Outstretched Hand Research Articles

Book Review: Believing Is Seeing: Observations on the Mysteries of Photography, by Errol Morris

Believing Is Seeing: Observations on the Mysteries of Photography. Errol Morris. New York: Penguin Press, 2011. 310 pp. $40 hbk. $25 ppk.Anyone who makes a living teaching others to write well eventually confronts the great imponderable: Can curiosity-the foundation of all good thinking and writing- be taught? Like all hard questions, this one comes wrapped in related unknowns: if authentic inquisitiveness really can be taught, what are the best ways to do it? Has the Digital Age blunted or enhanced curiosity? And if curiosity is a fixed trait-no different, say, than a genetic predisposition to heart disease-then what are mass media courses teaching anyway?Errol Morris, the Academy Award-winning film director, delivers a hopeful answer. In a series of opinion essays first published on the New York Times website, Morris analyzes (and re-analyzes and analyzes again) a set of photographs from the Crimean War, the Civil War, two Mideast wars, and the war on Depression Era poverty. Many readers will recognize these images. Consider Illustration 62. shows former Army reservist Sabrina Harman, smiling and giving a thumbs-up as she poses beside a corpse at Abu prison in Iraq.You know this picture; maybe it feels too familiar to wring much new information from. And you would be wrong, as Morris thoroughly, thoughtfully, and very engagingly shows.Torture and abuse of prisoners by U.S. soldiers in 2003 and the meaning of photographs they made are the subject of Morris's film Standard Operating Procedure (2008). Believing Is Seeing reconsiders the Abu images in a section called Will the real hooded man please stand up? Writing instructors seeking to use Morris as a field guide to curiosity may wish to start with the hooded man and his eternally outstretched bare hands. Because Abu and the prison scandal are a recent mass media experience, students may find this section more potent compared with Morris's investigations of older history.Especially helpful to students wondering how curiosity starts, Morris documents the chronology of his thinking and follows it, breadcrumb like, until logical resolution emerges. Each case study reminds us that a dedication to truth seeking, especially the type demanded of journalists in a meme-saturated world, depends on an unwillingness to accept things as they seem. Here is how his interest in the hooded man was rekindled: It was arguably one of the least newsworthy pictures in the world, if only because it had already been seen by everybody. Published March 11, 2006, on the front page of the New York Times, the hooded man image this time was a photo within a photo: was held by a gray-haired man identified as Ali Shalal Qaissi, the symbol of Abu Ghraib who, the Times said, was speaking out to spare others his nightmare. …

X-Ray Quiz: A Man with Traumatic Thumb Pain

A 65-year-old man presented to the emergency department with right thumb pain and swelling after a fall on his outstretched hand. Deformity and swelling was noted over the right thumb carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ). There was no tenderness over the anatomical snuffbox.

An uncommon elbow injury in a baseball player.

A 21-year-old right-hand dominant minor league catcher injured his left elbow while running to first base after batting the ball. The first baseman, in his attempt to catch the throw to first, tripped the patient. The patient landed on his outstretched left hand, then tucked in his arm and landed on his left elbow. The patient denied any sensation of elbow dislocation and continued playing for a few more innings, until swelling and diminished range of motion affected his ability to catch. The patient iced his elbow immediately after he stopped playing.

Wrist pain after a fall.

A 28-year-old right-handed man tripped down a flight of stairs, landing on his outstretched right hand. He developed immediate pain, swelling, and stiffness but did not seek medical attention. After 1 week without relief, he went to see his primary care provider. The patient did not have numbness or tingling, and he reported no previous injuries to the wrist. X-rays were obtained (figure 1), and the patient was referred to an orthopedist for further evaluation.

