Output Section Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF TORNUM REX MINING GRAIN DRYERS AND THEIR DESIGN METHODS

The materials of the article analyze the problems and methods of drying grain in modern grain dryers. In recent years, the mixed-flow dryer has been the subject of many studies on drying efficiency, dryer control and productivity improvement. However, there is still a significant need for optimization in terms of energy efficiency and drying uniformity. In order to analyze the specific energy consumption and drying uniformity of the technological process, various thermodynamic conditions of the process were investigated, design solutions were investigated using numerical and experimental methods. Based on the results obtained and the aerodynamic analysis of air flows, the design of a new generation TORNUM REX series grain dryer was developed. Pressure losses, drying agent flow distribution and temperature distribution in the hot air chamber in a continuous grain dryer with mixed flow were investigated using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The flow in the dryer was considered as steady, laminar and turbulent. It is important that the grain is dried evenly, since uneven drying can lead to spoilage of the final product during storage. The graphic practical materials of the article provide the design of TORNUM REX shaft grain dryers, a general view of the movement of air flows in the REX series grain dryer, diagrams of air flow speeds in the grain shaft, a diagram of the distribution of air flows in the temperature spectrum in the REX series grain dryer, a diagram of the formation of the drying agent during mixing with recuperation air in the REX series grain dryer. It was found that different temperature distributions in the output sections can lead to improper drying or damage to the final product, which influenced the change in the design of the dryer. To reduce pressure loss and increase the uniformity of the flow entering the subchamber of the linear gas burner, a new design of the air mixing section and guide vanes in different designs of hot air chambers is proposed. This approach to modeling using CFD can be applied to new technological processes, as well as to evaluate and optimize already established conventional systems.

Research on key circuits of high‐precision servo channel loading card for wing fatigue testing

AbstractThe key circuits of servo channel loading card with high‐precision data acquisition and output functions for wing fatigue testing are studied and improved in this paper. To solve the problem of large offset voltage in some op‐amps, non‐inverting combined amplifier circuit (NCAC) and inverting combination amplifier circuit (ICAC) are proposed by utilizing precision op‐amps combined with wide voltage and high‐power output op‐amps. In the force signal acquisition section, a non‐inverting combined zeroing filter circuit (NCZFC) is proposed to improve the precision of signal acquisition. In the excitation source output section, a non‐inverting combined excitation output circuit (NCEOC) is proposed to improve the precision of the positive excitation output; an inverting combined excitation output circuit (ICEOC) is also proposed, which improves the precision of the negative excitation output and also realizes the inversion of the input and output signals. In the servo drive output section, a non‐inverting combined voltage and current conversion circuit is proposed to improve the precision of voltage and current outputs, which has two modes of non‐inverting combined voltage output (NCVO) and non‐inverting combined current output (NCIO) modes. Simulation experiments in Multisim and actual tests have been carried out on the above improved circuits to verify the stability and precision.

Digital Twins-Based Cognitive Apprenticeship Model in Smart Agriculture

Applying digital technologies in education has been proven to have several positive impacts on teaching and learning. Digital twins have the potential to revolutionize education by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. They can simulate virtual environments, enabling students to conduct experiments, practice techniques, and observe outcomes in a safe and cost-effective setting, particularly when access to physical laboratories is limited or expensive. This work proposes a learning management model that applies cognitive apprenticeship learning theory as a framework for learning digital twins to enhance the programming of a smart agriculture system and computational thinking skills. The model consists of three parts: input, learning process, and output with feedback. The input phase includes setting learning objectives, analyzing learners, determining learning content, planning learning activities, and utilizing a digital twin virtual laboratory space for experimenting in the development of a smart agriculture system. The learning process involves engaging students in programming and problem-solving tasks by offering expert guidance and support in computationally solving problems. The achievement of learning outcomes and practices is included in the output and feedback sections. After evaluation, five experts in this subject agreed that the learning management model was at the most appropriate level.

