Electrical Energy Output Research Articles

Output performance analysis of a piezoelectric micro nuclear battery powered by radioisotopes

Abstract This paper investigates the output performance (output voltage, electrical energy output, power output) of a piezoelectric micro nuclear battery powered by radioisotopes. The theoretical formulations are base on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and include the effects of load nonlinearity due to radioactive source. By employing extended Hamilton’s principle, the nonlinear electromechanical Lagrange equations are derived then solved by using Runge-Kutta method to obtain the dynamic output response. The results based on present electromechanical dynamic model are validated through direct comparisons with the results in the open literatures. The effects of initial gap, length of the piezoelectric layer, thickness of the collector and load impedance on the output voltage, energy output and power output of the piezoelectric micro nuclear battery are discussed in detail.

Performing Magnetic Boundary Modulation to Broaden the Operational Wind Speed Range of a Piezoelectric Cantilever-Type Wind Energy Harvester

Small piezoelectric wind-induced vibration energy harvesting systems have been widely studied to provide long-term sustainable green energy for a large number of wireless sensor network nodes. Piezoelectric materials are commonly utilized as transducers because of their ability to produce high output power density and their simple structure, but they are prone to material fracture under large deformation conditions. This paper proposes a magnetic boundary modulated stepped beam wind energy harvesting system. On the one hand, the design incorporates a composite stepped beam with both high- and low-stiffness components, allowing for efficient vibration and electrical energy output at low wind speeds. On the other hand, a magnetic boundary constraint mechanism is constructed to prevent the piezoelectric sheet from breaking due to excessive deformation. Experiments have confirmed that the effective operational wind speed range of the harvester with magnetic boundary constraints is doubled compared to that of the harvester without magnetic boundary constraints. Furthermore, by adjusting the magnetic pole spacing of the boundary, the harvesting system can generate sufficiently high output power under high-wind-speed conditions without damaging the piezoelectric sheet.

Strategy for enhancing energy conversion efficiency and cyclist helmet safety: A theoretical and experimental study of diverse thermoelectric generator models

Recent studies have focused on Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) as a key to sustainable energy, using thermal power through temperature differentials to produce electric power. Despite the promise of TEGs, there is diversity of TEG models and the shortage of comprehensive evaluations on energy conversion. In particular, measuring the output of electrical energy and time of production across temperature variances, which has impeded their broad adoption. This research conducted a comprehensive analysis of TEG models. It used a new test rig designed in SolidWorks and actualized, coupled with MATLAB simulations to validate the predicted results. This includes developing a wearable device such as a helmet-mounted warning light for motorcyclists or cyclists. In the study, five different thermoelectric generator models (TEG1-12703, TEG1-12706, TEG1-12709, TEG1-12712, and TEG1-12715) were tested, these models showed varying power outputs of 66.46, 97.51, 117.5, 191.72 and 358.74 mW. Their efficiencies were 1.78 %, 1.982 %, 2.097 %, 2.567 % and 2.93 %, respectively, when ΔT reaches 30 °C. The experimental and theoretical data indicate discrepancies in results and thermal response delays due to heat transfer and energy conversion within the test rig’s layers. These discrepancies were addressed to adjust simulations closer to reality. A differential correction ratio (19.133 % for power, 17.94 % for efficiency) was applied to enhance prediction accuracy. After adjustment, the maximum power generation reached 1.64355, 2.8386, 3.83433, 4.6843, 4.96746 W. The maximum efficiency peaked at 2.236, 3.59462, 4.1184, 6.278154, 6.75779 %, respectively, when ΔT reaches 70 °C. The output power and efficiency from these TEGs could run certain sensors.The study shows that TEG model 12,715 excels in generating electrical energy with large temperature differences. However, its output nearly vanished under a 1 °C differential, ending tests prematurely. In contrast, the model 12,703 consistently generates electricity over long periods (more than 420 min) under minimal temperature differential, while it is unable to produce high power under greater differentials. This suggests that using diverse TEG models and integrating together to enhance the efficiency and continuity of free energy generation, depends on the models’ varied performance and temperature differences. Utilizing the results, five TEG units connected in parallel were installed on a cyclist’s helmet to power a rear warning light, this installation enhances night-time safety. These TEG models demonstrated continuous power generation, producing an average of 55.7 mW per hour with a temperature difference ΔT between 3.2 °C and 7.4 °C.