The scaphoid fracture:

When scaphoid fractures are missed, the consequences for patient and clinician may be considerable. This may be as a consequence of nonunion and if so, reconstructive surgical fixation often with bone grafting may be required. Other longer-term implications such as post-traumatic osteoarthritis (often referred to as scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse - SNAC wrist) may necessitate salvage surgery such as partial or total wrist fusion. In either of these circumstances the cost to the individual for their employment and to the wider health economy will be keenly felt. This article is intended to bring together some of the recent relevant literature on the missed scaphoid fracture and to present a current medico-legal case which illustrates the importance of repeated examination, good records and keeping the possibility of a scaphoid fracture in mind. Wrist pain after injury is very common. The fall onto the outstretched hand is the most typical method of injury, but a direct blow to the hand, such as from a football, may provide sufficient force to fracture the scaphoid. All medical staff in contact with such patients, whether in Minor Injury Units (MIUs), Emergency Departments (EDs), GP surgeries or other primary care providers, need to have high clinical suspicion and must maintain good examination records. The key examination points of the painful wrist should document anatomical snuffbox tenderness (ASB), longitudinal compression of the thumb (LTC), scaphoid tubercle tenderness (STT) and painful ulnar deviation of the wrist (PUD).1 Each of these …

Looking For The Glass In Hand

HISTORY: An otherwise healthy 22-yo male fell on an outstretched hand shattering a glass mug he was carrying in his right (dominant) hand. He sustained multiple lacerations to the palm, and had no loss of sensation or motion of forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. He presented urgently for wound care and to ensure there was no retained glass. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: — Picture attached — No active bleeding — No bony tenderness to palpation — Full range of motion and muscle strength in all digits with no detectable neurovascular deficits DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Lacerations +/-retained foreign bodies TEST AND RESULTS: Plain films of the hand- superficial 1mm x 3mm retained foreign body, proximal to the first metacarpal phalangeal joint metacarpal FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: 1. Laceration with single retained foreign body TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: 1. After failing to visualize the foreign body on exploration of wounds, an ultrasound was used to localize the foreign body. No other retained fragments were noted. 2. Ultrasound visualization allowed for real-time anatomic location and ensured complete removal of the retained foreign body - a single shard of glass. 3. Retained foreign body(ies) may inhibit wound healing and possibly cause further skin infections. Complete removal of the foreign bod(ies) would improve wound healing and decrease the likelihood of skin infections. 4. With radiographic x-rays, radio opaque foreign body(ies) may or may not be seen. 5. Moreover, radiographic x-rays and technicians may not be readily available to perform such images. 6. Lastly, radiographic x-rays emit radiation albeit minute but more so than ultrasound. 7. Ultrasounds are becoming a mainstay in primary care and sports medicine clinics.

Introduction: Red on Black Marxist Encounters with Anarchism

Science & Society is an interdisciplinary journal of and for Marxist scholars. In this special issue, we have assembled some studies of anarchist movements, theorists, and practices, primarily in contemporary or late–20th-century struggles. The articles are mostly exploratory rather than polemical, but there is a tonal continuum stretching from the firmly conclusive arms folded to the open, outstretched hand. A number of our contributors were active in the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) and related movements that crested in the year before our call for papers was released, in October 2012. This introductory essay will offer, in brief, an attempt to show some of the theoretical concerns interweaving through these pieces. It is a “conversation,” and not merely a confrontation, in the pages of this issue, at least: most of our writers do not simply reject anarchism but challenge and probe with some degree of sympathy. Indeed, one of our contributors claims allegiance to both Marxism and anarchism. Robert Paul Wolff argues in his brief communication that his commitment to a Marxist program of collective action does not in the least require him to affirm the de jure legitimacy of any state, even a socialist one — and it is this he rejects. Wolff’s philosophical anarchism starts in an insistence on the moral autonomy of the human individual, and entails, he thinks, the denial of the legitimacy of any political authority. Here, in its pure, abstract form, is theoretical anarchism’s anti-statism, its preoccupation with autonomy (and, one might add, that preoccupation’s abstract — not to say bourgeois — individualism). That preoccupation leaves the lecture hall for the streets in autonomism, the subject of Linda and Jose Alcoff’s critical conspectus included here. Identified as anarchist by Marxists and as Marxist by anarchists, autonomism, in the Alcoffs’ presentation, grew out of an early 20th-century “anti-authoritarian

Management of Grossly Displaced Paediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures with Delayed Presentation by Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning

Background: Management guidelines are not yet clear for these patients who present late with displaced supracondylar fracture. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical, radiological and functional outcome following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of widely displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus presenting 24 hours or more after injury. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Orthopaedic and Trauma Department of Dr Pinnamaneni Siddartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnoutpalli from January 2010 to July 2011. A total of 44 children were included in this study who had displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus presenting late ie, after 24 hours after injury and within a week. They were treated with closed reduction of the fracture and percutaneous pinning. Method Article Kiran et al.; BJMMR, 5(2): 254-269, 2015; Article no. BJMMR.2015.026 255 Follow-up was done up to 12 months. Results: Patients were assessed on the basis of Flynn’s criteria, there were 37 excellent, 6 good results and fair results in 1 case. There were 25 boys and 19 girls. The average age of the patients was 7.5 years (range: 4 to 12 years). Fall on the outstretched hand was the mechanism of injury in 36 patients, and the other 8 patients were pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle. Non-dominant extremity was more commonly involved (30 patients). In 24 patients the fracture was displaced posteromedially (54.54%), in 18 patients posterolaterally (40.90%), and 2 patients had isolated posterior displacement (2.54%). The average delay in presentation was 57.56 hours (range: 1 day to 6 days). The mean time to surgery after presentation was 9.83 hours (range: 4 hours to 13 hours) and the mean time to surgery after trauma was 67.39 hours. Sixteen patients had one or more attempts of reduction by massaging by a quack and in 2 patients it was attempted by a qualified surgeon before they presented to us. 26 patients (59.09) visited a quack prior to presentation to us. There was a direct relation between duration of delayed presentation and the times of manoeuvre. Sixteen patients (36.36%) had neurologic complications at presentation to the emergency room of which three had median nerve palsy (6.81%) where as seven (15.90%) had isolated anterior interosseous nerve palsy and six (13.6%) had radial nerve palsy all patients showed total neurological recovery at 12 weeks follow-up. Six patients (13.63%) had vascular compromise at initial presentation of which five patients had feeble radial pulse and one had absent radial pulse, but capillary filling was adequate in all. The pulse was restored within 24 hours in all patients following reduction. Conclusion: Our preliminary results support our recommendation ie, closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation as an effective treatment option for grossly displaced supracondylar fractures presenting late but requires good and careful judgment and also technique by the surgeon to avoid complications. Our results also support the chances of spontaneous recovery of peripheral nerve palsy and brachial artery spasm post reduction over a period of time in majority of cases though they present late.

A Proposed Mesh Placement for Repair of Ventral Hernia and Contouring of the Abdomen

Introduction: Abdominal wall defects and muscle redundancy in the form of protruded abdomen still represent a challenging problem. The aim of this article is to reconstruct the abdominal wall and regain the abdominal contour through the application of biosynthetic meshes in certain fashion. Patients and Methods: this is a prospective study done 25 patients with long standing ventral hernia and lax abdominal muscle wall. All patients were performed at Zagazig university hospitals in the period between September 2011 and November 2013. Polypropylene mesh is used for every patient after anatomical hernia repair for hernioplasty and then shaping like outstretched hand (fingers processes). The aim is to reinforce the abdominal wall and reshape the abdomen. Results: regarding to the aesthetic aspect and success rate of the abdominal wall reconstruction, we have a good satisfactory results without recurrence in a period of 2 years follow up. Three patients are suffered from wound infection and partial edge ischemia in two patients. Bleeding and delayed wound healing in ten patients and persistent seroma are occurred in fife patients. Conclusion: It is safe with a good patient satisfaction to combine ventral hernia repair and abdominoplasty in cases with excess skin and musculofascial laxity of the abdominal wall (pendulous abdomen) with application of this finger processes mesh, after following the proper technique and precautions.

Recurrent epithelioid sarcoma of wrist: A case report and review of literature

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare variety of soft tissue sarcoma that affects young adults mostly involves forearm and hand. It mainly presents as a painless slow growing mass, but can present as multifocal lesions. It has a high rate of recurrence and metastasis. A 35-year-old male presented to our department in November 2013 with a painful ulcer with bloody discharge in the medial side of left wrist. The patient gave a history of swelling with serous discharge from 11 years. Local excision was done 6 times from 2003 to 2011. The patient also gave a history of falling on an outstretched hand and swelling at same site in July 2013, this time again wide local excision was done. The histopathology report was suggestive of high-grade osteogenic sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed expression of cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, CD34 and CA-125; tumor cells had lost INI-1 expression. IHC confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma of left wrist. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography thorax was suggestive of lung metastasis. Thus, doxorubicin based chemotherapy was planned.