Lightweight strip steel defect detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv7

The precise identification of surface imperfections in steel strips is crucial for ensuring steel product quality. To address the challenges posed by the substantial model size and computational complexity in current algorithms for detecting surface defects in steel strips, this paper introduces SS-YOLO (YOLOv7 for Steel Strip), an enhanced lightweight YOLOv7 model. This method replaces the CBS module in the backbone network with a lightweight MobileNetv3 network, reducing the model size and accelerating the inference time. The D-SimSPPF module, which integrates depth separable convolution and a parameter-free attention mechanism, was specifically designed to replace the original SPPCSPC module within the YOLOv7 network, expanding the receptive field and reducing the number of network parameters. The parameter-free attention mechanism SimAM is incorporated into both the neck network and the prediction output section, enhancing the ability of the model to extract essential features of strip surface defects and improving detection accuracy. The experimental results on the NEU-DET dataset show that SS-YOLO achieves a 97% mAP50 accuracy, which is a 4.5% improvement over that of YOLOv7. Additionally, there was a 79.3% reduction in FLOPs(G) and a 20.7% decrease in params. Thus, SS-YOLO demonstrates an effective balance between detection accuracy and speed while maintaining a lightweight profile.

The fishway of the Nikolaev waterworks on the Don river

The relevance of the study is determined by the reduction in stocks of populations of passable, semi-passable and aquatic fish species in the Azov-Don fishery basin. One of the reasons for this is a decrease (for various reasons and circumstances) in the efficiency of the functioning of fish-passing facilities located at the Don river waterworks, providing passage of fish to their spawning sites and, in particular, the Nikolaev fishway. The purpose of this study is to assess the current state and form proposals for the reconstruction of the canal. The methodology of the work provided for the analysis of the design solution, conducting a survey of the condition of the fishway of the Nikolaev waterwork and hydrometric changes in its flow-rate parameters. The empirical basis for the analysis and subsequent development of recommendations was made up of design materials and author’s data on fixing the hydrometric parameters of the channel. According to the results of the research, the main characteristics of the fishway, information on its layout and design solution are established, data on the flow-rate and geometric dimensions of the channel tract and the flow-regulating equipment are given, information on the established deformations of the channel bed in its various sections. The disadvantages of the layout and design solution of the device and the state of the channel have been established in terms of the lack of an engineering-equipped inlet (for fish) head, the adopted design of the head controller and the output section, as well as the selected hydrometric parameters of its tract. In order to eliminate a number of identified shortcomings that reduce the quality of hydrometric conditions for the passage and spawning of fish, it is proposed to reconstruct the structure. As a result of the formation of appropriate proposals (taking into account modern requirements and accumulated experience of their creation), recommended design solutions of the main elements of the channel have been developed, allowing to significantly increase the efficiency of its functioning in terms of attracting fish to its entrance, entry, spawning in its waters and passage through the fish channel to the abovelocated spawning grounds.

Switched-Capacitor Enhanced Circuits for Voltage-Boosting DC-DC Converters: Principles and Applications

With rapid advancement of DC-DC converter, the non-isolated dc-dc converters has caught much attention from academia and industry, owing to its advantages including low cost and compacted structure. Especially, the non-isolated dc-dc converters have taken the dominant position in topology design of power source. This paper introduces the concept of output section evolution in non-isolated dc-dc converters, with the aim of integrating high ratio voltage boosting capacity. To achieve this, a series of novel output enhanced circuits are proposed and discussed in detail. These circuits are structured using capacitors and diodes, making them applicable to various positive output dc-dc converters. Notably, the derived topologies in this paper eliminate the need for additional power switches and transformers. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through application cases based on both the classical boost converter and the developed voltage-lift SEPIC converters. These cases showcase the practical application and benefits of the proposed method. By following the topology construction method outlined in the paper, engineers can gain valuable insights and guidelines for designing circuits in the field of power electronics. Theoretical analysis has been verified in experimental prototype and the provided resources also serve as an educational tool for those studying power electronics engineering.

Propagation of spin waves in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled YIG microwaveguides by changing the magnetization angle in linear and nonlinear modes

Purpose. Investigation of the joint manifestation of the effects of anisotropic signal propagation, coupling, and nonlinear power dependence of the medium parameters in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled spin-wave (SW) microwaveguides. Consideration of the case of the influence of the rotation of the magnetization angle and the change of the lateral gap between microwaveguides located on the same substrate on the transverse profile of the spin-wave beam and the spatial localization of the SW amplitude. Methods. The method of micromagnetic modeling based on the numerical solution of the Landau–Lifshitz–Hilbert equation shows the possibility of controlling the direction of propagation of SW in an ensemble of laterally and vertically coupled iron yttrium garnet (YIG) microwaveguides by changing the magnetization angle. By the method of numerical integration of the system of coupled discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations, the possibility of changing the transverse profile of the spin-wave beam by changing the level of the initial signal amplitude is shown. Results. The spatial distributions of the components of the dynamic magnetization of the SW excited in two microwaveguides located on the same substrate obtained in micromagnetic simulations indicate a change in the character of localization of the SW power in the output sections of the microwaveguides. At variation of the lattice magnetization angle, a shift of the threshold power value is observed, at which a characteristic curbing of the transverse width of the spin-wave beam in the nonlinear mode appears. Conclusion. When excitation of surface magnetostatic SW in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled microwaveguides, a transformation of the transverse profile of the wave is observed at a deviation of the magnetization angle of the structure by 15º , which is manifested in the change of the SW length and its localization in each of the microwaveguides. The combined effects of dipole coupling, gyrotropy, and nonlinearity of the medium make it possible to control the value of the threshold power of the SW, at which the mode of diffractionless propagation of the spin-wave beam is realized in a single layer of the structure.