Analysis of the Influence of Variation in Medical Waste Heating Value on the Electrical Energy Output of Generator in Medical Waste Cogeneration Incinerator System using Gatecycle Solver

Abstract Medical waste incinerator is a technology capable of processing and exterminating hazardous medical waste through combustion at temperatures exceeding 800°C. Medical waste exhibits a range of heating values depending on its material composition. The heating value represents the potential heat energy released when a substance undergoes complete combustion. A cogeneration incinerator is designed to treat medical waste while also harnessing the heat of the flue gas that emanates from the combustion process. The flue gas acts as a hot fluid that transfers its heat, causing the water temperature inside the boiler to increase and transform into high-temperature steam. This steam drives a steam turbine connected to a generator to generate electrical energy. The amount of electrical energy generated is influenced by the steam quality produced through the boiler’s water-heating process. This study aims to investigate the influence of variation in the heating value in medical waste on the electrical energy output of the generator in a medical waste cogeneration incinerator system. The range of heating value variations used in the testing varies from 25 MJ/kg to 35 MJ/kg. The variation is tested through thorough simulations using GateCycle software to obtain data on the electrical energy generated. To achieve a maximum electrical energy output of 200 kW, fuel with a total heating value of 32.25 MJ/kg is required. This study is beneficial to be implemented as renewable energy sources based on biomass powerplant systems.

Multiphase soft metal enabled high-performance fabric-based wearable energy harvesting

Highly efficient and flexible power sources have always been the focus and goal in the field of wearable electronics. However, the existing wearable power sources are limited by their large size, high weight, electrolyte leakage, and poor mechanical compliance, which seriously hinders their practical applications. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to achieve and demonstrate a fabric-based high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) structure. The metals of gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), indium (In), and tin (Sn) are mixed according to specific mass ratios, and then they are transformed in liquid phase to form room-temperature multiphase soft metals of GaBiInSn. The material exhibits both metallic and fluidic properties, and possesses a characteristic of multiphase structure. The GaBiInSn material is directly deposited between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers and nonwoven fabrics to establish multi-level conductive and frictional interfaces, creating charge transfer and solid-liquid hybrid dielectric layers. Therefore, the thin film-type triboelectric nanogenerators with a structure of PTFE/GaBiInSn/nonwoven fabric (LM-P-TENGs) is manufactured. The LM-P-TENGs can be integrated onto fabrics without compromising their breathability, comfortableness, and flexibility. Particularly, LM-P-TENGs efficiently convert the mechanical energy of human limb movements into sustainable electrical energy output. Under the human limb mechanical triggering conditions, LM-P-TENG achieves a champion specific open-circuit voltage up to 900 V, peak short-circuit current density of 43.3 mA/m2, and high power density of 12.56 W/m2. This work demonstrates the application potential of room-temperature multiphase soft materials in flexible wearable power sources, while introducing a novel power supply mode for wearable electronics. Additionally, the LM-P-TENGs also present applications in self-powered wearables, medical biosensing systems, human-machine interaction systems, near-eye display systems, etc. for the flexible electronics.

A self-powered and self-sensing hybrid energy harvester for freight trains

Freight trains, being crucial for economic development, often face challenges due to the lack of electrical infrastructure. In this study, a self-powered and self-sensing hybrid energy harvester system (SS-HEH) is proposed, it consists of an electromagnetic generator (EMG), a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH), and an energy input module. The proposed EMG utilizes a rolling magnet to intersect the square coil, thereby better adapting to the operational conditions of freight trains and producing higher electrical energy output. Additionally, the PEH converts bogie vibration signals into electrical signals to detect bogie operations. The EMG acts on the PEH, inducing bending and generating electrical signals. Conversely, the PEH acts on the EMG to maintain it horizontally, enhancing its ability to absorb the vibration energy of the bogie and forming a bistable system. Furthermore, at a speed of 40 km/h, the EMG voltage with PEH increased by 43.75 % compared to the scenario without PEH. The electrical performance of the SS-HEH was assessed through shake table experiments, yielding an RMS voltage of 11.5 V and output power of 74.1 mW. In addition, combined with deep learning, SS-HEH has an accuracy of 97.41 % in detecting the operating status of bogie.