A rare paediatric trauma: Lateral condyle humerus fracture with concomitant postero-medial elbow dislocation.

The association of elbow dislocation with fracture of the lateral condyle in paediatrics is considered very rare and only a few isolated cases have been reported in the literature. Due to its rarity, some of the authors have classified this injury as a complex elbow injury and have deemed them technically demanding to repair. A ten-year-old boy presented to us with a lateral condyle humerus fracture [Milch type 2] with concomitant postero-medial elbow dislocation following a fall on his outstretched hand. At 34 months of follow-up, the child regained a full range of motions around the elbow joint without any deformities.This combination injury, although rare, is not technically different or difficult to treat.

Leonardo da Vinci as an anatomist

Introduction: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), a famous painter and sculptor of the Renaissance, is also known for his work in architecture, anatomy, geology, music, cartography, mathematics, botany, literature, engineering, and science. The Renaissance is a period in art and literature during the 15th and 16th century, the cultural movement in Western Europe, which lead to a breakthrough in the fields of science, philosophy, literature and fine arts. During the so-called High Renaissance in the first half of the 16th century, there was an ingenious idea of the artist, the individual inspired by God, who had been successful in different art forms - types of art - a Renaissance man or a Universal man (ital. uomo universale). This was the time of two geniuses, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Leonardo had left us more than 240 individual notes and drawings on the human body. Objective: To explore and describe Leonardo's contribution to anatomy through his notes and drawings, primarily his groundbreaking studies of human body. Method and material: Overview of the available Internet resources (PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, Wikipedia) of Leonardo's drawings, through the articles and papers published in both medical and art history databases. Royal Collection Trust, United Kingdom presented in 2012 in London several exhibitions of Leonardo's drawings he made during dissections of human corps. Result: Anatomical notes and drawings like: a sketch of man's figure with outstretched hands and feet that shows heart, lungs and major blood vessels, then drawing of the neck and right arm, showing muscles of the body and the bones of the left foot, then a sketch of the cardiovascular system and major female organs, and a sketch of the fetus in the womb are just some of the many Leonardo had made during more than 30 dissections performed in his life. Da Vinci was left-handed and most of his observations are written on drawings from right to left, in mirror script. Leonardo started to learn about anatomy at an early age when apprenticed to Andrea del Verrocchio, a famous sculptor. As a successful artist, he gained permission from authorities, to make dissections of human cadavers and research at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. He worked with Marc Antonio Della Torre, Professor of Anatomy at the University of Padua. Conclusion: Leonardo da Vinci was a versatile artist, a real Polymath (from Greek - meaning a person of versatile interests) and with his sketches he most certainly contributed to the anatomy of his time, and the anatomy of today.

Simultaneous bilateral Mason type IIb radial head fractures in a young female: Was an increased carrying angle the cause?

Radial head fracture is the most common type of elbow fracture in adults. It results from a fall on an outstretched hand. However, simultaneous bilateral radial head fractures are extremely rare. We report a case of simultaneous bilateral mason type IIb radial head fractures in a young female, which was treated nonoperatively with excellent results.

Classification and elements of distal radius fractures treatment

AbstractThe distal radius bone fracture most often affects elderly people, who trying to avoid injury, protect themselves by falling on the outstretched hand. The main risk factors are here: age, sex, osteoporotic changes as well as diet impoverished in calcium and vitamin D. In order to provide the patient with an appropriate treatment, one must concentrate on the fracture location. Such ailments like pain, parenthesis, decreased joint mobility, weakening of the muscle strength are experienced by patients even after having completed the treatment process. Very often these patients shall have significant problems with performing many everyday tasks, which in effect will make them victims dependent on the other. Unfortunately, despite the enormous medical progress, these fractures are still a vast socioeconomic problem. In addition, the patients are frequently afraid of a potential next fall which should be classified as a separate psychosocial problem, leading to isolation and a huge limitation of the social roles available to these patients.

