Diversity in Peru: 3 tribes, 45 genera, 270 species. Classification: The tribal arrangement recognized herein generally follows that of Seeno and Wilcox (1982), the major exception being that the flea beetles are currently regarded as the tribe Alticini in Galerucinae on morphological and molecular findings (Lingafelter and Konstantinov, 1999; Ge et al., 2012) and as a subfamily rank (Furth, pers. commun.). This exception is nearly irrelevant with the current section, as the flea beetles are being treated separately within the Beetles of Peru series (Furth et al., 2015). Recognition: Galerucinae may be distinguished from other chrysomelid subfamilies using the characters presented by Riley et al. (2002): “Body oval or oblong. Head exposed, easily visible from above, inserted into prothorax but without neck-like constriction at base; frontal tubercles present behind antennal insertions, delimited posteriorly by more or less distinct, transverse, interocular groove; eyes of most entire; antennae of most shorter than body, filiform or clavate, not capitate, composed of 11 (only 10 in a few) freely articulated antennomeres; some antennomeres occasionally enlarged and modified in male; antennal insertions on frons between eyes, narrowly separated from each other. Pronotum truncate or emarginate in front; lateral bead present in most. Tarsi 5-5-5, pseudotetramerous, the fourth tarsomere being very small; tarsomere 3 with ventral, setose, bilobed pad; tarsal setae not bifid.” Tribes: Four galerucine tribes occur in Peru. Alticini (not treated herein) are generally characterized by swollen hind femora; enlarged muscles and a specialized apodeme within the femur enable jumping. Genitalia are important in classifying the other three tribes. Galerucini and Metacyclini have well-developed, recurved basal spurs on the aedeagus, while Luperini do not. The antennae of Galerucini are inserted abnormally low on the head, usually beyond the middle of the eyes. The dorsal surface of many (but not all) Galerucini is densely pubescent, while the dorsal surface of Metacyclini and Luperini is glabrous or at most sparsely pubescent (as in Acalymma). There are also tribal differences in the larval behavior, indicated below. Habits: The subfamily Galerucinae has been associated with a wide variety of plants. A few species are rather polyphagous, but most are relatively host specific. Adults feed on leaves or unusually on flowers. Larvae of Galerucini similarly feed on leaves. The few known larvae of Metacyclini have also been found on foliage. However, those of Luperini are subterranean root-feeders. The larval habits of Alticini are varied, some species feeding on foliage and others on roots. Pests in Peru: As outlined in the Introduction to this series, Peru has a long and rich history of agriculture. Thus, there may be many chrysomelid pests of which we are unaware.