Electric energy output characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric transducer under pulse stress: A simplified model

Because of its excellent performance, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducers are commonly used to convert pulse kinetic energy into electrical energy. To quantify the relationship between the transducer's input pulse stress and output electrical energy, this study established a voltage output model by simplifying the pulse stress into a triangular pulse. Then, the model's reliability was verified through three experiments, and the causes of model deviations were determined. Subsequently, the influence of the transducer (area A and piezoelectric constant K), pulse stress (pulse rise time t1 and loading rate F1), and circuit (load resistance Rm and PVDF capacitance CP) on energy conversion were analyzed with the model. Results show A, K, and F1 are directly proportional to the maximum output voltage Vmax. As Rm increases, Vmax increases and gradually approaches the limit value, AKF1t1/CP. When the peak stress remains constant, the influence of t1 on Vmax is opposite to that of Rm. When CP is larger than t1/10Rm, reducing CP leads to Vmax increases, and the increasing rate is maximized as CP approaches t1/2Rm. This study clarifies the influence of key parameters in the harvester on its energy output characteristics, which is helpful for its optimizing design in different applications.

Estimation and Management of Wind Energy in Ikorodu Lagos Lagoon, Using Weibull Parametric Measurement to Electricity Production in Nigeria

This paper is an approach on the estimation and approximation management of wind energy production around the lagoon axis of Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria. The article concentrates on the availability of renewable resource such as wind to generate electrical energy in the greater Ikorodu metropolis of Lagos state Nigeria. Here, probability distribution function is used to generate the wind data. In this paper, three distinct methods are presented; Data time series analysis, Weibull probability function, and theoretical comparison with analytical concept. This research uses two important parameters for analyzing wind data: shape factor “k” and scale factor “c” from Weibull distribution function. The theoretical uses mathematical equations of popular methods such as: (a) Moment method, (b) Empirical Formula, or statistical standard deviation, (c) Peak likelihood, (d) modified peak likelihood, (e) double modified peak likelihood (f) graphical method or smallest mean square, and (g) energy sequence factor. The results obtained are tested to optimize the value from the Weibull parameters by adopting five techniques: (i) root average square error methodology, X2, power of agreement , MAPE, and RRMSE. The results expatiated on the practical and theoretical techniques design to confront the outcome of wind energy harnessed per 1.5 km2. Here, a differential optimization technique is used to determine the precision report. This serve as the basis of error litmus check existing between the wind energy determined by theory of statistical and mathematical Weibull Parametric function and the practical time-series data analysis in LSTM. Again, the wind data (speed and energy/power) were measured and recorded between January 2020 to December 2023 in the Ijede-Ikorodu Lagoon area of Lagos State. The optimized value for the shape factor k and scale factor c parametric measurement and management for maximizing the output electrical energy are obtained by using a well robust Weibull distribution function techniques and by absolutely determining and selecting the best position and location for installing the wind/wave alternators/generator. These generators come with turbines as a single unit. The measurement of the yearly average wind speed and average wind power are 10.09 ms-1 and 10.1 KWm-2, concurrently.

Analysis of transient energy conversion performance improvement of thermoelectric generator with penetrating crack under pulsed heat source

To simulate the performance of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) in practical applications more accurately and comprehensively analyse the influence of transient heat source and crack on such devices, it is necessary to examine the transient performance of TEGs with cracks under periodic pulsed heat source. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite element model with thermal, electrical, and mechanical coupling was established, and the laws describing the macroscopic electrical energy output and thermal stress distribution were derived. The position of the maximum thermal stress changed as the crack size varied. When the crack field axis was increased from 0.2 mm to 1.8 mm, the total output energy increased by 14.4 %, whereas the thermal stress increased to 447 MPa. The total energy growth rate under pulsed heat source conditions reached 52.3 % (from 62.71 J to 95.52 J) compared with that of the steady-state heat source. However, the maximum thermal stress increased by 173.6 % (from 91 MPa to 249 MPa). The results show that the crack and pulsed heat source can effectively improve the electrical output performance of TEGs; however, their mechanical properties deteriorated. This study is useful in terms of predicting the performance of TEGs in practical applications more accurately.

Application of Piezoelectricity on Running Tracks: A Prototype for the Realization of Sustainable and Efficient Energy

Electrical energy has become a basic necessity today. As the population increases, the amount of electricity demand is also increasing. Therefore, many innovations are needed to meet these needs. One of the innovations in energy harvesting systems is the use of piezoelectricity. This research aims to create a piezoelectric-based running track prototype to produce environmentally friendly electrical energy. The arrangement of piezoelectric sensors used in this research is a parallel circuit. The research method used is the Research and Development method. The test results on the physical activities of walking, running, and jumping show that the prototype system that has been made has worked well and produces a fairly stable electric voltage even though it is still in a small amount. the difference in activity and body weight that presses the prototype produces different electric voltages. For walking activity, the prototype is able to produce a maximum voltage output of 0.83V, running activity has a maximum output of 5.83V and the maximum voltage output of jumping activity is 7.88V. The use of energy is done by storing the energy obtained from the piezoelectric in the battery, which can later be monitored directly by the voltage sensor, bluetooth module, HC-05, and RTC module the data will be sent to the cell phone so that the piezoelectric output voltage can be recorded and monitored. The electrical energy output generated by the piezoelectric is able to charge the battery and switch on the LED light at 2.5 V.

