Ovary Syndrome Women Research Articles

Outdoor Artificial Light at Night and Reproductive Endocrine and Glucose Homeostasis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women of Reproductive Age.

Artificial light at night, a well-recognized circadian clock disrupter, causes disturbances in endocrine homeostasis. However, the association of artificial light at night with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is still unknown. This study examines the effects of outdoor artificial light at night on sex hormones, glucose homeostasis markers, and PCOS prevalence in Anhui Province, China. We recruited 20,633 women of reproductive age from Anhui Medical University Reproductive Medicine Center. PCOS was diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria. We estimated long-term (previous year) and short-term (previous month) artificial light at night values for residential addresses using 500 m resolution satellite imagery. We fitted multivariable models, using both linear and logistic regression, to estimate the association of artificial light at night with sex hormones, glucose homeostasis markers, and PCOS prevalence. Both long-term and short-term exposure to outdoor artificial light at night were negatively associated with follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, while positively associated with testosterone, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance-β levels. The second-highest quintile of artificial light at night was associated with increased PCOS prevalence (odds ratio [OR long-term ] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.6 and OR short-term = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.5) compared with the lowest quintile. In addition, prevalence of PCOS was linearly associated with long-term exposure to artificial light at night, but nonlinearly associated with short-term exposure. This association was more evident in younger, obese or overweight, moderately educated, rural women, and for the summer and fall seasons. Outdoor artificial light at night may be a novel risk factor for PCOS.

Primary disease of adipose tissue: When to think about and how to evaluate it in clinical practice?

Primary diseases of adipose tissue are rare disorders resulting from impairments in the physiological functions of adipose tissue (lipid stockage and endocrine function). It mainly refers to lipodystrophy syndromes with subcutaneous adipose tissue atrophy and/or altered body distribution of adipose tissue leading to insulin resistance, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications and polycystic ovary syndrome in women. Those syndromes are congenital or acquired, and lipoatrophy is partial or generalized. The diagnosis of lipodystrophy syndromes is often unrecognized, delayed and/or inaccurate, while it is of major importance to adapt investigations to search for specific comorbidities, in particular cardiovascular involvement, and set up multidisciplinary care, and in some cases specific treatment. Physicians have to recognize the clinical and biological elements allowing to establish the diagnosis. Lipodystrophic syndromes should be considered, notably, in patients with diabetes at a young age, with a normal or low BMI, negative pancreatic autoantibodies, presenting clinical signs of lipodystrophy and insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans, hyperandrogenism, hepatic steatosis, high insulin doses). The association of diabetes and a family history of severe and/or early cardiovascular disease (coronary atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy with rhythm and/or conduction disorders) may reveal Dunnigan syndrome, the most frequent form of familial lipodystrophy, due to LMNA pathogenic variants. Clinical assessment is primarily done through clinical examination: acanthosis nigricans, abnormal adipose tissue distribution, lipoatrophy, muscular hypertrophy, acromegaloid or Cushingoid features, lipomas, highly visible subcutaneous veins, may be revealing signs. The amount of circulating adipokines may reflect of adipose dysfunction with low leptinemia and adiponectinemia. Other biological metabolic parameters (hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased glycemia and hepatic enzymes) may also represent markers of insulin resistance. Quantification of total body fat by impedancemetry or dual-photon X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) reveals decreased total body mass, in correlation with adipose tissue atrophy; metabolic magnetic resonance imaging can also quantify intraperitoneal and abdominal fat and the degree of hepatic steatosis. Histological analysis of adipose tissue showing structural abnormalities should be reserved for clinical research. Acquired lipodystrophic syndromes most often lead to similar clinical phenotype as congenital syndromes with generalized or partial lipoatrophy. The most frequent causes are old anti-HIV therapy or glucocorticoid treatments. Family history, history of treatments and clinical examination, including a careful physical examination, are keys for diagnosis.

