Output Power Spectrum Research Articles

A Temperature-Insensitive Amplified Spontaneous Emission Broadband Source Based on Er-Doped Fiber**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11504320.

To obtain a stable amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source for complex environment applications, we design an ASE source and study the output power and spectral characteristics under different ambient temperatures. We optimize the structure of the ASE source to flatten the ASE spectrum, and study the output characteristics in terms of output power and optical spectrum under different pump powers. Then the performance of the ASE source is investigated in the temperature range from −18.9°C to 50°C. A stable-power and flat-spectrum ASE source can be obtained by structural optimization and pump control.

Investigation on efficiency declines due to spectral overlap between LDAs pump and laser medium in high power double face pumped slab laser

Abstract In high power diode lasers, the input cooling water temperature would affect both output power and output spectrum. In double face pumped slab laser, the spectrum of two laser diode arrays (LDAs) must be optimized for efficiency reason. The spectrum mismatch of two LDAs would result in energy storing decline. In this work, thermal induced efficiency decline due to spectral overlap between high power LDAs and laser medium was investigated. A numerical model was developed to describe the energy storing variation with changing LDAs cooling water temperature and configuration (series/parallel connected). A confirmatory experiment was conducted using a double face pumped slab module. The experiment results show good agreements with simulations.

Silicon Integrated Dual-Mode Interferometer with Differential Outputs.

The dual-mode interferometer (DMI) is an attractive alternative to Mach-Zehnder interferometers for sensor purposes, achieving sensitivities to refractive index changes close to state-of-the-art. Modern designs on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms offer thermally stable and compact devices with insertion losses of less than 1 dB and high extinction ratios. Compact arrays of multiple DMIs in parallel are easy to fabricate due to the simple structure of the DMI. In this work, the principle of operation of an integrated DMI with differential outputs is presented which allows the unambiguous phase shift detection with a single wavelength measurement, rather than using a wavelength sweep and evaluating the optical output power spectrum. Fluctuating optical input power or varying attenuation due to different analyte concentrations can be compensated by observing the sum of the optical powers at the differential outputs. DMIs with two differential single-mode outputs are fabricated in a 250 nm SOI platform, and corresponding measurements are shown to explain the principle of operation in detail. A comparison of DMIs with the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer using the same technology concludes this work.

1.5μm, mode-hop-free full C-band wavelength tunable laser diode with a linewidth of 8 kHz and a RIN of -130 dB/Hz and its extension to the L-band.

We demonstrate a narrow-linewidth, low-intensity noise, widely wavelength-tunable LD for which we adopted a long external cavity configuration (ECLD) with a tunable optical filter. By employing a simultaneous tuning circuit between the optical filter and the Fabry-Perot mode caused by the external cavity, the oscillation wavelength was successfully tuned over the full C-band without mode hopping. The tunable optical filter bandwidth was 0.55 nm (1530~1570 nm). We achieved a linewidth of less than 8 kHz obtained with a delayed self-heterodyne method. On the other hand, the linewidth estimated from the white noise level of the optical frequency modulation noise power spectrum of the laser output was as narrow as 314 Hz. A relative intensity noise (RIN) below -130 dB/Hz was simultaneously achieved over the C-band range. With the same configuration except for an optical filter with a filter bandwidth of 0.6 nm for L-band operation (1570~1610 nm), we also realized a full L-band wavelength tunable ECLD with a linewidth of less than 7.7 kHz and a RIN of below -126 dB/Hz.