Energy hub management for integrated energy systems: A multi-objective optimization control strategy based on distributed output and energy conversion characteristics

To improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of energy, a multi-objective optimization control strategy applied to the energy hub (EH) within the system is proposed to address the electrical and thermal load distribution of the integrated energy system (IES) and the low-carbon economic operation. First, a model of the electrical and thermal energy outputs is established based on the characteristics of the IES network and the multidimensional “load parameter” evolution law. Moreover, a distributed control strategy is proposed that utilizes the information interaction between neighboring EHs to accurately share the electrical and thermal loads, which reduces the communication burden of the system while avoiding overloads. Furthermore, to coordinate the optimal operation of the devices within the hub, based on the energy conversion characteristics of the EH, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed that considers low-carbon and economic aspects to realize efficient energy use. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy effectively improves the robustness of the system while realizing proportional load distribution and low-carbon economic operation. Under the same load, when focusing on system economics, the operating cost is 2.182/¥ lower than when focusing on low-carbon systems, but carbon emission is 1.6753/kg CO2 higher.

Efficient solar utilization: Multifunctional solar absorber devices realize self-driven hydrogen production

Considered as one of the effective approaches to address the energy crisis and develop green and sustainable energy, the application of solar energy in multiple stages was investigated in this study. By designing a WS2/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction, a multifunctional coupling system based on interfacial water evaporation technology was constructed. In this system, the water evaporation rate was 1.67 kgꞏm−2ꞏh−1, and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rhodamine B reached 96.5 %. Moreover, the electric energy output from thermoelectric conversion was innovatively in situ applied for photocatalytic hydrogen production, which increased the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency by five times, with a hydrogen production rate of 40.3 μmolꞏcm−2ꞏh−1. This study successfully integrated thermoelectric power generation, photocatalytic hydrogen production, and photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater into an advanced solar-driven interface evaporation system, enabling the simultaneous conversion of solar energy into multiple forms of energy, improving solar energy utilization efficiency, which was of great significance for promoting the practical application of solar energy.

A Spontaneous Heavy Hydrogen Generator via a Protium Redox.

The extreme significance of heavy hydrogen (D2) in medicinal, nuclear, and chemical sectors, despite its scarce natural abundance, underscores the vital imperative for inventing novel chemistries for its production. We showcase a spontaneous heavy hydrogen generator during commensurate electrical energy production by decoupling the direct chemistry of OD-/D+ dual ions via a protium redox. This exergonic electrochemistry yields ∼357 mL of D2 in nearly 85 h of continuous operation, with a commensurate electrical energy output of 122 kJ/per mole of D2. This laboratory-level demonstration of spontaneous heavy hydrogen production presents a novel chemistry for the scalable manufacture of nonprimordial D2.

Double-side super-hydrophilic/superspreading fabric for ultrafast asymmetric sweat transport and in-situ power generation

Asymmetric (viz. Janus or one-way transport) fabrics that can promote directional sweat transport from the next-to-the-skin surface to the outer surface by the hydrophobic-hydrophilic difference across the fabric thickness have been developed. However, the hydrophobic next-to-the-skin surface inevitably increases the inherent resistance to sweat transportation into the fabric, fundamentally hampering its moisture management property. In this work, by selectively coating a poly-pyrrole (ppy) film with Turing patterns on one side of the fabric to achieve superspreading property, we demonstrated an all-hydrophilic asymmetric fabric with outstanding one-way liquid sweat transport property. Benefiting from the low resistance of sweat absorption, the all-hydrophilic fabric exhibited a dramatically increased directional sweat transport rate of 13.6 mm/s, which is 5.9 times that of the untreated fabric, and significantly enhanced sweat evaporation rate (1.56 times of the untreated fabric) and cooling performance. Furthermore, the conductive ppy-fabric, during the process of ultra-fast sweat transport, generated a potential of 150 mV over an area of 2×2 cm2 or scalable electrical energy output of 2.5 mW/m2 under continuous sweat transportation. The finding in this work not only provided new insight into the design and development of asymmetric fabric for ultrafast sweat transport but also proposed a novel method for the in-situ energy harvesting during the sweat transportation process, which has potential applications in self-powered smart wearables and functional clothing.

