Unit Of Output Research Articles

Optimization of Load Distribution Method for Hydropower Units Based on Output Fluctuation Constraint and Double-Layer Nested Model

During the load distribution of hydropower units, the frequent crossing of vibration zones as well as large output fluctuations affect the stability of the power station. A multi-objective double-layer intelligent nesting model that considers the constraint of the output fluctuation of units is proposed to address these problems. The nonlinear constraint unit commitment optimization model layer is built based on outer dynamic programming, and the load distribution optimization model layer is constructed based on the improved biogeography-based optimization algorithm. Simultaneously, the unit output fluctuation constraint is established based on whether the unit combination changes in order to limit the unit output fluctuation. The results of this model indicate that compared with traditional load allocation models, the application of the method proposed in this paper can reduce the fluctuation range of unit output by 85.01%. In addition, except for the inevitable vibration zone crossings during startup and shutdown processes, the unit does not cross the vibration zone during operation, which greatly improves the unit’s vibration isolation and optimization capabilities. The multi-objective double-layer intelligent nested model proposed in this paper has significant advantages in the field of load allocation for hydropower units. It effectively improves the stability and reliability of unit operation, and this method can be applied to practical load allocation processes. It is of great significance for the research on load allocation optimization of hydropower units.

Two-stage low-carbon optimal dispatch of the power system considering demand response to defend large uncertainties and risks

Introduction: In order to promote the consumption of renewable energy, reduce carbon emissions, and take into account the uncertainty of renewable energy output and load fluctuations in the new power system that can affect the normal operation of market mechanism, a two-stage low-carbon optimization scheduling method for power system that considers demand response under multiple uncertainties is proposed in this paper.Methods: Uncertain scene sets are generated through Latin hypercube sampling and heuristic synchronous backpropagation method is used to reduce scenes to obtain typical scenes and their probabilities. Then, a one-stage optimization model is established with the goal of maximizing energy efficiency and corresponding demand response strategies are obtained. Green certificate carbon trading joint mechanism model consisting of tiered green certificate trading and time-sharing tiered carbon trading are established, and the output of two-stage units are optimized with the goal of minimizing comprehensive operating costs.Result: The simulation results show that the carbon emissions are decreased by 251.57 tons, the consumption rate of renewable energy is increased by 8.64%, and the total costs are decreased by 124.0612 million yuan.Discussion: From this, it can be seen that the dual layer low-carbon optimization scheduling strategy for power system considering demand response under multiple uncertainties can effectively reduce the operating costs and carbon emissions of the system, while balancing the economic and environmental aspects of power system operation.

Optimal Operation Model of Ecological Flow of Hydropower Station Based on Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network

In view of the contradiction between the ecological flow regulation of the reservoir River and the power generation flow regulation of the reservoir with the largest power generation, this paper takes the maximum power generation and the maximum average ecological protection degree as the objective function, and uses the genetic algorithm back propagation neural networks (GA-BP) algorithm to establish the reservoir flow regulation model under the constraints of water balance, reservoir capacity, unit output and unit overflow, The optimal solution of the dispatching scheme is carried out, and the Shulehe hydropower station is taken as an example to verify the optimal scheme. The results show that the optimized dispatching model can ensure the demand of ecological flow, increase 32680 kW·h power generation and 23.85% power generation benefit, so as to provide scientific reference for the rational planning, dispatching and utilization of reservoir water resources.

Analyzing the policy-driven adaptation of Important Agriculture Heritage Systems to modernization from the resilience perspective: a case study of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System, China