Substance and Reality, and: Wings, and: Playing by Himself, and: New Year, and: Lord! Once Again

Substance and Reality, and: Wings, and: Playing by Himself, and: New Year, and: Lord! Once Again Ku Sang Translated by Brother Anthony of Taizé (bio) substance and reality In this world everything gets covered by a thick crust of reasons and categories, in my mind, in other people’s minds, until the reality and substance of things can’t be seen any longer. Only fossilized concepts remain scattered around. At my age, breaking through that crust, I re-examine everything, one thing after the other thing in imitation of my three-month-old granddaughter And though I cannot yet see as clearly as that Buddhist monk who proclaimed “mountain is mountain, water is water,” nevertheless, constantly awed by the wonder and profundity of everything, I do not notice the passing of time. [End Page 140] wings When I first began to toddle the first thing I realized was that my legs and arms would not move as I wanted them to. Now I am close to seventy and once again I accept the fact that my legs and arms will not move as I want them to. Once, I would totter towards my mother’s outstretched hands. Now I live gasp by gasp, clinging to invisible outstretched hands. I am not hoping for a jet plane or a spaceship but for the bliss of growing simple wings, like those a caterpillar gets when it becomes a butterfly, and, joining with the angels, to fly and fly through the whole cosmos, as if it were my own flowering meadow, in ecstasy. [End Page 141] playing by himself On seeing me one day before leaving for primary school, the little girl next door said, “Granddad, they say you’re famous?” So I asked her, “What does famous mean?” She replied, “I don’t know!” So I told her, “It’s not something good!” This year, in second grade, she read one of my poems in her textbook. She told me she had said to her classmates that she knew this poet well. “So, what did you tell them?” I asked. “I said you’re just an ordinary old man, but that you look like a little boy playing by himself!” she replied. “Well done! Thank you!” I said, delighted, and felt like playing for the rest of the day. [End Page 142] new year Whoever saw a year as new, a morning as new? Ha! You yourself each day are fouling the source of mystery, and turning it into coal-black waste: whoever saw a day tattered, an hour worn out? If you are not made new, you cannot greet the new morning as new, you can never greet the new day as new. Only if your heart’s innocence blooms anew, can you live the new year as new. [End Page 143] lord! once again i Lord! Once again this midday my soul is wandering in search of your kingdom. I am like a kite soaring in the wind after the cord has snapped, twirling, vanishing into the blue. ii Lord! Once again this evening my soul is like a puppy that gazes at the moon, barking and whimpering for you, and getting no reply. [End Page 144] Brother Anthony of Taizé Brother Anthony of Taizé has published more than thirty volumes of translations of Korean poetry. Recently, he published ten volumes of work by Ko Un, along with volumes by Lee Si-Young and Kim Soo-bok. Born in Cornwall in 1942, he has lived in Korea since 1980 and was naturalized as a Korean citizen in 1994. Brother Anthony has received the Republic of Korea Literary Award (Translation), the Daesan Award for Translation, the Korea PEN Translation Prize, and the Ok-gwan (Jade Crown) Order of Merit for Culture from the Korean government. He is also emeritus professor of English at Sogang University and Chair of the International Creative Writing Center at Dankook University. Copyright © 2015 University of Hawai‘i Press