Investigating the annual performance of air-based collectors and novel bi-fluid based PV-thermal system

This paper presents dynamic air-based models of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector. The models are developed with the aim of estimating the temperature of the collector components and therefore of estimating the annual generation of electrical energy and thermal energy outputs, by using actual climate data of six different cities based on Köppen-Geiger-Photovoltaic (KGPV) climate zones. The results show that the unglazed type collector has the best PV cooling while the dual channel collector has the best air heating among air-based PVT collectors. The results also indicate that the use of additional fluid enhances both electrical and thermal performance. The dynamic models are validated by comparison with results found in the literature. The paper also discusses a novel bi-fluid PVT system combined with a storage tank and an H-infinity based robust controller that can handle uncertainties. The results of the bi-fluid system show that the fraction of energy demand covered by the system is highly dependent on climate conditions and the collector’s surface area. It was found that for a small-scale house (standard for four people), the proposed system can cover more than 70% annual domestic hot water demand for cities with high solar irradiance and 32% for a city with low solar irradiance.

Contact force and pressure analysis of the three-row roller pitch bearing in a large-scale wind turbine

Pitch bearings are the key components of wind turbines (WTs). The reliability of pitch bearings affects the electric energy output efficiency of WTs. Due to its large loading ability, constant contact angle and high stiffness, the three-row roller slewing bearing (TRSB) is becoming a more attractive choice as a pitch bearing, especially in large-scale WTs. The contact force and pressure distributions significantly affect the fatigue life of a three-row roller pitch bearing (TRPB). Therefore, it is essential to propose a precise calculation method for the contact force and pressure. The present work establishes a quasi-static five degree-of-freedom (DOF) mathematical model for TRPBs, in which the bearing under general loading conditions is considered. The influences of combined external forces, overturning moments and inner ring misalignment angle on the contact force and pressure distributions of TRPBs are comprehensively investigated. According to the analysis results, the overturning moment and axial force can significantly affect the number of load-carrying rollers in each row. Furthermore, a slight variation of the inner ring angular misalignment has a significant effect on the contact force and pressure of TRPBs. Finally, it is more prone to pressure concentration in the non-crowned roller than that in the crowned roller, especially in the case of the inner ring with a misalignment angle. Since the high calculation efficiency and accuracy, the proposed method has remarkable potential applications in the fatigue life prediction and design of TRPBs.

Ultra-stretchable and high performance fibrous TENG with helically structured dual-channel Liquid Metal electrode

Fibrous triboelectric nanogenerators (FTENGs) are highly desirable nano-energy harvesting devices due to largely available contact area and convenience in integration, which enables more efficient conversion of randomly disordered low-mass mechanical energy into electrical energy. Unfortunately, the high triboelectric output of existing FTENGs under mechanical deformations is considerably limited due to their inherently low stretchability of conductive or friction materials. Therefore, simplified equivalent models are established by mimicking the core–shell structure of natural silk, which discuss the influence of different structural variables of fibers on the electrical energy output, thus guiding the design of construction as well as enhancing the triboelectric behaviors. Herein, we successfully constructed a dual-structure variable FTENG (DF) (dual-channel electrode, twisting) that combines excellent stretch and electric performance by utilizing an efficient and scalable thermal stretching, twisting, and injection process. The twisting process assigns the FTENG a larger effective contact area to enhance the surface charge density of the friction material, while the dual-channel electrode enable faster charge transfer, resulting in a significant improvement in the triboelectric output performance. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the DF is up to 265.8 V/m, far surpassing the non-structure variable, single electrode-structure variable and single twisting-structure variable counterpart FTENGs, providing remarkable durability. Also, a single DF has a strain at break of up to 862.3 %, exhibiting excellent mechanical stretchability. Moreover, multiple DFs can achieve more significant electrical output characteristics. The dual-structure variable design and the facile manufacturing method will bring inspiration for the preparation of high-performance energy production devices.