Predictive Analysis and Discerning of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women using Machine Learning Computations

This paper focuses on the data-driven diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. For this, machine learning algorithms are applied to a dataset freely available in Kaggle repository. This dataset has 43 attributes of 541 women, among which 177 are patients of PCOS disease. Firstly, univariate feature selection algorithm is applied to find the best features that can predict PCOS. The ranking of the attributes is computed and it is found that the most important attribute is the ratio of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH), Next, holdout and cross validation methods are applied to the dataset to separate the training and testing data. A number of classifiers such as gradient boosting, random forest, logistic regression, and hybrid random forest and logistic regression (RFLR) are applied to the attributed are good enough to predict the PCOS disease

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with prediabetes

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with prediabetes

Body mass index stratified meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of polycystic ovary syndrome in women of European ancestry

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multifactorial disorder with a substantial genetic component. However, the clinical manifestations of PCOS are heterogeneous with notable differences between lean and obese women, implying a different pathophysiology manifesting in differential body mass index (BMI). We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from six well-characterised cohorts, using a case–control study design stratified by BMI, aiming to identify genetic variants associated with lean and overweight/obese PCOS subtypes.ResultsThe study comprised 254,588 women (5,937 cases and 248,651 controls) from individual studies performed in Australia, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands and United States of America, and separated according to three BMI stratifications (lean, overweight and obese). Genome-wide association analyses were performed for each stratification within each cohort, with the data for each BMI group meta-analysed using METAL software. Almost half of the total study population (47%, n = 119,584) were of lean BMI (≤ 25 kg/m2). Two genome-wide significant loci were identified for lean PCOS, led by rs12000707 within DENND1A (P = 1.55 × 10–12) and rs2228260 within XBP1 (P = 3.68 × 10–8). One additional locus, LINC02905, was highlighted as significantly associated with lean PCOS through gene-based analyses (P = 1.76 × 10–6). There were no significant loci observed for the overweight or obese sub-strata when analysed separately, however, when these strata were combined, an association signal led by rs569675099 within DENND1A reached genome-wide significance (P = 3.22 × 10–9) and a gene-based association was identified with ERBB4 (P = 1.59 × 10–6). Nineteen of 28 signals identified in previous GWAS, were replicated with consistent allelic effect in the lean stratum. There were less replicated signals in the overweight and obese groups, and only 4 SNPs were replicated in each of the three BMI strata.ConclusionsGenetic variation at the XBP1, LINC02905 and ERBB4 loci were associated with PCOS within unique BMI strata, while DENND1A demonstrated associations across multiple strata, providing evidence of both distinct and shared genetic features between lean and overweight/obese PCOS-affected women. This study demonstrated that PCOS-affected women with contrasting body weight are not only phenotypically distinct but also show variation in genetic architecture; lean PCOS women typically display elevated gonadotrophin ratios, lower insulin resistance, higher androgen levels, including adrenal androgens, and more favourable lipid profiles. Overall, these findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting a genetic basis for PCOS as well as differences in genetic patterns relevant to PCOS BMI-subtype.

Exploring the Role of Ultrasound for Diagnosing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Exploring the Role of Ultrasound for Diagnosing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Association of Spexin with Metabolic and Reproductive Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Eating Disorders

Association of Spexin with Metabolic and Reproductive Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Eating Disorders

Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovarian Morphology are the Most Frequent Components of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Type 1 Diabetes

