prove that the catalytic reaction starts up as specified. According to the licenced testing procedure, each outage six cartridges were obtained and tested in the NIS PAR test device (TD). Randomly selected PAR cartridges did not pass the periodic test at room temperature (RT). Cartridges that do not pass the periodic testing have to be regenerated according to NEK procedure, followed again by a test in the TD to demonstrate the success of the regeneration. The effort of a full regeneration of all cartridges is not necessary and conservative. Due to significant unexpected workload during outages, the need for enhanced testing procedure with higher catalyst test temperature is priority. The concept for this is based on the conclusion that the PARs installed in NPP Krško were functional under accident conditions during the operational cycles (OL27, OL28 and OL29) even though PAR cartridges did not pass the periodic testing on RT (testing at higher but well below accident temperatures was successful). Revision of procedure and methodology in that direction requires development of the new TD. New TD will allow PAR cartridge measurements at defined elevated temperatures (range 40 - 70 deg C). It shall be vacuum oven type device or upgraded current NIS device. In both examples it shall provide testing of at least two cartridges at the same time, independently, however the whole cartridge shall be tested. Test gas remains 3 vol. % hydrogen in the air. For a detailed plant specific investigation of this catalytic material behavior, increased testing of cartridges was developed. Additionally, testing of different batch behavior was performed.

Eco-design guidelines takeaways from the analysis of product repairability and ease of disassembly: a case study for electric ovens

One of the main aspects to increase the useful life of ErP and reduce waste generation is the product repairability. Key factors in assessing the ability to repair a product are the ease of disassembly, and the use of repairability indexes (i.e., eDiM, French repairability index, RSS, etc.). The goal of this paper is to retrieve eco-design guidelines analyzing the product repairability of target components belonging to four different types of electric ovens. The analysis adopts as baseline the report of the Joint Research Centre and the European standard EN 45554. Results provide interesting insights concerning the identification of disassembly issues and the mitigation of these hotspots through eco-design guidelines retrieved by the analysis of repairability.

Levels, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Estimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bread Baked with Different Oven and Fuel Types

The formation and occurrence of EPA priority 16 PAHs in the sourdough bread samples baked in the different ovens and fuel types used in Turkey were discussed. The bread dough prepared in laboratory conditions was baked in 6 commercial bakeries (two of them use firewood and 4 of them use natural gas as fuel), 5 traditional countryside bakeries (firewood as fuel), and 2 household type (electricity) ovens in Bolu Province, Turkey. The most dominantly (<95%) observed PAH compounds were low molecular weight PAHs (2 to 4 ring PAHs). The total content of 16 PAHs in the bread samples were 2.68 ± 3.33, 2.71 ± 3.23, 4.40 ± 1.52, and 3.58 ± 1.74 µg/kg dw, respectively, for the household, countryside, commercial (firewood) and commercial (natural gas) ovens. Sum of carcinogenic PAHs varied between 0.084 ± 0.107 (household ovens) and 0.205 ± 0.240 µg/kg dw (countryside ovens). The ovens using firewood as the heating fuel, countryside and commercial ovens, showed about 2 to 10 times higher marker PAHs (PAH4) levels than the ovens using natural gas (commercial) and electricity (household). The bread samples baked with commercial firewood and household ovens had 1.5 and 2 times higher total TEQ of BaP (0.116 and 0.121 μg/kg dw, respectively) values than that of countryside firewood and commercial natural gas ovens. Estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results suggested that the consumption of bread baked in four types of ovens may pose no health risk for children and adult consumers.

Experimental Study of Polyethylene Fusion by Scheffler Solar Concentrator

Aims: The present work is the use of Scheffler technology to melt plastic waste to produce composite materials using an oven type receiver. The composite material in this study contains polyethylene as a matrix and sand as reinforcement.&#x0D; Study Design: The fusion temperature of polyethylene is about 200°C and is obtained by solar concentration. The experimental plastic melting unit in Saaba (latitude 12.38° N; longitude -1.43° E), Burkina Faso, uses two 8 m² Scheffler concentrators sharing a cubic receiver. Three types of mirrors with a reflectivity of at least 90% are used as reflecting facets to equip the Scheffler dishes at the site.&#x0D; Methodology: The thermal behavior of the receiver is analyzed experimentally. Temperatures are measured on the inner and outer walls as well as the internal air temperature with 5 K-type thermocouples. When the fusion temperature is reached on the inside, we introduce the plastic waste which has been previously washed, crushed, dried and weighed.&#x0D; Results: The installed model obtained an average energy of 1.80 kW at the receiver and an average internal temperature of 251.15°C for an average irradiance of 623 W/m² during the no-load test. During the load test, an average energy of 1.34 kW and an internal temperature of 206.4°C were reached for an average irradiance of 473 W/m² and an optical efficiency of 56%. This test led to the production of two pavers of the composite material matrix with 2.2 kg of plastic waste.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results show that the profiles of the primary reflector, tracking system, and tilt axis are accurate and the maximum concentrated solar flux converges on the absorbing surfaces of the receiver. The tempered panes of the absorbing surfaces is more transparent and less emissive. Thus our device contributes to the valorization of plastic waste by using a non-polluting energy source.