Photon–phonon parametric oscillation induced by quadratic coupling in an optomechanical resonator

A direct photon–phonon parametric effect of quadratic coupling on the mean-field dynamics of an optomechanical resonator in the large-scale-movement regime is found and investigated. Under a weak pumping power, the mechanical resonator damps to a steady state with a nonlinear static response sensitively modified by the quadratic coupling. When the driving power increases beyond the static energy balance, the steady states lose their stabilities via Hopf bifurcations, and the resonator produces stable self-sustained oscillation (limit-circle behavior) of discrete energies with step-like amplitudes due to the parametric effect of quadratic coupling, which can be understood roughly by the power balance between gain and loss on the resonator. A further increase in the pumping power can induce a chaotic dynamic of the resonator via a typical routine of period-doubling bifurcation, but which can be stabilized by the parametric effect through an inversion-bifurcation process back to the limit-circle states. The bifurcation-to-inverse-bifurcation transitions are numerically verified by the maximal Lyapunov exponents of the dynamics, which indicate an efficient way of suppressing the chaotic behavior of the optomechanical resonator by quadratic coupling. Furthermore, the parametric effect of quadratic coupling on the dynamic transitions of an optomechanical resonator can be conveniently detected or traced by the output power spectrum of the cavity field.

Tunable differential modal gain in FM-EDFA system using dual pumping scheme at 100 Gbps system capacity

In this manuscript, we demonstrate a few-mode system by tailoring of ring-doped EDFA index profile to mitigate the effect of differential modal gain under the presence of ten spatial linearly polarized modes. The FM-EDFA system also gives better output power spectra, gain spectra and optical signal-to- noise ratio of an individual mode for wide range of wavelength window (C-band) and BER below $$10^{-10}$$10-10 at 100 Gbps. Moreover, the better performance in FM-EDFA system is achieved by selecting mode bidirectional pumping scheme.

785 nm grating-coupled external-cavity laser for shifted-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy

A 785 nm grating-coupled external-cavity (EC) laser was fabricated and applied as a light source for shifted-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) to extract Raman signal from the fluorescence background. A simple Littrow-type EC configuration with the grating lines parallel to the p–n junction was applied to narrow the linewidth of a commercially available high-power broad-area laser diode. The characteristics of the EC laser, including wavelength tuning range, output power, and emission spectra, were investigated in detail. A wavelength tuning range of more than 6 nm was realized at an injection current of 900 mA by simply changing the grating rotation angle. The output power after Raman probe coupling exceeded 40 mW and the spectral linewidth was narrowed significantly down to less than 0.1 nm from 0.9 nm (the free-running width). Then, five shifted emission lines were used for the Raman measurement with sesame oil as the target, whose Raman signal was overwhelmed in the fluorescence background. Due to the constraint relationship between the signal intensity and the spectral resolution, the best reproducibility of the Raman signal without fluorescence background was obtained when the excitation wavelength interval was fixed at around the linewidth of the Raman peak. In conclusion, the grating-coupled EC laser with flexible wavelength tunability, high output power, and narrow spectral linewidth was demonstrated to be an ideal light source for SERDS application.

Compensating the distortion of micro-speakers in a closed box with consideration of nonlinear mechanical resistance.

For micro-speakers in a closed box, commonly used nonlinear compensation methods only compensate the distortion caused by the force factor and the stiffness. In this letter, a method to compensate the distortion with consideration of the nonlinear mechanical resistance is proposed based on the feedback linearization criterion. The proposed method is further improved by minimizing the variation of the output power spectrum after compensation. The simulations and experiments show that the total harmonic distortion and the intermodulation distortion of the sound pressure can be reduced significantly with little influence on the sound pressure level.

Causal Role of Thalamic Interneurons in Brain State Transitions: A Study Using a Neural Mass Model Implementing Synaptic Kinetics.