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. In Mexico, its prevalence in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unknown. To evaluate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with T1D with and without PCOS. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate women of reproductive age with T1D for the diagnosis of PCOS using the criteria of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Clinical information was obtained from clinical records, and we recorded anthropometric variables and performed a laboratory test during the follicular phase. The estimated glucose disposal rate and visceral adiposity index were also calculated to assess insulin resistance. Subsequently, participants were evaluated based on the presence or absence of PCOS. Thirty-nine percent of patients with T1D had PCOS. The most frequent components of PCOS were polycystic ovary morphology (58.5%), clinical hyperandrogenism (41.5%), oligomenorrhea (29.2%), and biochemical hyperandrogenism (19.5%). Patients with PCOS used more insulin per day (1.04 ± 0.33 vs. 0.71 ± 0.29 IU/kg/d, p=0.003), had lower fasting glucose (116.4 ± 59.79 vs. 161.16 ± 63.9 mg/dl, p=0.029) and higher right ovarian volume (11.36 [8.64-15.89] vs. 6.9 [5.55-8.77] cm3, p=0.005) and Ferriman-Gallwey scores (9.06 ± 2.05 vs. 7.12 ± 3.15 points, p=0.035) compared to patients without PCOS. The frequency of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS was 37.5 and 18.8%, respectively. PCOS is a very heterogeneous entity, with a high frequency in women with T1D.

Identifying Genetic Factors of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Epilepsy: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study

Introduction: Women with epilepsy (WWE) are more likely to develop reproductive endocrine disorders, especially polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to explore the genetic factors of PCOS in WWE in hope of improving individual precision diagnosis and treatment. Methods: WWE registered at West China Hospital between January 2022 and October 2022 were enrolled in this study. Demographic and epilepsy-related characteristics were recorded, and blood samples were collected for hormones, glucose metabolism testing, and whole-genome sequencing. Results: After sample sequencing, quality control, and variants selection, association analyses were performed. Pathway analysis was performed to identify involved biological pathways. The overall and PCOS “burden score” of each individual were calculated to count the deleterious variants. A total of 95 WWE were included in this study and 19 patients were diagnosed with PCOS. WWE with PCOS showed a significantly different hormone profiles and a tendency of impaired glucose metabolism. The most commonly associated genes were ZFYVE28, COL19A1, SIK3, ANKK1, PPIG, and REPIN1. The top 3 canonical pathways are adipogenesis pathway, epoxysqualene biosynthesis signaling, and glutamate degradation signaling. The most significant common variant was rs11914038 located in gene CELSR1 and rs651748 located in gene ZBTB16. In human gene connectome prioritizations, ITGA9, PNPLA2, and DAB2 are the top 3 genes having the shortest distance to known PCOS genes. Conclusion: Genetic factors involved in the abnormal regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism are likely to be associated with the comorbidity of PCOS in WWE. Interventions targeting these processes should be given more priority in clinical practice.

Analysis of risk factors in diabetics resulted from polycystic ovary syndrome in women by EDA analysis and machine learning techniques

This study discusses the relationship between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes in women, which has become increasingly prevalent due to changing lifestyles and environmental factors. The characteristic that distinguishes women with PCOS is hyperandrogenism which results from abnormal ovarian or adrenal function, which leads to the overproduction of androgens. Excessive androgens in women increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance (IR). Nowadays, diabetes affects people of all ages and is linked to factors such as lifestyle, genetics, stress, and aging. Diabetes, the uncontrolled high blood sugar level can potentially harm kidneys, nerves, eyes, and other organs and there is no cure, making it a concerning disease in developing nations. This research tried to submit the evidence through feature-wise correlation analyses between PCOS and diabetes. Hence, this model utilized the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and the Elbow clustering algorithms for the experimental purpose in which the EDA deeply analyzed the features of PCOS and diabetes and recorded a positive correlation of 95%. The Elbow clustering technique is employed for verifying the correlations identified through EDA. Although limited research exists on this specific disease, this work provides potential evidence for the research community by evaluating the clustering results using Silhouette Score, Calinski-Harabasz Index, and Davies-Bouldin Index.