Rapid Algorithmic Blade Design Applying Machine Learning From Shape Optimization to Satisfy Multidisciplinary Constraints

Abstract This paper presents a new, rapid, flexible approach for turbine blade section design combining algorithmic and inverse techniques to enable automatic generation of blade sections guaranteed to conform to multidisciplinary requirements, with the aim of accelerating turbomachinery design iterations. The approach links a base algorithm to parametrize and generate blade section geometry conforming to structural and manufacturability constraints such as section area, trailing edge radius, and exit wedge angle with a 2D cfd solver to calculate surface isentropic Mach number profile for aerodynamic performance evaluation. To achieve blade sections with smooth surface and lenticular Mach number profile concave up on the pressure side and concave down on the suction side, the base algorithm is tuned by a surrogate inverse model trained by machine learning from pre-generated tuning data obtained by case-by-case shape optimization for a range of design conditions. A weighted objective function is applied to quantify both geometric and aerodynamic quality of blade sections for the optimization. Shape optimization improves output section quality by 54–87% compared to the untuned algorithm. Aerodynamically, suction-side flow separation is eliminated in the optimized sections, giving 70% less pressure loss compared to the untuned algorithm for the best cases. Across all conditions spanning the examined design space, the surrogate model successfully captures most of this improvement, yielding blade sections of similar quality to explicit optimization sufficient to meet the geometric and aerodynamic requirements for design. Furthermore, section quality is preserved even if imposed structural and manufacturability constraints are perturbed within typical margins, guaranteeing blade sections that are always viable for practical use. Blade sections from the surrogate-tuned algorithm are output within minutes, eliminating the time-intensiveness of existing manual or case-by-case design approaches.

Factors causing emergency medical care overload during heatwaves: A Delphi study.

Heatwaves pose an important risk for population health and are associated with an increased demand for emergency care. To find factors causing such overload, an online Delphi study included 15 experts in emergency medicine, disaster medicine, or public health. One open-ended question was delivered in the first round. After content analysis, the obtained statements were sent to the experts in two rounds to be rated on a 7-point linear scale. Consensus was defined as a standard deviation ≤ 1.0. Thirty-one statements were obtained after content analysis. The experts agreed on 18 statements, mostly focusing on the input section of patient processing and identifying stakeholders, the population, and primary care as targets of potential interventions. Additional dedicated resources and bed capacity were deemed important as per throughput and output sections, respectively. These findings could be used in the future to implement and test solutions to increase emergency healthcare resilience during heatwaves and reduce disaster risk due to climatic change.

Upravlyaemaya lazernym izlucheniem spin-volnovaya interferentsiya v neregulyarnoy magnonnoy strukture

Using experimental and numerical investigation, we demonstrate laser-controlled propagation and interaction of spin waves in an irregular magnetic structure in the geometry of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. It is shown that the use of laser radiation for heating one of the interferometer arms leads to controlled interference of a spin-wave signal in the output section. The yttrium–iron garnet film heating under the action of laser radiation is measured experimentally. Using micromagnetic modeling, the evolution of the spin-wave interference pattern under the action of laser heating of one of the interferometer arm is demonstrated. The results of this study ensure a simple solution for developing tunable spin-wave interferometers for the paradigm of the magnonic logics.

AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING PROTOTYPE AND RAT REPELLENT ON EGGPLANT

Water is the main constituent of plant cells. Eggplant plants include plants that are not drought tolerant, but also not resistant to standing water. In addition, eggplant is also susceptible to rat pests. Most farmers in Indonesia still use the manual method, sometimes when using the manual method it can lead to negligence in watering plants and guarding against rat pests. The use of mechanization tools is needed to facilitate and overcome negligence that can occur at any time, which can help plant cultivation by getting the best results, overcoming negligence that can cause losses, and damage to plants. In this tool there are several components of input, process, and output. Input section consists of 3 sensors, namely, Soil Moisture, Passive Infra Red, and DHT 11. Process section there is only Arduino Uno. And the output section consists of 4 components, namely water pump, LCD, buzzer, and servo. Automatic watering works when the value of the Soil Moisture sensor is more than 700 which means it is dry, and the water pump will turn on until the value is less than 700. The mouse repellent works when the PIR sensor detects the movement of an infrared object and will move the Servo and Buzzer.