Formulating effective conservation and management policies plays a key role in helping Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) cope with the threats and challenges brought by modernization. An important criterion to measure their effectiveness is whether they maintain or enhance the resilience of IAHS. In this study, we first integrate IAHS resilience into the social-ecological systems (SES) framework and propose a SES-based analytical framework for IAHS resilience, which helps analyze how IAHS adapt to external disturbances under the drivers of policies. Then, we suggest the trade-off of ecosystem services as the surrogate of IAHS resilience and use the carbon footprint per unit output value as an indicator to quantify IAHS resilience. The application in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System (QRFCS) reveals that the rice-fish culture systems in three villages have formed different development models driven by different conservation and management policies when challenged by modernization, and have displayed different resilience in different development models. The development model centering on enlarged-scale fish farming in Xinpeng Village has shown the highest resilience; the development model with a combination of moderate-scale land management and experiential heritage tourism in Longxian Village has displayed a moderate resilience; and the development model with organic rice-fish culture integrated into terrace sightseeing tourism in Xiaozhoushan Village has shown the lowest resilience. Based on this, we put forward suggestions for maintaining and enhancing the resilience of QRFCS, so as to improve the management of the heritage system. We present that the results will not only enrich the resilience study of SES, but also promote IAHS management and regional sustainable development.

THIRD EYE FOR BLIND PEOPLE

This device includes a pair of glasses and an obstacle detection module fitted in it in the center, a processing unit, an output device i.e. a beeping component, and a power supply. The Obstacle detection module and the output device is connected to the processing unit. The power supply is used to supply power to the central processing unit. The obstacle detection module basically consists of a ultrasonic sensor, processing unit consist of a control module and the output unit consists of a buzzer. The control unit controls the ultrasonic sensors and get the information of the obstacle present in front of the man and processes the information and sends the output through the buzzer accordingly. These Ultrasonic Smart Glasses for Blind people is a portable device, easy to use, light weight, user friendly and cheap in price. These glasses could easily guide the blind people and help them avoid obstacles. Keywords – Smart Glasses; Ultrasonic Sensors

A study on entrepreneurial innovation among entities in Singapore

The present study aimed to study the entrepreneurial innovation among entities in Singapore. It evaluated the various obstacles that affect entrepreneurial innovation within entities. Further, it has also analysed the various elements that are crucial to overcome the obstacles that affect entrepreneurial innovation within entities. Various factors related to various sources of information fostering innovation activities in an organization were also studied. Difference between the product innovation and process innovation was studied. Furthermore, organizational innovation and marketing innovation were also studied. Lastly, organizational innovation’s degree of observed effect in the organization was also studied. Cross-sectional analysis using realism as epistemological view was undertaken in this study. Deductive research approach along with web-based survey using descriptive research design is the research methods followed in this study. Tools for results’ analysis include descriptive analysis, Q–Q plots, KMO and Bartlett's test, factor analysis and Chi-square tests. The study concluded that enterprises need to work aggressively in the new product development, market opportunities, organization capabilities to ensure that the organizations grow. It is highlighted that process innovation and product innovation have effects on the economic performance of the organization. It does flag that the market innovations are linked with the ways the enterprises change, evolve and develop their fundamental capabilities, which are part of the organizational innovations. Also, the study showed that organizational innovation has greatly helped to improve the quality of the goods or services and reduced costs per unit output. The reduced time to respond to customer or supplier needs and improved employee satisfaction and/or reduced rates of employee turnover is also seen as a significant observed effect of entrepreneurial innovation. Managerial and theoretical implications along with Ideas for future research is also provided.

The use of OFDM signals in pseudorandom tuning of the operating frequency technology (FHSS)

The paper investigates the ways of organizing FHSS communication system using OFDM signals under the conditions of the measured parameters of the channel used. It is assumed that "protective gaps" are not used in the structure of the group signal FHSS technology. A variant of the formation of the OFDM symbol structure with a "test combination" is considered, the knowledge of which allows the regularization method to solve the problem of estimating the samples of the impulse response of the communication channel with memory. In this case, estimates are obtained from solving a system of algebraic equations, the order of which is determined by the size of the channel memory. To solve the problem of demodulating the signal from the "working package" of the OFDM symbol, estimates of the envelope counts of this part of the OFDM symbol are formed, according to which decisions on the transmitted discrete symbols are recorded at the output of the FFT calculation unit. Data on computer modeling of the problems under consideration are presented, the results of which confirm the possibility of using the proposed solutions for special purpose networks.

