Yield Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

Comprehensive analysis of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus via transcriptome-wide m6A methylome response to cycloleucine

Aspergillus flavus and its toxic aflatoxins secondary metabolites contaminate food and grains, posing a severe threat to human health and leading to liver cancer. Here, we demonstrated that cycloleucine blocked aflatoxin B1 synthesis by inhibiting N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). m6A Methylation Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (m6A MeRIP-Seq)-based comprehensive transcriptome-wide m6A profiling identified 102 differentially expressed genes that underwent m6A modification, of which 22 hypermethylated genes were downregulated and 49 hypomethylated genes were upregulated, suggesting a negative correlation between m6A methylation and gene expression. Notably, cycloleucine inhibited aflatoxin B1 production via multiple targets. The m6A sites of several key genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched in the coding sequence and around the stop codon, resulting in their downregulation. Furthermore, m6A methylation on genes related to the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway led to reduced mRNA stability. Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. Environmental implicationAflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. Aflatoxins has also been linked to developmental delays and liver cancer in humans. In our study, ‘monitoring aflatoxin concentrations and its bioaccumulation in organisms’ has been conducted. The results demonstrated that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was completely blocked after cycloleucine treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of aflatoxin was linked to N6-methyladenosine methylation of multiple genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway.

The Efficiency of Transfer Learning and Data Augmentation in Lemon Leaf Image Classification

Leaf diseases in trees and plants are important factors that directly affect the yield of agricultural products. This problem may cause a decrease in the production capacity and profitability of farmers. For this reason, computer-aided detection and classification systems are needed to accurately detect plant diseases. In recent years, learning algorithms and image-processing techniques have been used effectively in the agricultural sector. In this study, the efficiency of transfer learning and data augmentation methods on a dataset consisting of lemon leaf images is examined and the classification of diseased and healthy lemon leaf images is performed. In our study, VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet201 transfer learning methods were applied both with and without data increment, and the effect of data augmentation on performance was evaluated. Among the deep transfer learning methods used, DenseNet201 gave the highest accuracy rate with 98.29%. This study shows that transfer learning methods can effectively distinguish between diseased and healthy lemon leaves. It has also been observed that data augmentation does not always provide performance improvement. In future studies, it is predicted that it will be appropriate to evaluate the effect of data augmentation more effectively by applying deep transfer learning methods to plants with different class numbers.

Identification and analysis of CdS-RNase in Camellia drupifera: A key determinant of late-acting self-incompatibility

Plant self-incompatibility (SI) is of great significance in reproductive biology and is also the main factor affecting yield in agricultural production. Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI) is one of the main types of plant SI, but the mechanism of LSI is not systematically analyzed. Tea oil Camellia, a strictly outcrossing plant, is a well-known woody oil cash crop. SI is one of the main reasons for the low yield of tea oil Camellia. In this study, we found that C. drupifera, one of the main species of tea oil Camellia, shows LSI, in which SI occurs in the style, and pollen tube growth in the ovary ceases at 96 h after selfing. The CdS-RNase gene of Camellia drupifera was successfully cloned, and the gene showed a length of 922 bp and encoded 238 amino acids. CdS-RNase had typical S-RNase characteristics. The functional validation results revealed that CdS-RNase was a key female factor for SI in C. drupifera, indicating that S-RNase plays an important role in the plant LSI mechanism. CdS-RNase localized to the cell membrane, was specifically expressed in the style and transferred to the ovary, and inhibited pollen tube growth in the style and ovary. There was an "enhancer factor" for the expression of CdS-RNase in selfing styles. Between 24 h and 48 h after selfing, CdS-RNase expression was significantly upregulated 28.3 times, which was more than 2.5 times higher than the outcross expression level and more than 5 times lower than the cross expression level. A total of 28 CdS-RNase proteins were identified, including 6 CdSm-RNases, and outcrossing among different CdS-RNase genotypes had a significant effect on the fruit setting rate. It may be that mismatches among CdS-RNase genotypes and self-inbreeding are the main reasons for the low yield of C. drupifera. These results provide a basis for the systematic analysis of the LSI mechanism and for solving the SI problem of tea oil Camellia.