Clinicopathological analysis of basal cell carcinoma – A retrospective study

Objectives: The objective of the study was to analyze the demographic profile, histopathological features, risk factors, and recurrence rates in patients with basal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from 2012 to October 2018 in 29 patients with histopathologically confirmed basal cell carcinoma. All the patients had undergone either excision or cryotherapy as per the institution protocol. Information on the history of the disease, occupation, history of sun exposure and clinical and histopathological features were collected and analyzed. Results: A female preponderance was found (n = 18, 62.1%), majority of the patients were unemployed (44.8%), 19 patients (65.5%) gave a history of sun exposure, and the nose was the most common site of disease. Ten females (34.5%) did not have any excessive exposure to the sun, but gave a history of exposure to heat and fumes in the kitchen. Six patients (20.7%) had a preexisting nevus at the same site and superficial spreading type was the most common histopathological type (n = 24, 82.8%). Excision gave the best result. Four patients (13.8%) had recurrence of the disease. Limitations: Small sample size was the major limitation. The risk factors and occupation could not be analyzed objectively. Conclusion: This is a pioneer study from Kerala. A female preponderance (62.1%) was observed. The role of heat, fumes, type of oven, and use of reheated oil in cooking as risk factors for the development of BCC needs analysis in future studies. Superficial spreading type was the most common pattern observed in histopathology slides (82.8%). Excision gives near-complete clearance and a good cosmetic result with less risk of recurrence.

Experimental Analysis on Economic and Portable Smokeless Oven

The present work includes the design, development and experimentation on smokeless oven. In the rural belt more than 60% people are using wood, charcoal and cow dung cakes for the purpose of cooking and other necessary purpose of heat supply. In most of the cases the wood burned for cooking purpose develops smoke which directly effects and harms human respiratory system, especially to women and children. Because most of the ovens are of open category type oven and on the concept of three brick oven principle in construction or excavated earthen construction type. Also heat loss to the atmosphere occurs in such type of oven. To overcome all such problems, a smokeless oven prepared by utilizing empty scrap oil tin and using empty paint or primer drum. To arrest heat lossan insulation barrier of 50mm thickness side wall has been maintained within the oven by using soil and mud. The flue gas outlet pipe has been fastened at the top side wall of the oven at an angel of 45oc and for a length of 3 m. exhaust outlet pipe.

The influence of soldering process parameters on the optical and thermal properties of power LEDs

PurposeThis paper aims to present the results of investigations that show the influence of soldering process parameters on the optical and thermal parameters of power LEDs.Design/methodology/approachThe power LEDs were soldered onto metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB) substrates in different soldering ovens: batch and tunnel types, characterized by different thermal profiles. Three types of solder pastes based on Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7 with the addition of TiO2 were used. The thermal and optical parameters of the diodes were measured using classical indirect electrical methods. The results of measurements obtained were compared and discussed.FindingsIt was shown that the type of oven and soldering thermal profile considerably influence the effectiveness of the removal of heat generated in the LEDs tested. This influence is characterized by thermal resistance changes. The differences between the values of this parameter can exceed 20%. This value also depends on the composition of the soldering paste. The differences between the diodes tested can exceed 15%. It was also shown that the luminous flux emitted by the diode depends on the soldering process used.Practical implicationsThe results obtained could be useful for process design engineers for assembling power LEDs for MCPCBs and for designers of solid-state light sources.Originality/valueThis paper presents the results of investigations into the influence of the soldering profiles and soldering pastes used on the effectiveness of the removal of heat generated in power LEDs. It shows and discusses how the factors mentioned above influence the thermal resistance of the LEDs and optical parameters that characterize the light emitted.