Lateral three pin fixation for supracondylar fractures in children

Introduction: Paediatric Supracondylar fractures are the commonest elbow injuries encountered in the emergency departments. Most commonly they are the result of a fall on an outstretched hand that causes hyperextension of the elbow. The extension-type supracondylar humeral fractures account for 95% to 98% of all supracondylar fractures. Displaced fractures are treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. However the method of pinning has been a matter of debate (lateral entry vs cross pinning). The issue with the lateral entry pinning like loss of reduction and ulnar nerve injury with the cross pinning method has always kept a doubt in the surgeons mind regarding the method of pinning. The present study was aimed to see functional results of using three lateral pins in type II and III supracondylar fractures and to look for any complications occurring thereafter. Methods: Forty consecutive patients of type II and III SC fractures were taken up for the study. Three lateral pins were used for all fractures. Using the Flynn criteria, the results were graded as excellent, good, fair or poor by comparing the carrying angle and range of motion with the opposite side. Results: Among the cohort of forty patients we had 25 males and 15 females. The mean age group was 6.5 + 3.2. Sixteen patients had type II fracture while as 24 had type III Gartlands fracture. The union occurred in all cases. At the final follow up, 87.5% patients showed excellent results 10% showed good and 2.5% fair results. There was no case of poor results. There were no iatrogenic nerve palsies, and no patient required additional surgery. Conclusion: Lateral three pin fixation is a good method for displaced supracondylar fractures and has little or no chances for ulnar nerve injury. This method has an easy learning curve among orthopaedic residents. A randomised control trail comparing it with other methods involving a larger series is needed to look for the effectiveness of this technique.

A survey of micro-finite element analysis for clinical assessment of bone strength: The first decade

Micro-Finite Element (micro-FE) analysis is now widely used in biomedical research as a tool to derive bone mechanical properties as they relate to its microstructure. With the development of in vivo high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) scanners, it can now be applied to analyze bone in-vivo in the peripheral skeleton. In this survey, the results of several experimental and clinical studies are summarized that addressed the feasibility of this approach to predict bone strength in-vivo. Specific questions that will be addressed are: how accurate are strength predictions based on micro-FE; how reproducible are the results; and, is it a better predictor of bone fracture risk than DXA based measures? Based on results of experimental studies, it is first concluded that micro-FE based on HR-pQCT images can accurately predict the strength of the distal radius during a fall on the outstretched hand using either linear elastic analysis, implementing a ‘Pistoia criterion’ or similar criterion in combination with an ‘effective’ Young’s modulus or using non-linear analyses. When evaluating results of clinical reproducibility studies, it is concluded that for single-center studies, errors at the radius are less than 4.4% and 3.7% and at the tibia less than 3.6% and 2.3% for stiffness and strength, respectively. In multicenter trials, however, these errors can be increased by some 1.8% and 1.4% for stiffness and strength, respectively. Finally, based on the results of large cohort studies, it is concluded that micro-FE calculated stiffness better separates cases from controls than bone density parameters for subjects with fragility fractures at any site, but not for subjects with only radius fractures. In this latter case, however, combinations of micro-FE derived parameters can significantly improve the separation.

Axillary Arterial Thrombosis Secondary to Re-Fracture of the Humerus

In the presented case report, we evaluated mechanism of axillary artery thrombosis in cases of repeated fracture of the shoulder . A 73-year-old female fell down on an outstretched hand. Radiographs demonstrated a Neer’s 2-part displaced fracture of the proximal humerus and open fracture of the acromion. Forty years ago, in a car accident, fractures of the same proximal humerus and clavicle occurred and were surgically treated. Two hours after fixation with Kirschner wires, thrombosis of the axillary artery was quickly diagnosed and rapid treatment allowed revascularisation of the arm without any consequences.

Axillary Arterial Thrombosis Secondary to Re-Fracture of the Humerus

In the presented case report, we evaluated mechanism of axillary artery thrombosis in cases of repeated fracture of the shoulder. A 73-year-old female fell down on an outstretched hand. Radiographs demonstrated a Neer’s 2-part displaced fracture of the proximal humerus and open fracture of the acromion. Forty years ago, in a car accident, fractures of the same proximal humerus and clavicle occurred and were surgically treated. Two hours after fixation with Kirschner wires, thrombosis of the axillary artery was quickly diagnosed and rapid treatment allowed revascularisation of the arm without any consequences.

Distal Radius Fractures Overview

Distal radius fractures are very common orthopaedic injuries, accounting for approximately 20% of all fractures. The most common mechanism of injury is usually a fall onto an outstretched hand. Non-operative treatments include splint or cast immobilization with or without closed reduction (bone setting). Operative treatments include percutaneous pinning, external fixation, and volar or dorsal plating. Both non-operative and operative treatments can be successful depending on their application in the right situations. Although not common, complications can occur with any treatment modality.