New design for PVT system with elliptic cooling duct involving nanofluid in existence of MHD and utilizing TEG

This research investigates the integration of a thermoelectric-enhanced cooling elliptic duct into a photovoltaic solar system. Employing the finite volume method, the simulation aims to analyze the system's performance. Furthermore, the introduction of a magnetic field is explored as a strategy to boost electricity generation and overall system efficiency. The study is driven by the pursuit of enhanced energy conversion and a thorough comprehension of the complex dynamics within solar energy configurations. The nanofluid laminar flow within elliptic duct has been affected by magnetic force and better cooling has been achieved. Impacts of Wdust (amount of dust), Vi (inlet velocity into elliptic tube), Ha (Hartmann) and φ (fraction of additives) on thermal (ηth) and electrical (ηe) performance have been discussed in output section. With deposit of dust, ηth and ηe decrease about 9.07 % and 23.5 %. With rise of Ha, the uniformity of temperature over silicon layer improves and amounts of ηe and ηth increase about 1.18 % and 6.85 %.With mixing water with nanoparticles, the performance of panel enhances and positive effect enhances about 65.73 % and 7.35 % with elevate of Vi, in view of ηe and ηth, respectively. The enhancement of ηe and ηth with rise of Ha improves about 80.81 % and 15.1 % for greater Vi. As Vi intensifies, the better cooling occurs and amounts of ηe and ηth enhances about 4.03 % and 30.26 %. Achieving a uniform temperature distribution across the panel is crucial for assessing its performance. Increasing Vi and Ha leads to a substantial improvement in uniformity, with enhancements of approximately 47.35 % and 4.66 %, respectively. This indicates a more balanced heat distribution, which is a positive indicator of the system's efficiency.

A Fast Dielectric Response Measurement Instrument With Dynamic Power Supply Tracking and Active Suppression of Temperature Fluctuations

This paper proposes a fast frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) test scheme for diagnosing oil-paper insulation. The high-voltage output section introduces dynamic power supply tracking (DPST) and cascading techniques to generate high-voltage excitation signals. The DPST can increase the amplifier's voltage slew rate (SR) from 13 V per microsecond to 36.3 V per microsecond without crossover distortion. In the micro-current measurement section, the error active suppression structure of bias current and bias current under time-varying temperature conditions is proposed to improve the temperature stability of the measurement circuit. The fast testing technology shortens the test period by 65% in the low-frequency band by using the method of multi-frequency signal synthesis and partial cycle waveform fitting. The experimental results show that the total harmonic distortion and noise (THD+N) of the output voltage of the instrument are less than or equal to 0.078%. The voltage range is 780 Vpp. The standard deviation of current is less than 1.5%, and the standard deviation of tan δ is less than 1.7%, which verifies the stability of the designed instrument.

Three-dimensional vector ECG analysis in the diagnosis of the left anterior fascicular block

The relevance of the study is due to the complexity of the differential diagnosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) with myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy based on a standard ECG.Aim. Determination of the criteria for LAFB according to the data of three- dimensional vectorcardiography with an analysis of the rate of formation of the vector loop.Material and research methods. The study included 85 patients who underwent a 12-lead ECG study. 2 groups of patients were selected. The main group of 56 patients with LAFB, mean age was 63.3±16.6 (M±δ) years, 34 men and 22 women. The control group included 29 healthy individuals, the mean age was 21.4±2.5 (M± δ) years, 12 men and 17 women. All patients underwent synchronous recording of 12 standard ECG leads in the IS «Unified Cardiologist of the Republic of Tatarstan» and reconstruction of a three-d imensional vectorcardiogram using the McFee-Parungao system with an analysis of the vector loop formation rate using EasyECG Rest ATES Medica software (Russia).Results and conclusions. It is shown that for LAFB the movement of the vector loop counterclockwise is typical in the frontal plane; the presence of 2 extrema, the second is directed upwards, to the right and back. On the graph of the rate of formation of a spatial vector loop, 2 peaks are recorded with a decrease in the rate in the final part of the QRS loop by 2–2.5 times relative to the first peak, which reflects a slowdown in myocardial excitation in the output section of the left ventricle.