Design and Fabrication of a Charcoal Fish Smoking KILN

The fabricated charcoal fish smoking kiln was done to improve on the performance of the existing technology and determine its performance for future applications. The charcoal fish smoking kiln is made from rectangular mild steel of 2mm thickness and has three chambers such as the blower chamber, charcoal chamber, and the smoke chambers respectively. The chambers were insulated with 20mm thick thermosetting polymer welded in between two mild steel plates. The end of the smoke chambers is connected to a blower to assists in the heat convective flow mechanism during operation. The weight loss of the fish sample being calculated can be used to determine the smoking efficiency, including the smoking time by using charcoal and the temperature can as well be determined. The smoking kiln was tested by using two different species of fish: cat and panla smoked to an average moisture content of 62.5% within an average period of 4 hours, the average final weight of the dried fish was 0.24 Kg, weight loss 22.45Wb, residence temperature of 60-800C, heat exchanger temperature is 2430C, and heat different at chimney 2420C. The fabricated machine is highly efficient. It produced dried smoked fish that lasted for seven weeks without spoilage. The fish produced had a golden brown colour. The fish processing itself took less than one hour and the temperature of the heat supplied was quite higher than the traditional drum oven type.

Back‐End‐of‐Line Compatible Low‐Temperature Furnace Anneal for Ferroelectric Hafnium Zirconium Oxide Formation

The discovery of ferroelectricity in thin doped hafnium oxide films revived the interest in ferroelectric (FE) memory concepts. Zirconium‐doped hafnium oxide (HZO) crystallizes at low temperatures (e.g., 400 °C), which makes this material interesting for the implementation of FE functionalities into the back end of line (BEoL). So far, the FE phase of prior amorphous HZO films is achieved by using a dedicated rapit thermal annealing (RTA) treatment. However, herein, it is shown that this dedicated anneal is not needed. A sole furnace treatment given by the thermal budget present during the interconnect formation is sufficient to functionalize even ultrathin 5 nm HZO films. This result helps to optimize the integration sequence of HZO films (e.g., involving a minimum number of BEoL process steps), which saves process time and fabrication costs. Herein, metal–FE–metal capacitors with Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 films of different thicknesses (5–20 nm) are fabricated annealed at 400 °C for various durations within different types of ovens (RTA and furnace). Structural and electrical characterization confirms that all furnace‐annealed samples have similar X‐ray diffraction patterns, remanent polarization, endurances, and thickness dependencies as RTA‐annealed ones. With respect to remanent polarization, leakage current, and endurance, the HZO film of 10 nm thickness shows the most promising results for the integration into the BEoL.

Electromagnetic Pollution of the Environment Due Leakage Radiation from Microwave Ovens

This study compares the values of the electromagnetic fields generated by three types of microwave ovens with the values available in scientific literature, guides and protocols, considering their impact on human health. Variations in electromagnetic radiation have been determined during and outside the operating time of the microwave ovens at different distances from the oven and in different positions, thereof. The obtained data show higher values of the radiation leakage during operation than those provided by the regulations in force, for all types of studied ovens. The results of the study suggest the need to reduce the time spent near these devices and to optimize the equipment in order to reduce these radiation leakages.

Hot Air Oven for Sterilization: Definition &amp;amp; Working Principle

A hot air oven is a type of dry heat sterilization. Dry heat sterilization is used on equipment that cannot be wet and on material that will not melt, catch fire, or change form when exposed to high temperatures. Moist heat sterilization uses water to boil items or steam them to sterilize and doesn't take as long as dry heat sterilization. Examples of items that aren't sterilized in a hot air oven are surgical dressings, rubber items, or plastic material. Items that are sterilized in a hot air oven include:  Glassware (like petri dishes, flasks, pipettes, and test tubes)  Powders (like starch, zinc oxide, and sulfadiazine)  Materials that contain oils  Metal equipment (like scalpels, scissors, and blades) Hot air ovens use extremely high temperatures over several hours to destroy microorganisms and bacterial spores. The ovens use conduction to sterilize items by heating the outside surfaces of the item, which then absorbs the heat and moves it towards the center of the item. The commonly-used temperatures and time that hot air ovens need to sterilize materials is 170 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes, 160 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes, and 150 degrees Celsius for 150 minutes. Hot air ovens sterilize equipment over long periods of time, so she has to be organized in determining what items will be sterilized at what time. This depends on when the equipment needs to be available again. Gina's manager now explains the different types of hot air ovens.