Integrated control strategy of BESS in primary frequency modulation considering SOC recovery

AbstractThis paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy for a battery energy storage system (BESS) participating in primary frequency modulation (FM) while considering the state of charge (SOC) recovery. On the one hand, when the frequency fluctuations are outside the dead zone of the FM, variable coefficient virtual sag control and variable coefficient virtual inertia control are coordinated for more accurate primary FM. Also, an assisted FM strategy is proposed, where the temporal alignment of assisted FM is determined by the regional segmentation of the frequency deviation and SOC, and it enables the BESS to recover SOC concurrently during its involvement in primary FM. On the other hand, when the frequency fluctuations are inside the dead zone of the FM, typical S‐type functions are deployed to dynamically establish the mutual constraints relationships of SOC recovery demand coefficient and frequency deviation. Subsequently, the recovery control coefficients are derived, and accordingly, a SOC recovery strategy is proposed. Finally, simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed control strategy in the grid primary FM system and demonstrate that the strategy expedites the SOC recovery and concurrently diminishes the conventional unit output.

Inverse Data Envelopment Analysis Model to Improve Efficiency by Increasing Outputs

Inverse Data Envelopment Analysis (IDEA) has gained significant attention among researchers as an analytical tool for assessing efficiency. Estimating input values while ensuring cost efficiency through changes in output quantities is complex and sensitive. In contrast to conventional data envelopment analysis methods, IDEA enables the quantification of input/output variations resulting from output/input reductions or expansions while preserving the measurement efficiency level. This paper aims to introduce a novel approach for estimating input values by incrementally increasing the value of each output of decision-making units (DMUs) during the evaluation process, thereby maintaining or improving cost efficiency. By utilizing IDEA and manipulating the output values of the DMU under evaluation, the input values are estimated while ensuring constant or enhanced cost efficiency. A simple numerical example and a case study from a Turkish automotive company are presented to validate the proposed method. The obtained results demonstrate significant improvements and hold promising prospects, indicating the potential applicability of this approach to other similar problems and research areas.

Research on large-scale clean energy optimal scheduling method based on multi-source data-driven

With the large-scale growth and grid connection of intermittent renewable energy such as wind and solar, the problem of increasing renewable energy curtailment rate and system backup flexibility has become increasingly prominent. In order to solve the problem of high proportion of renewable energy scientific consumption and flexible and stable operation of energy system. We propose a flexible and economical dispatch method based on data-driven multi-regional power system. For the problem of economic dispatch of multi-area power system, a mathematical calculation model is established to satisfy the constraints of unit output, system power balance, unit ramp rate, and valve point effect, and to consider the requirement of minimizing the cost of multi-area power load comprehensively. Based on data-driven, this paper adopts an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm to quickly find the global optimal solution. The calculations are performed by IEEE6 simulation test system, and the results verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. The improved fruit fly optimization algorithm is compared and analyzed with other algorithms considering the quality of the obtained solutions. The results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm in solving multi-area economic dispatching problems in real power systems.

Accurate identification and confidence evaluation of automatic generation control command execution effect based on deep learning fusion model

With the increasing complexity of the power grid, the precision of the thermal power units' execution of automatic generation control (AGC) commands is gradually increasing the impact on the online regulation of the power grid. The deviation between the actual output of thermal power units and the AGC command of the grid will not only affect the consumption of new energy output, but also endanger the safe operation of the grid. This paper introduces “deep learning” technology to solve the problem. Firstly, an AGC command execution effect identification and confidence evaluation algorithm (ACEEI-CEA) is proposed. The algorithm builds a neural network model to accurately predict the unit output and the confidence evaluation of the prediction results. Next, a high-dimensional input preprocessing strategy based on variational autoencoder (VAE) is proposed to reduce the dimensionality of the model input attributes, improving the convergence and accuracy of the model. Finally, an AGC optimal command fast inversion solution method (AOCFISM) is designed. This method transforms the unit output deviation problem into an objective optimisation problem. And improve the efficiency of solving the optimal AGC command value by constraining the unit command value. The calculation results show that the error of the prediction results of the model proposed in this paper is 5% lower than that of the traditional neural network. The difference between the output value of the optimal AGC command and the expected output value obtained is less than 0.5 MV, which can support AGC online decision-making.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An Image Histogram Equalization Acceleration Method for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Based on a Two-Dimensional Configurable Pipeline.