Sensitivity analysis of physical and mental health factors affecting Polycystic ovary syndrome in women

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting women worldwide. In this paper, we analyse physical and mental health factors affecting PCOS in women. We collected data in the form of questionnaires from women belonging to diverse backgrounds and performed a sensitivity analysis to find which factors are significant in determining the presence or absence of PCOS in women and further predict the severity of the symptoms. We implemented four types of methods for determining significant physical and mental health factors affecting the presence and degree of PCOS in women. Our analysis showed that menstrual period cycle length, menstrual period duration, regularity of menstrual periods, menstrual period flow, hair growth, eating pattern, and sleep pattern are the most significant physical health factors and feeling of worthlessness, depression, feeling of hopelessness, not able to be calm, sad and can't cheer up, can't sit still and restlessness are the most significant mental health factors in determining the presence or absence of PCOS in an individual, as well as the degree of PCOS. Furthermore, physical factors are more significant than mental health factors in determining PCOS presence and degree in the cohort of female individuals considered for the analysis.

Evaluation of thyroid autoimmunity markers in polycystic ovarian syndrome in women

Evaluation of thyroid autoimmunity markers in polycystic ovarian syndrome in women

Results of surgical treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of reproductive age

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common and to some extent mysterious diseases falling under the competence of gynecologists. PCOS occurs in 510% of women of reproductive age. This paper presented the long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with PCOS.
 AIM: This study aimed to determine the efficiency of surgical treatment of the ovaries to restore reproductive function in women with PCOS.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The initial diagnosis of PCOS was made at the outpatient examination. The study included 121 women of reproductive age diagnosed with PCOS when other factors of infertility and menstrual dysfunction were excluded. Patients with PCOS as an initial diagnosis for hospitalization and absence of tubal-peritoneal infertility and male infertility were included. All patients (n = 121) underwent surgical treatment and histological examination. Patients were referred for treatment to gynecological surgical hospitals. In particular, 54 (group 1), 48 (group 2), and 19 (group 3) women were treated in a municipal clinical hospital, research center, and commercial clinic, respectively. Statistical data analysis was performed with the STATISTICA Base software package using parametric and nonparametric methods. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, medians, and percentiles of the indices were calculated. Confidence limits to the arithmetic mean were calculated based on Students distribution. The exact 95% confidence limits to frequencies and the reliability of differences in frequencies between the groups were determined using binomial distribution and the chi-square test, respectively. In addition, the MannWhitney (U) and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests were used because several indicators had significantly normal distributions. Differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.
 RESULTS: Of the total number of patients (n = 121), 108 (89%) became pregnant postoperatively, and 13 (11%) did not. Moreover, 47 (39%) of the total number of patients became pregnant for up to 1 year and 61 (50%) for over a year, and 48 (39.6%) of 108 patients became pregnant post-in vitro fertilization (IVF, 12 attempts in 37 (32%) and more than 3 attempts in 11, or 9% patients). PCOS was confirmed in 6 (14%) patients; of these, spontaneous pregnancy occurred in 5 (83%), including 4 patients in the first year and 1 in over a year. These patients had clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance.
 PCOS-like conditions were diagnosed in 37 (86%) patients; of these, pregnancy occurred in 33 (89%), including spontaneous pregnancy in 10, or 27% (4 within 1 year and 6 over 1 year) patients. Post-IVF pregnancy was diagnosed in 23 (62%) patients (12 attempts in 20, or 54.1%, and more than 3 attempts in 3, or 8.1% women).
 CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of patients with PCOS is an independent treatment of this gynecological and metabolically burdened disease. This method has both indications and contraindications, and it has specific types, which require certain patient preparations, such as weight loss, blood glucose control, hyperinsulinemia analysis, and compensation of arterial hypertension, to increase treatment efficiency.

Invited Perspective: Challenges in Evaluating the Effect of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Invited Perspective: Challenges in Evaluating the Effect of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Identifying risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome in women with epilepsy: A comprehensive analysis of 248 patients.