Potential Impact of Fish Smoking on Mangrove Resources in Southwest Cameroon

The main objective of this study is to contribute to the sustainable management of mangrove forests in Cameroon through assessing the impact of fish smoking activities on mangrove resources. Mangrove wood is harvested by local communities for many purposes, but most notably as fuel for fish smoking. Population growth has greatly increased the pressure on these resources in recent years. Our study focused on fish smoking activities in Ndian and Fako, in the southwest region of Cameroon. Through structured and semistructured questionnaires, 243 fish smokers were interviewed in 9 local markets. Our study found that all the fish smokers were women from Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, and Benin. Ninety-three percent of our respondents purchase the wood they use, which is mainly red mangrove ( Rhizophora racemosa). The quantity of wood consumed is governed not only by the amount of fish requiring smoking but also by the type of oven used. Per fish smoking session, a traditional oven takes 53 hr to smoke 528 kg of fish and consume 1,205 kg of wood at a cost of 50€. A modern cinderblock oven, on the other hand, requires only 5 hr to smoke 160 kg of fish and consumes 122 kg of wood at a cost of 10€. Cinderblock ovens are preferable both ecologically and economically and could be one of multiple solutions for the sustainable management of mangrove wood resources. However, interventions are necessary in order for fish smokers to become aware of the benefits of these improved cinderblock ovens.

Fish Smoking in Ghana: A Review

Ghana’s fisheries sector comprises 485 fish species. The fish industry contributes to the nation’s economy annually representing 4.5 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and twelve (12) % contributions to agriculture. There are several fish processing methods in Ghana such as smoking, salting, frying, sun-drying, freezing, and fermentation. Smoking is one of the common ways of preserving fish in large quantities. Wet hot smoking and dry hot smoking are the two forms of fish smoking which consist of three stages of smoking fish namely; cooking stage, drying stage and smoking stage. Predominately, the fish smoking industry is mainly dominated by women and young girls. Fish processing activities are done around and along the coastal waters and river banks. The technologies used in fish smoking in Ghana are improved types of conventional fish smoking ovens, chorkor smokers, oil drums and acceptance of upgraded smoking techniques. Usually, the fish species smoked are catfish, herring, mackerel, anchovy, and tuna. The smoked fish are stored in empty baskets line with brown papers and as well covered with brown papers. Women involved engaged in fish smoking face some challenges such as lack of formal education, unavailability of credits, low capital and prone to respiratory diseases. Also, the smoked fish are prone to microbial hazards and insect pest infestation. Moisture, food nutrient, pH and temperature affect growth in microorganisms in food (smoked fish). Fish smoking plays a vital role in poverty alleviation as women, and young girls depend on fisheries directly and indirectly for their livelihoods. Significantly, fish smoking reduce post-harvest losses. Also, few interventions have shown that fish smoking in Ghana has potential in improving the fisheries sector although there is limited summarized information regarding fish smoking in Ghana. The purpose of this review is to compile relevant information about the nature of fish smoking industry in Ghana.

Effects of Reheating Procedure and Oven Type on Performance Testing Results of Asphalt Mixtures

Reheating and oven-aging procedures of plant-produced asphalt mixtures in laboratories are important topics to consider as performance testing of mixtures becomes more popular among agencies. Differences between laboratory equipment and procedure could significantly affect performance properties. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of sample size, oven type, and variation in reheating/aging temperatures on the results of two performance tests on plant-produced mixtures. A selected mixture was tested for volumetric properties and performance using Hamburg wheel-tracking (HWT) and semi-circular bending (SCB-IFIT) tests. Results show that reheating mixtures uncovered and in smaller containers could significantly reduce the time to achieve aging temperature, and could make the process more efficient and consistent. In addition, aging using three different oven types showed that temperature within ovens can vary significantly depending on the location of the sample inside the oven, which affects the time required to reach the target temperature, and thus may also influence the aging of the sample. The mixture volumetric properties show that the effect of various heating conditions is marginal. Using the developed reheating/aging procedure of this study, the results of the HWT and SCB-IFIT tests showed no substantial effect of oven type on rutting and cracking resistance. The overall results indicate that there is a need to standardize the conditions of reheating, sample geometry, and to verify uniformity of temperature in ovens. Such standardization can further reduce variability and thus should be part of the AASHTO/ASTM standard procedures for quality control, or of laboratory equipment calibration procedures.