Encapsulation structure and in-situ embedding test and model study of a new type of road piezoelectric energy collector

In recent years, research on road piezoelectric energy harvesters (RPEH) has made great progress in the field of road vibration energy harvesting. However, the research on the packaging structure and embedding method of RPEH is not comprehensive. In this paper, a new type of transducer unit structure is developed, which can improve the electrical energy output compared with the drum piezoelectric transducer, and its waterproof performance of the transducer unit is tested under different water depth and duration. Then, a new RPEH package structure is made, and the output performance is compared with the three commonly used package structures in the current research, and the field construction of RPEH with different embedding methods is carried out on the actual road to evaluate the electrical energy output capacity of RPEH under different embedding methods, and the best construction method of RPEH is summarized through durability test. Finally, the three-dimensional simulation model of RPEH with different construction methods is established, and the stress and voltage are analyzed by finite element method to verify the best embedding method. The test results show that the piezoelectric output efficiency of the new transducer unit is increased by 38.9 %, and it still has good electrical energy output after 24 h immersion at a depth of 1.5 m, and its waterproof level reaches IPX8. Under larger excitation frequency and load, the indoor output of RPEH in the new package structure has better output performance in indoor test. The bolt-spring package is used to apply pre-pressure to RPEH, and the output efficiency of RPEH is improved. When the excitation conditions are 10 kN, 10 Hz, the output power is increased by 11.1 %, 127.3 % and 247.4 % compared with the other three package structures. The maximum power of RPEH is 3.41 W by placing concrete on the bottom surface of RPEH sponge washer and using asphalt as the pavement layer to ensure the durability of piezoelectric pavement. The finite element analysis illustrates the strain and voltage variation of piezoelectric pavement with different embedment modes, and the simulation results are consistent with the test results. The research results provide an important basis for the design of RPEH packaging structure and embedding method in road piezoelectric engineering.

Experimental study on the effect of water-heat-force triple-field coupling on the electrical and fatigue properties of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement

Road piezoelectric energy capture technology has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the research of road piezoelectric energy harvester (RPEH) in road environment has rarely been reported. Therefore, in this study, Cement stabilized layer power generation pavement were prepared. Firstly, the output performance of an RPEH under different environmental factors (load, temperature, and water immersion) was tested through indoor tests. Secondly, the 3D simulation model of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement has established, and the output performance of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement has simulated and analyzed under the coupled environment of water, heat and force. Then, the short-term fatigue performance of the RPEH under harsh environments was evaluated. Finally, the fatigue life of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement under extreme environment is predicted by 3D simulation model. The results reveal that the excitation load is the main factor affecting the electrical energy output of the RPEH; The voltage increase is 204.3 % when the excitation load is increased from 0.26 MPa to 1 MPa. Furthermore, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the equivalent force of cement stabilized layer and the effect of stress reduction is affected by water immersion environment; When the excitation load is 0.7 MPa, the temperature increases from 20℃ to 50℃, and the immersed environment is 500, 1000 and 1500 ml, the stress attenuation rates are 0.28 %, 0.34 % and −0.025 %, respectively. The water-immersed environment which attenuates the equivalent force and output voltage by more than 40 % and simultaneously attenuates the enhancement effect of the load and temperature on the voltage output of the RPEH. The short-term fatigue degradation rate of piezoelectric ceramics under high temperature and water immersion is 18.5 %, The accuracy of the 3D simulation model in extreme environment was verified through the comparison between the laboratory test results and the 3D simulation results, and the fatigue life of cement stabilized layer power generation pavement was predicted to be greater than five years. The results of this study provide an important reference for the construction design of RPEH for complex road environments.

Photo-Stimulated Zn-based Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives.

Solar energy, as a renewable energy source, dominates the vast majority of human energy, which can be harvested and converted by photovoltaic solar cells. However, the intermittent availability of solar energy restricts the actual utilization circumstances of solar cells. Integrating photo-responsive electrodes into an energy storage device emerges as a dependable and executable strategy, fostering the creation of photo-stimulated batteries that seamlessly amalgamate the process of solar energy collection, conversion, and storage in one system. Endowed by virtues such as cost-effectiveness, facile manufacturing, safety, and environmental friendliness, photo-stimulated Zn-based batteries have attracted considerable attention. The progress report furnishes a brief overview, summarizing various photo-stimulated Zn-based batteries. Their configurations, operational principles, advancements, and the intricate engineering of photoelectrode designs are introduced, respectively. Through rigorous architectural design, photo-stimulated Zn-based batteries exhibit the ability to initiate charging by saving electricity usage, and in certain instances, even without the need for external electrical grids under illumination. Furthermore, the compensation of solar energy can be explored to improve the output electric energy. At last, opportunities and challenges toward photo-stimulated Zn-based batteries in the process of development are proposed and discussed in the hope of expanding their application scenarios and accelerating the commercialization progress.