To assess the risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with epilepsy (WWE) and develop a practical approach for PCOS screening based on clinical characteristic, blood indicator, and anti-seizure medication (ASM) profiles. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 248 WWE who were consecutively enrolled from the Epilepsy Center of West China Hospital between April 2021 and March 2022. The epilepsy characteristics, blood indicators, and use of ASMs were compared between WWE with and without PCOS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with PCOS. The differential analysis showed that younger age at onset of epilepsy (<13 years), a history of birth hypoxia, obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ), use of levetiracetam (LEV) (≥1 year), higher levels of cholesterol, luteinizing hormone (LH) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and lower levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were associated with PCOS (p < .05). Multivariate logistic regression identified that obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ), use of LEV (≥1year), and higher levels of AMH and LH were independently associated with PCOS in WWE (p < .05). Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ), LEV use (≥1year), and elevated AMH and LH levels suggest an increased in the probability of occurrence of PCOS in WWE. The combination of these profiles provides a practical approach for screening PCOS in WWE.

HLA-B*0702 class-I allele, anti-FSH, anti-LH, and vitamin D3: Potential links with polycystic ovary syndrome in women of Erbil city, Iraq

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread endocrine-reproductive-metabolic condition with severe implications for females’ health. The role of four essential parameters on PCOS, including Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) represented by the HLA-B*0702 allele, anti-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (anti-FSH) antibodies, anti-Luteinizing Hormone (anti-LH) antibodies, and vitamin D3 was investigated. A total of 100 samples were collected from Kurdish women attended the Maternity Teaching Hospital and some private hospitals/laboratories in Erbil City from October, 2021 to January, 2022. The samples were genotyped using a PCR-based technique with specific sequence primers. The levels of anti-FSH and anti-LH antibodies were determined using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while vitamin D3 levels were measured by an Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) test on Cobas e411 immunoassay system. The Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.167 at a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 0.8167 to 6.330, indicated an essential link between the HLA-B*0702 allele and a risk of PCOS. Anti-FSH and anti-LH antibodies were significantly greater in PCOS patients, notably infertile women, than in healthy controls. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between antibodies against FSH and LH in patients. Most patients and controls had hypovitaminosis D3, with a significant difference (P-value  0.01). The results indicated that the HLA-B*0702 allele is associated with PCOS susceptibility and could be used as an immunogenetic marker. It also supported the idea that anti-FSH and anti-LH antibodies are naturally presence antibodies in PCOS patients instead of signs for autoimmunity. Women suffer from PCOS are also more prone to develop vitamin D3 deficiency.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome among women diagnosed with infertility in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome, a common endocrine disorder, is an important cause of infertility among women of reproductive age. Within the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, polycystic ovarian syndrome is found to affect women increasingly. No study has been carried out to critically summarize the evidence on the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women suffering from infertility in these countries. This protocol aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies reporting the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women seeking infertility treatment in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates). The systematic review and meta-analysis will follow the following method. Five databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, will be searched for observational studies using a combination of relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings from inception of databases. Two reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text search based on the eligibility criteria. The main outcome is to measure the proportion of women who have polycystic ovarian syndrome among infertility-diagnosed patients. In addition, the risk of bias in the included studies will be assessed using the national institute of health quality assessment tool for observational studies. The random-effects method of the analysis with the inverse variance will be used to calculate the pooled prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome-attributed infertility. Variation in prevalence estimates will be calculated using subgroup analysis based on study and patients' characteristics and publication bias will be assessed via funnel plot inspection and Eggar's test. A critical assessment of evidence on the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women attending fertility clinics is helpful in risk quantification, enabling better planning for managing infertility in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. This protocol has been registered with PROSPERO, protocol registration number (CRD42022355087).