Experimental studies on the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of mammals and rodents show that the inhibitory interneurons (IN) receive around 47.1% of their afferents from the retinal spiking neurons, and constitute around 20–25% of the LGN cell population. However, there is a definite gap in knowledge about the role and impact of IN on thalamocortical dynamics in both experimental and model-based research. We use a neural mass computational model of the LGN with three neural populations viz. IN, thalamocortical relay (TCR), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), to study the causality of IN on LGN oscillations and state-transitions. The synaptic information transmission in the model is implemented with kinetic modeling, facilitating the linking of low-level cellular attributes with high-level population dynamics. The model is parameterized and tuned to simulate alpha (8–13 Hz) rhythm that is dominant in both Local Field Potential (LFP) of LGN and electroencephalogram (EEG) of visual cortex in an awake resting state with eyes closed. The results show that: First, the response of the TRN is suppressed in the presence of IN in the circuit; disconnecting the IN from the circuit effects a dramatic change in the model output, displaying high amplitude synchronous oscillations within the alpha band in both TCR and TRN. These observations conform to experimental reports implicating the IN as the primary inhibitory modulator of LGN dynamics in a cognitive state, and that reduced cognition is achieved by suppressing the TRN response. Second, the model validates steady state visually evoked potential response in humans corresponding to periodic input stimuli; however, when the IN is disconnected from the circuit, the output power spectra do not reflect the input frequency. This agrees with experimental reports underpinning the role of IN in efficient retino-geniculate information transmission. Third, a smooth transition from alpha to theta band is observed by progressive decrease of neurotransmitter concentrations in the synaptic clefts; however, the transition is abrupt with removal of the IN circuitry in the model. The results imply a role of IN toward maintaining homeostasis in the LGN by suppressing any instability that may arise due to anomalous synaptic attributes.

Bubble characteristics by pressure fluctuation analysis in gas-solid bubbling fluidized beds with or without internal

Bubble flow characteristics were investigated in gas-solid bubbling fluidized beds (0.3 m-I.D×2.4m-high) with or without internals by power spectral analysis of absolute pressure fluctuation. Metallurgical grade silicon particles (MG-Si) were used as bed materials. The particle density and mean particle diameter were 2,328 kg/m3 and 154 μm, respectively. Absolute pressure fluctuations were measured simultaneously at two different positions: plenum chamber and beds. Absolute pressure fluctuation in the beds was measured according to the axial bed height in the range of 0.1 to 0.8m. The total sampling time of each data set was 60 s, and the sampling rate was 200Hz. Absolute pressure fluctuation data were converted to a power spectral density (PSD) by a Fast-Fourier transform (FTT) algorithm. The PSD in the beds was separated into coherent and incoherent output power. The bubble size was estimated from the standard deviation of the spectrum of incoherent output power, which occurred due to the bubble flow. The estimated bubble size determined by incoherence component analysis was compared to various empirical correlations to determine the bubble size without internals. The estimated bubble size agreed well with the correlation by Choi et al. [19]. The internals were installed 0.45 m above the distributor. With the installation of the internals, and at the bed height of 0.5m, the bubble diameter was decreased by 77% compared to the bubble without the internal at U0=0.15m/s.

Utilizing dual-pass composite-ring architecture for a stabilized and wavelength-selectable single-longitudinal-mode erbium-doped fiber laser

In this paper, we propose using a dual-pass composite-ring construction for a stable and wavelength-tunable erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser with a single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) output. According to the proposed laser architecture, a flattened output power spectrum within a 0.57 dB power variation can be obtained in the tuning range of 1530 to 1560 nm. In addition, the measured optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of each output wavelength can be larger than 62.1 dB. Furthermore, a stable and tunable dual-wavelength output of the proposed EDF laser scheme can also be achieved in the same operation range by using two optical filters inside a ring cavity. Here, the maximum and minimum mode spacing of dual-wavelength lasing in the proposed EDF laser are 28.01 and 1.04 nm, respectively. In this measurement, the SLM performance and output stability of the proposed EDF laser are analyzed and discussed experimentally.

Partial synchronous output of a neuronal population under weak common noise: Analytical approaches to the correlation statistics.