Simulation study for efficiency optimization of multi-beam klystron output cavity

Increasing klystron tubes’ efficiency is essential in developing new-generation colliders and free-electron lasers. Different factors can affect the efficiency of a multi-beam klystron. One of the significant factors is the electric field symmetry inside cavities, especially in the output section. In this research, two different types of couplers are investigated in the extraction cavity of a 40-beam klystron. The first approach is a single slot coupler, which is frequently utilized and easier to fabricate but disturbs the electric field symmetry inside the extraction cavity. The second method has a more complex structure with symmetric electric fields. In this design, the coupler consists of 28 mini slots on the inner wall of the coaxial extraction cavity. Both designs are evaluated via particle in cell simulations, and the results exhibit around 30% more power extracted from the structure with a symmetric field distribution. The symmetric structures can also decrease the number of back-streamed particles by up to 70%.

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE OUTPUT STREAMS OF OPTICAL RADIATION OF A RECTANGULAR SHAPE FOR VARIOUS VERSIONS OF THE OUTPUT SECTIONS OF THE LIGHT GUIDE NOZZLES FOR MEDICAL LASER EQUIPMENT

The article presents the results of a study of the homogeneity of rectangular optical radiation fluxes for different versions of the initial sections of the light guide nozzles. When conducting a significant part of laser exposure in medicine, pathological areas of biological tissue or their projections located on the surface of the body are covered with light spots with contours, as a rule, in the form of flat geometric shapes.
 The variability of the implementation of light spots in shape (circle, square, rectangle, triangle, rhombus, etc.) and linear dimensions of the cross section allows you to select the shape and size of the light spot, covering a specific pathological surface with minimal capture of intact tissues. At the same time, regardless of the shape and linear dimensions, the light spots should be as uniform as possible. To date, of particular interest is the provision of optical uniformity of rectangular light spots.
 Firstly, similar forms of spots are widely used under the influence of laser medicine. Secondly, in the original optical stages of laser equipment and the light guides connected to them, first of all, optical fibers of a cylindrical shape with a rounded cross section of the optical flow at the output are used. The purpose of this work is to optimize the parameters of light guide nozzles of medical laser equipment with rectangular output optical radiation fluxes by evaluating the uniformity of the power density distribution for various options for the output sections of the nozzles. In the work, optical flows at the output of three versions of the distal sections of light guides were studied. The light guides were formed by optical fibers, including the use of microlenses at the output ends, and were apertured by channel optical waveguides in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds.
 The experimental results obtained at the stage of physical modeling show the promise of using spherical micro-optical elements at the initial ends of optical fibers in combination with rectangular apertures in the form of channel optical waves to obtain rectangular light spots with a high level of optical homogeneity.

Fuzzy logic approach for seismic fragility analysis of RC frames with applications to earthquake-induced damage and construction quality

This study presents a fuzzy logic model which is able to consider various uncertainties for predicting the seismic fragility curves of the structure. The fuzzy models are generated based on a database (generated by the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique) which includes structure’s modeling parameters as input variables. Also, the output section of the database comprises the structure’s fragility parameters at three different limit states. Several classification decision tree-based Mamdani fuzzy logic models are constructed by converting the above-mentioned numerical database to qualitative labels. The appropriate number of membership functions and also pruning levels of the related decision tree are detected by automatically introducing the classification tree-based rules to the fuzzy model and performing about two million fuzzy analyses while evaluating the associated error versus the number of rules. On the basis of 200 structural models, a set of interpretable Mamdani fuzzy models are generated to predict the fragility curve parameters at different seismic performance levels. These fuzzy models can effortlessly perform further assessments such as sensitivity analysis and seismic performance assessment while considering the impact of earthquake damage and construction quality.