Опыт проведения лапароскопического дриллинга яичников при лечении у женщин бесплодия, ассоциированного с синдромом поликистозных яичников

The article presents the author's experience concerning laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) in women with infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study included 23 female patients aged 18–35 years with infertility associated with PCOS, who were treated with clomiphene citrate for 6 months without effect. All patients underwent LOD with electrocoagulation. The follow-up period after surgery was 3 years. Pregnancy occurred in 10 (43.5%) of the female patients within a year after the LOD, and in 13 (56.5%) — pregnancy occurred within 2–3 years. There was a difference in the pregnancy frequency during the year between female patients under 30 y.o. (9 (39.2%)) and over 30 y.o. (11 (47.8%)). Pregnancy occurred less frequently in patients over 30, however, due to the small number of patients, the presented results were not statistically significant. Thus, it requires further follow-up and confirmation of this conclusion. It was also revealed that the shorter the infertility duration, the greater the pregnancy likelihood after surgical treatment: pregnancy occurred in 9 (39.2%) female patients with infertility period of &lt;3 years versus 1 (4.3%) female patient with infertility period of &gt;3 years (RR 5.8, 95% CI 1.2–36.2). In conclusion, LOD can be used in female patients with resistance to clomiphene citrate. The ovulation restoration, and pregnancy and childbirth onset make LDL a possible alternative method of treatment with a lower risk of complications (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancy). KEYWORDS: infertility, pregnancy, treatment, laparoscopic ovarian drilling, polycystic ovary syndrome, gonadotropin resistance. FOR CITATION: Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Grishin I.I., Ogede O.R., Ilyina I.Yu. Experience of laparoscopic ovarian drilling in the treatment of infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in women. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2023;6(3):265–269 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2023-6-3-8.

Analysis of the phenotypic variants of polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of reproductive age group

Aims: To identify the different phenotypic variant of PCOS in women of reproductive age group and to assess the hormonal and metabolic profile of women with PCOS. Methods: This Prospective descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BPKIHS, Dharan for a period of one year from July 2020 to June 2021. All Women presenting to Gynecology OPD with complaints of menstrual irregularity and clinical features of hyperandrogenism were assessed and evaluated for polycystic ovarian syndrome. BMI was calculated. Hormonal Profile (serum LH, FSH and testosterone) and metabolic parameters (fasting blood sugar and lipid profile) were studied; and then further categorized into different phenotypic variants. All data were stored in Microsoft excel format and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. using descriptive statistics. Results: Total of 80 cases of PCOS were enrolled during the study period. The most common phenotypic variant was Type B (60%) followed by Type D (30%). The mean BMI was 22.4± 4.2kg/m2 . All PCOS cases presented with menstrual irregularity as the primary complaint. Conclusions: Anovulatory PCOS was the most common phenotypic variant in our study population. This study did not find obese PCOS hence emphasizing the need of evaluation in lean women with or without hyperandrogenism presenting with menstrual irregularities.

Exposure to bisphenol A and its analogs and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of childbearing age: A multicenter case-control study

Background/objectivesIn recent years, the reproductive toxicity of new bisphenol analogs has garnered much interest, but it remains to be determined whether bisphenol analogs affect polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). MethodsThis study utilized data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study conducted in 2014–2016 to examine the association between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and infertility in China. 321 PCOS cases and 412 controls were included in the current analysis. We quantified seven bisphenol analogs in urine samples, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol P (BPP), and bisphenol Z (BPZ). Spearman correlation and generalized linear regression were used in assessing the relationship between bisphenol analogs and hormonal parameters. To examine the association of bisphenol analogs with odds of PCOS, multiple logistic regression, and two multi-pollutant models [quantile-based g-computation (QGC) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) methods] were used. ResultsAfter covariates adjustment, BPA, BPS, and BPAF were positively correlated with testosterone (T) in the control group (P < 0.05). Dose-response relationships were discovered between BPA, BPS, BPZ, and BPAF quartiles and PCOS. Mixed exposure to seven bisphenol analogs was found to be positively associated with the odds of PCOS (adjusted odds ratio = 1.26; 1.12–1.45), which was primarily driven by BPS (weight = 0.51), BPZ (weight = 0.26), and BPAF (weight = 0.23). Women who were overweight or obese tended to have a stronger association between bisphenol analogs and PCOS than normal-weight women. ConclusionsEnvironmental exposure to bisphenol analogs was associated with increased odds of PCOS in this case-control study. This association was stronger among obese and overweight women.