We consider a homogeneous population of stochastic neurons that are driven by weak common noise (stimulus). To capture and analyze the joint firing events within the population, we introduce the partial synchronous output of the population. This is a time series defined by the events that at least a fixed fraction γ∈[0,1] of the population fires simultaneously within a small time interval. For this partial synchronous output we develop two analytical approaches to the correlation statistics. In the Gaussian approach we represent the synchronous output as a nonlinear transformation of the summed population activity and approximate the latter by a Gaussian process. In the combinatorial approach the synchronous output is represented by products of box-filtered spike trains of the single neurons. In both approaches we use linear-response theory to derive approximations for statistical measures that hold true for weak common noise. In particular, we calculate the mean value and power spectrum of the synchronous output and the cross-spectrum between synchronous output and common noise. We apply our results to the leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model and compare them to numerical simulations. The combinatorial approach is shown to provide a more accurate description of the statistics for small populations, whereas the Gaussian approximation yields compact formulas that work well for a sufficiently large population size. In particular, in the Gaussian approximation all statistical measures reveal a symmetry in the synchrony threshold γ around the mean value of the population activity. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the role of coincidence detection in neural signal processing.

Spectral algorithm for non-destructive damage localisation: Application to an ancient masonry arch model

Structural monitoring and vibration-based damage identification methods are fundamental tools for condition assessment and early-stage damage identification, especially when dealing with the conservation of historical constructions and the maintenance of strategic civil structures. However, although the substantial advances in the field, several issues must still be addressed to broaden the application range of such tools and to assert their reliability. This study deals with the experimental validation of a novel method for non-destructive damage identification purposes. This method is based on the use of spectral output signals and has been recently validated by the authors through a numerical simulation. After a brief insight into the basic principles of the proposed approach, the spectral-based technique is applied to identify the experimental damage induced on a masonry arch through statically increasing loading. Once the direct and cross spectral density functions of the nodal response processes are estimated, the system's output power spectrum matrix is built and decomposed in eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The present study points out how the extracted spectral eigenparameters contribute to the damage analysis allowing to detect the occurrence of damage and to locate the target points where the cracks appear during the experimental tests. The sensitivity of the spectral formulation to the level of noise in the modal data is investigated and discussed. As a final evaluation criterion, the results from the spectrum-driven method are compared with the ones obtained from existing non-model based damage identification methods.

Calculation of output power and X-ray spectrum of Z-pinches based on multiwire arrays

We present mathematical models and methods of the computational experiment using a three-dimensional RMHD model simulating the implosion of Z-pinches formed by an imploding cylindrical array of thin tungsten wires. The calculations take into account the discrete structure of the array and the extended plasma formation at the evaporation of the wire material and they yield the estimated values of the output power and X-ray spectrum. The data are presented on the spatio-temporal distribution in the parameters of the Z-pinch plasma, including the velocity, electron and ion temperatures, ionization degree, and the power output integrated over space. We have also calculated the characteristics of the Z- pinch X-ray spectrum depending on the photon energy at different times after the discharge current starts. It has been found that the trailing mass of tungsten on the periphery affects the emission intensity of the central part of the pinch in the radial direction, which can be explained by the emission absorption in the peripheral plasma layers of the trailing tungsten mass. A detailed model has been constructed of the central pinch formed by the electric current implosion of the material of multiwire tungsten arrays. This model enables one to calculate the intensity of the soft X-ray emission with a temporal, spatial, angular, and spectral resolution for specific experiments on the Angara-5-1 experimental complex intended to study the implosion of cylindrical multiwire arrays, for which there is sufficient information about the time profile of the absolute emission intensity in the low-energy range of the X-ray emission. The obtained numerical results can be directly compared with the experimental values. The RMHD model simulating the implosion of Z-pinches has been verified by comparing its results with the experimental implosion indicators.

Phase noise and squeezing spectra of the output field of an optical cavity containing an interacting Bose–Einstein condensate

We present a theoretical study of the phase noise, intensity and quadrature squeezing power spectra of the transmitted field of a driven optical cavity containing an interacting one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate. We show how the pattern of the output power spectrum of the cavity changes due to the nonlinear effect of atomic collisions. Furthermore, it is shown that due to a one-to-one correspondence between the splitting of the peaks in the phase noise power spectrum of the cavity output field and the s-wave scattering frequency of the atom–atom interaction, one can measure the strength of interatomic interaction. In addition, we show how the atomic collisions affect the squeezing behavior of the output field.