New artificial intelligence scenarios, such as high-precision online industrial detection, unmanned driving, etc., are constantly emerging and have resulted in an increasing demand for real-time image processing with high frame rates and low power consumption. Histogram equalization (HE) is a very effective and commonly used image preprocessing algorithm designed to improve the quality of image processing results. However, most existing HE acceleration methods, whether run on general-purpose CPUs or dedicated embedded systems, require further improvement in their frame rate to meet the needs of more complex scenarios. In this paper, we propose an HE acceleration method for FPGAs based on a two-dimensional configurable pipeline architecture. We first optimize the parallelizability of HE with a fully configurable two-dimensional pipeline architecture according to the principle of adapting the algorithm to the hardware, where one dimension can compute the cumulative histogram in parallel and the other dimension can process multiple inputs simultaneously. This optimization also helps in the construction of a simple architecture that achieves a higher frequency when implementing HE on FPGAs, which consist of configurable input units, calculation units, and output units. Finally, we optimize the pipeline and critical path of the calculation units. In the experiments, we deploy the optimized HE on a VCU118 test board and achieve a maximum frequency of 891 MHz (which is up to 22.6 times more acceleration than CPU implementations), as well as a frame rate of 1899 frames per second for 1080p images.

Optimal Configuration of Additional Heat Source for CHP System considering Demand Response Based on Comprehensive Benefits

An optimal configuration method for the combined heat and power (CHP) system considering demand response is proposed to scientifically and reasonably configure the parameters of the additional heat source and reduce unnecessary investment and construction costs. First, additional heat sources and demand response are utilized to decouple power generation and heating supply, enhancing the flexibility of the CHP system. Second, a multiobjective optimization configuration model of the CHP system is established, taking the system’s comprehensive satisfaction, economic cost, and wind power consumption capacity as the objectives, the unit output, and the capacity parameters of the additional heat source as the decision variables. Furthermore, an improved memetic algorithm (IMA) combined with a hierarchical sequence method is designed to solve the optimization model characterized by multiple objectives, hierarchical levels, and nonlinearity. The hierarchical sequence method solves problems sequentially based on the importance of optimization goals, ensuring the satisfaction of the configuration scheme. The IMA employs adaptive crossover and mutation probabilities, enhancing the algorithm’s convergence and quality. Finally, case analysis demonstrates that the CHP system achieves the best benefits when heat storage tanks and electric boilers are configured simultaneously. Moreover, compared to the MA, IPSO, and IABC algorithms, the IMA algorithm reduces the average economic cost by approximately 5.11%, 2.70%, and 8.43%, respectively.

Influence of technological parameters on the air heater exergy efficiency of the heat recovery system boiler plant

The analysis results of the technological parameters influence on the air heater exergetic efficiency of the heat recovery system a boiler plant with a heating capacity of 2 MW are presented. A comprehensive methodology based on the balance methods of exergetic analysis and the selection of the necessary evaluation criteria was used to evaluate the efficiency. Exergetic losses and heat-exergetic efficiency criterion, which characterizes exergetic losses per unit of heat output of the air heater, were chosen as these criteria. Using the developed methodology, the nature and regularities of the heating capacity the plate air heater influence on its exergetic efficiency were established. The local exergetic losses associated with heat transfer between heat-transfer agents, wall thermal conductivity, and heat-transfer agents motion, as well as their relative contribution to the total local exergetic losses, are investigated. It was established that the largest exergetic losses and the heat- exergetic efficiency criterion in the air heater for all values of its heat output are related with heat transfer from the wall to the air. The values of exergetic losses and the heat-exergy efficiency criterion for heat transfer from flue gases to the wall are 1.4-1.5 times less than the exergetic losses for heat transfer from the wall to the air. The values of exergetic losses and the heat-exergy efficiency criterion related with wall thermal conductivity and heat-transfer agents movement are, on average, an order of magnitude lower. It was established that to increase the air heater exergetic efficiency, it is advisable to reduce local exergetic losses by increasing the heat transfer coefficients, mainly by increasing the heat transfer coefficient from the wall to the air. The optimal values heating capacity of the air heater studied, which corresponds to its high exergetic efficiency, does not exceed 55 kW.

ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ, УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЛУКА РЕПЧАТОГО В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ГУМИНОВЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ ПРИ КАПЕЛЬНОМ ПОЛИВЕ В САРАТОВСКОМ ЗАВОЛЖЬЕ

Purpose: to study the features of humic fertilizer impact on water consumption, yield and quality of onions under drip irrigation in the dry-steppe zone of Saratov Trans-Volga region. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out on dark chestnut soils in 2019–2022. The objects of the study were the zoned Chalcedony variety and fertilizers based on humic acids. Related observations and studies of water consumption, productivity formation and yield quality were carried out using generally accepted methods. Results. Research has shown that when maintaining a drip irrigation regime, which involves watering when soil moisture is reduced to 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0–30 cm layer, the total water consumption of onions on average over the years of the study amounted to 4102 cub. m/ha, average daily – 31 cub. m/ha. The humic fertilizer application contributed to a more economical use of moisture and irrigation water, as evidenced by a decrease in the water consumption coefficient by 7.1–23.3 %, and the cost of irrigation water to form a unit of marketable output by 15.9–24.0 %. Humic fertilizers also provided a significant yield increase – 4.9–15.31 t/ha (10–31 % higher than the control – without fertilizers). Conclusions: the humic fertilizer application, which have stimulating and adaptogenic features, when growing onions under the arid conditions of the Saratov Trans-Volga region with drip irrigation, is an effective technique that ensures more economical use of water resources and increases the yield of one of the leading vegetable crops – onions.

Clinical Audit of Beam Output of Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Unit at AECH-BINOR

Clinical Audit of Beam Output of Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Unit at AECH-BINOR

Two-stage stochastic robust optimization scheduling of electric–thermal microgrid with solid electric thermal storage

During the periods of high heat load (HL) demand in winter, the increased heat output of combined heat and power units (CHPs) can significantly compress the electric power regulation range, thereby posing a threat to the safety of the power system. The solid electric thermal storage (SETS) can be employed as the regulating resource for both electric and thermal systems, expanding the dispatch space of microgrids to promote renewable energy consumption. In this paper, a two-stage stochastic robust optimization scheduling model of an electric–thermal microgrid with SETS is proposed, and the electric–thermal bi-directional regulation characteristics of SETS are considered. First, a SETS operation model based on the heat transfer characteristics of the homogeneous material-type thermal storage unit is established. Second, a regional thermal inertia model under a constant-flow variable-temperature system is established, which integrates HL at different locations to the heat source, avoiding the calculation of variation in water temperature, thus reducing the calculation difficulty. Finally, the two-stage stochastic robust optimization scheduling model of an electric–thermal microgrid with SETS is established. The model decouples the power and heat generation of CHP through the bi-directional regulation function of SETS. Case studies demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheduling model.

Neuro-Muscular Responses Adaptation to Dynamic Changes in Grip Strength.