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF TAPIOCA FLOUR PRODUCTS AT PT GUNUNG SUGIH

PT Gunung Sugih is one of the industry players that produces tapioca flour in the form of 50 kg. Researchers conducted research on tapioca flour production in the input, process and output sections. The production process at PT Gunung Sugih has problems with raw materials, humans, machines, methods and the environment, causing damage to the product. The purpose of this study was to identify whether the level of damage that occurs in PT Gunung Sugih tapioca flour products is still within tolerance limits or not and to identify the factors that cause the most dominant damage. The method used in this study is the Statistical Process Control (SPC) method, with Check Sheet analysis tools, histograms, control charts and causal diagrams so that product damage that occurs can be indicated. The data sources used in this study are primary data and secondary data from PT Gunung Sugih in April 2023. Based on the existing data, statistical process control (SPC) analysis has been carried out, it is known that the damage that occurred in PT Gunung Sugih's tapioca flour production still within tolerance limits, and it is known that the main factors of product damage come from raw materials, people, machines and methods. The most dominant damage is damage to the water content that comes from the human factor, tapioca flour agglomerates from the machine and human factors, while the color damage is from the raw material and human factors, thus it is hoped that PT Gunung Sugih will improve operator supervision on raw materials, production processes and production results, work instructions can be given in writing and explained verbally at the beginning of each production and the end of work, hold regular and periodic meetings with employees, carry out periodic machine maintenance and provide safety equipment and silencers on the machine. this is to maintain product quality to remain good.

Impact of Phlebotomy Volume Knowledge on Provider Laboratory Ordering and Transfusion Practices in the Pediatric Cardiac ICU.

Phlebotomy can account for significant blood loss in post-surgical pediatric cardiac patients. We investigated the effectiveness of a phlebotomy volume display in the electronic medical record (EMR) to decrease laboratory sampling and blood transfusions. Cost analysis was performed. This is a prospective interrupted time series quality improvement study. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to medical personnel pre- and post-intervention. The study was conducted in a 19-bed cardiac ICU (CICU) at a Children's hospital. One hundred nine post-surgical pediatric cardiac patients weighing 10 kg or less with an ICU stay of 30 days or less were included. We implemented a phlebotomy volume display in the intake and output section of the EMR along with a calculated maximal phlebotomy volume display based on 3% of patient total blood volume as a reference. Providers poorly estimated phlebotomy volume regardless of role, practice setting, or years in practice. Only 12% of providers reported the availability of laboratory sampling volume. After implementation of the phlebotomy display, there was a reduction in mean laboratories drawn per patient per day from 9.5 to 2.5 ( p = 0.005) and single electrolytes draw per patient over the CICU stay from 6.1 to 1.6 ( p = 0.016). After implementation of the reference display, mean phlebotomy volume per patient over the CICU stay decreased from 30.9 to 14.4 mL ( p = 0.038). Blood transfusion volume did not decrease. CICU length of stay, intubation time, number of reintubations, and infections rates did not increase. Nearly all CICU personnel supported the use of the display. The financial cost of laboratory studies per patient has a downward trend and decreased for hemoglobin studies and electrolytes per patient after the intervention. Providers may not readily have access to phlebotomy volume requirements for laboratories, and most estimate phlebotomy volumes inaccurately. A well-designed phlebotomy display in the EMR can reduce laboratory sampling and associated costs in the pediatric CICU without an increase in adverse patient outcomes.

Design and simulation of a dynamically tunable 1× 2 power splitter using MZI configuration in the telecom regime

We propose an ultra-broadband, ultra-compact and a dynamically tunable power splitter on a silicon on Insulator (SOI) platform with a 220 nm thick silicon light-guiding layer, using two multimode interference (MMI) couplers connected with graphene-based waveguides as the phase-tuning section through a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) configuration. First, we theoretically present and demonstrate a novel design for the MMI couplers by combining the plane wave expansion method (PWEM) and the mode expansion conjecture concept. To verify the proposed theory, a center-fed MMI coupler and a MMI coupler, respectively, as the input and output sections of our proposed device, are designed and simulated. The simulation results achieved by Lumerical FDTD show good agreement with the design theory. Then, a highly tunable graphene-embedded silicon waveguide, for the highly efficient modulation of the effective mod index (EMI), is duly designed using Lumerical Mode Solutions. As the two MZI arms, a pair of the proposed waveguides is introduced into the middle of the cascaded MMI couplers. Accordingly, the integration properties of the analytically designed MMI couplers and the numerically designed waveguide is demonstrated through our proposed device for the aim of achieving any wanted power splitting ratio. To this end, we consider the case that the real part of the EMI of the waveguide in the lower MZI arm is modulated by varying the graphene Fermi level values, being the same for all the layers belonging to the same waveguide, while that of the upper arm is constant. The corresponding power splitting ratio can be dynamically tuned in the range of All reported results assume TE polarization. The designed MZI-based splitter possesses a bandwidth of over the wavelength range from to for various power splitting ratios, maintaining the averaged insertion loss and the averaged power imbalance, respectively, below as low as and The overall footprint of the proposed device is also highly small, i.e., about