Reduced-Rank DOA Estimation Algorithms Based on Alternating Low-Rank Decomposition

In this work, we propose an alternating low-rank decomposition (ALRD) approach and novel subspace algorithms for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. In the ALRD scheme, the decomposition matrix for rank reduction consists of a set of basis vectors. A low-rank auxiliary parameter vector is then employed to compute the output power spectrum. Alternating optimization strategies based on recursive least squares (RLS), denoted as ALRD-RLS and modified ALRD-RLS (MARLD-RLS), are devised to compute the basis vectors and the auxiliary parameter vector. Simulations for large sensor arrays with both uncorrelated and correlated sources are presented, showing that the proposed algorithms are superior to existing techniques.

Stable and Tunable Single-Longitudinal-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber Triple-Ring Laser With Power-Equalized Output

In this demonstration, we propose and investigate a stable and tunable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser structure. Here, in order to achieve the SLM output, the “eye-type” triple-ring scheme is designed in this EDF laser to suppress the densely spaced longitudinal modes. In the measurement, the output power and optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) are between 8.35 and 8.92 dBm and 33.2 and 35.7 dB, respectively, in the wavelength range of 1530 to 1560 nm. The proposed EDF laser architecture not only has free tuning step but provides stabilized and flattened output power spectrum as well.

Effect of the ion background on the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the output signal from the oscillator with the turbulent electron beam

The effect of the residual gas pressure on the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the output signal from the oscillator with the turbulent electron beam is examined. It is shown that ions resulting from gas ionization in the drift region promote formation of denser and more compact space charge bunches. Denser bunches increase the output signal power and aid in appearance of higher-order components in the spectrum, thus extending the working range to a higher-frequency region. When the device operates in the regime of noiselike signal generation, ions contribute to a decrease in the irregularity of the output power spectrum to about 0.3 dB in the working frequency range up to two octaves.

Unraveling of a detailed-balance-preserved quantum master equation and continuous feedback control of a measured qubit

We present a generic unraveling scheme for a detailed-balance-preserved quantum master equation applicable for stochastic point processes in mesoscopic transport. It enables us to investigate continuous measurement of a qubit on the level of single quantum trajectories, where essential correlations between the inherent dynamics of the qubit and detector current fluctuations are revealed. Based on this unraveling scheme, feedback control of the charge qubit is implemented to achieve a desired pure state in the presence of the detailed-balance condition. With sufficient feedback strength, coherent oscillations of the measured qubit can be maintained for arbitrary qubit-detector coupling. Competition between the loss and restoration of coherence entailed, respectively, by measurement back action and feedback control is reflected in the noise power spectrum of the detector's output. It is demonstrated unambiguously that the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly enhanced with increasing feedback strength and could even exceed the well-known Korotkov-Averin bound in quantum measurement. The proposed unraveling and feedback scheme offers a transparent and straightforward approach to effectively sustaining ideal coherent oscillations of a charge qubit in the field of quantum computation.

Harmonic distortion dependent on optical feedback, temperature and injection current in a vertical cavity surface emitting laser

In this paper, selective optical feedback is used to investigate the nonlinearity behaviours of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with the modulation signal. A single mode VCSEL with both parallel and orthogonal optical feedback (OF) signals modulated at 1 MHz frequency over a range of modulation depth is investigated. We also investigate the nonlinear characteristics of the orthogonal polarization modes XP and YP of the VCSEL by changing the injection current and temperature. The results show an enhancement in the harmonic distortions (HDs) of both XP and YP modes with parallel OF, and the total suppression of HDs with orthogonal OF. We show that for the VCSEL with orthogonal OF, the second and third harmonic components of the XP and YP modes decrease and reach the noise floor level of the output power spectrum. Additionally, peaks of second and third harmonic components change radically when varying the bias current and temperature. The results reveal that orthogonal OF can be employed as a new tool to improve the linear dynamic range and to control the nonlinear characteristics of the VCSEL, thus making these devices a promising optical source in present and future optical communication applications.