Precise control of strength is of significant importance in upper limb functional rehabilitation. Understanding the neuro-muscular response in strength regulation can help optimize the rehabilitation prescriptions and facilitate the relative training process for recovery control. This study aimed to investigate the inherent characteristics of neural-muscular activity during dynamic hand strength adjustment. Four dynamic grip force tracking modes were set by manipulating different magnitude and speed of force variations, and thirteen healthy young individuals took participation in the experiment. Electroencephalography were recorded in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex area, as well as the electromyography from the first dorsal interosseous muscle were collected synchronously. The metrics of the Event-related desynchronization, the electromyography stability index, and the force variation, were used to represent the corresponding cortical neural responses, muscle contraction activities, and the level of strength regulation, respectively; and further neuro-muscular coupling between the sensorimotor cortex and the first dorsal interosseous muscle was investigated by transfer entropy analysis. The results indicated a strong relationship that the increase of force regulation demand would result in a force variation increase as well as a stability reduction in muscle motor unit output. Meanwhile, the intensity of neural response increased in both the α and β frequency bands. As the force regulation demand increased, the strength of bidirectional transfer entropy showed a clear shift from β to the γ frequency band, which facilitate rapid integration of dynamic strength compensation to adapt to motor task changes.

Optimal design of a solar-driven Kalina system for combined power and desalination purposes

This research study presents a thermodynamic simulation and exergy analysis of a solar-powered Kalina cycle that is integrated with a reverse osmosis desalination (RO) module and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) system. A parabolic through solar collector (PTSC) provides the required heat to drive designed plant. The thermodynamic simulation and exergy examination of the proposed system are carried out using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). A parametric study of the presented plant to show the primary parameters impacts on the system operation is conducted. The system in this study generates 212.7 kW of electrical power and 44.46 m3/h. The total energy efficiency of the plant is 24.3 %. The inlet thermal energy from PTSC is 876.5 kW. In addition, the thermoelectric module generates 7.26 kW electrical power. Carried out analyses show that the recuperator has the most significant exergy destruction rate among all system components, with 303.2 kW. The unit responsible for the second major exergy destruction value associated with the RO unit, which accounts for 74.22 kW. To examine the influence of influences of parameters like direct normal irradiance (DNI), turbine inlet pressure, and mass flow rate of the Kalina cycle the system case study is presented. It can be observed that increasing DNI parameter from 750 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 leads in a net output power increment from 279.1 kW to 372.1 kW and increasing fresh-water production from 41.64 m3/h to 48.09 m3/h. Moreover, the calculation shows that increasing DNI has a positive impact on the TEG unit output power too. Enhancing the inlet turbine pressure increases both net output power and fresh-water production by reverse osmosis unit while this increment diminishes the thermoelectric unit electrical output. It can be observed that increasing turbine inlet pressure from 110 kPa to 200 kPa, increases net output power and fresh-water production by about 6.08 % and 3.5 %, respectively.

Yield of spring durum wheat against the background of cellulolytic activity of the soil

Long-term studies were carried out in the field at the station on crop rotations and monocultures of the department of agriculture and resource-saving technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FNTs BST RAS", located in the Orenburg region (51.775125° N and 55.306547° E.). The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of the cellulolytic activity of the soil and the quantitative content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil in combination with meteorological factors on the yield of wheat grown for many years (21 years) in crop rotations and monoculture in the Southern Urals. The object of the study is spring durum wheat cultivated in crop rotations of various rotations, a set of crops and monoculture, as well as soil samples according to the experimental options. When determining the cellulolytic activity of the soil, the method of decomposition of linen fabric under the influence of microorganisms was used. The yield of durum wheat is influenced by such factors as predecessors, including their aftereffect in the crop rotation system, as well as the prolonged effect of mineral fertilizers. The average yield of durum wheat (for 21 years of research) in six-field crop rotations is 0.71 t/ha, with fertilizer 0.76 t/ha. Cultivation of durum wheat in two field crop rotation increases its yield by 0.07 t, in six fields 0.23 t/ha relative to monocultivation of the crop according to two backgrounds of soil nutrition. Cultivation of durum wheat in a six-field crop rotation on green manure fallow is accompanied by increased cellulolytic activity (12.0%). In the monoculture of durum wheat, the consumption of N-NO3 during the growing season increases to 20 mg with fertilizer up to 16 mg per kg of soil on an unfertilized background, which is associated with an increase in weediness and consumption of the macronutrient by the weed component. The share of output of grain units of durum wheat in six-field crop rotations is up to 16.3%, in two-field crop rotations up to 47.9%, with mono-cultivation of crops 100%.