ОЦІНКА ВПЛИВУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ РЕСУРСОЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НА ФІНАНСОВУ ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРА ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the study is to improve the methodological support for the assessment of the financial efficiency of the agricultural sector of Ukraine under the influence of the innovative potential management of its resource provision. The main scientific methods used in the study are fundamental provisions of the theory of innovation and finance, correlation and multifactor regression analysis, mathematical programming, etc. According to the results of the conducted research the parameter of technological progress as an indicator of the level of innovation development of the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy was obtained after modelling of autoregressive multiplicative Tinbergen-Solow production function. The numerical value of the technological progress parameter indicates a potential for additional growth in agricultural output of +0.142%, while other conditions remain unchanged. 23 indicators of the state of the resource provision of the agricultural sector were systematized in 4 groups: the results of the production activity of the agricultural sector (6 indicators), the resource supply of the agricultural sector (8 indicators), the efficiency of the use of resources by agricultural enterprises (4 indicators), and sustainability of the financial condition of agricultural enterprises (5 indicators). A power-law four-factor regression model of the impact of the output volume of the agricultural sector, the value of current assets, return on capital and the current liquidity ratio on the volume of net profit of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine was obtained. It is proved that the elasticity of net profit for agricultural output is 0.01%, for the value of current assets - 1.46%, for capital accumulation - 0.72%, for current liquidity - 3.2%. We constructed the target functions of maximization of the agricultural production output on the basis of the Tinbergen-Solow production function, net profit on the basis of the four-factor power model of net profit, return on equity on the basis of the two-factor DuPont model for the short term. The solving of target functions allowed for maximization of the return on equity of agrarian enterprises of Ukraine only at the expense of the existing innovation potential of production resources and will be used in further research by the authors.

Performance-Evaluation Index for Precision Poverty Alleviation in China’s Shaanxi Province

An effective and accurate poverty-alleviation system is necessary for eradicating poverty and promoting regional economic and social growth. Performance evaluation plays a key role in developing a precise poverty-alleviation policy. However, systematic performance evaluation of precise poverty-alleviation efforts has been largely ignored in the literature. This study sorts the poverty-alleviation performance of 10 major urban areas in Shaanxi Province using the count and analysis method. The empirical findings show that among poverty indexes, the yield of agricultural products has the greatest impact on poverty alleviation. Furthermore, the poverty-alleviation performance of Xianyang, Weinan, and Ankang is relatively high. The efforts of Xi’an and Baoji are at the middle level, and those of Tongchuan and Yan’an are at a relatively low level. This paper identifies the poverty alleviation performance status for each area at the indicator level and then offers a corresponding analysis and proposes countermeasures.

Structural change in the South African agricultural sector: Bai-Perron modelling

There is a consensus that the agricultural sector in developing countries has ascendancy in elevating economic growth through structural change; hence continued improvements are imperative, especially in the case of countries such as South Africa with a low agricultural GDP contribution to the economy. Policymakers have to keep a handle on structural change issues. However, the dawdling research on structural change, particularly in the agricultural sector in South Africa, causes a fallback on the sector's development due to the absence of quality evidence-based policy research. This study analysed structural breaks in the agricultural sector using the value of agricultural production as a variable and then evaluated the effects of economic factors such as employment, exports, government expenditure, and inflation on the value of agricultural production output in the presence of each significant structural break between 1983 and 2020. The Bai-Perron test forecasted two structural break dates (1988 and 1994) in South Africa's agricultural sector. The model results reveal that agricultural exports positively influenced the value of agricultural production output in the resulting two structural change regimes, while employment in agriculture, government expenditure in agriculture, and inflation positively influenced the value of agricultural production output only in the regime 1994–2020. The recommendation is that policy reforms aimed at boosting agricultural exports should be pursued.

Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing a Piperidine Moiety as New Bactericide Leads for Managing Plant Bacterial Diseases.

Plant bacterial diseases are an intractable problem due to the fact that phytopathogens have acquired strong resistances for traditional pesticides, resulting in restricting the quality and yield of agricultural products around the world. To develop new agrochemical alternatives, we prepared a novel series of sulfanilamide derivatives containing piperidine fragments and assessed their antibacterial potency. The bioassay results revealed that most molecules displayed excellent in vitro antibacterial potency towards Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). In particular, molecule C4 exhibited outstanding inhibitory activity toward Xoo with EC50 value of 2.02 µg mL-1, which was significantly better than those of the commercial agents bismerthiazol (EC50 = 42.38 µg mL-1) and thiodiazole copper (EC50 = 64.50 µg mL-1). A series of biochemical assays confirmed that compound C4 interacted with dihydropteroate synthase, and irreversibly damaged the cell membrane. In vivo assays showed that the molecule C4 presented acceptable curative and protection activities of 34.78% and 39.83%, respectively, at 200 µg mL-1, which were greater than those of thiodiazole and bismerthiazol. This study highlights the valuable insights for the excavation and development of new bactericides that can concurrently target dihydropteroate synthase and bacterial cell membranes.

Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil

Abstract One of the challenges of the modern world is to improve human nutrition and to safely increase the yield of agricultural production using existing agricultural land. It is clear that sufficient agricultural efficiency cannot be achieved without fertilizers, but fertilizers must cause minimal damage to the soil. Microorganisms, such as spore-forming bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa play an important role in the soil and keep soil healthy. One of the soil substances involved in reactions that take place in plants is cellulose. This study investigated the effect of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), synthesized (via conversion between potassium chloride and ammonium dihydrophosphate) and granulated with the addition of microcrystalline cellulose (MC), on plants (winter wheat Toras, Lithuania) and soil microorganisms. The data of plants fertilized with pure KH2PO4, ones fertilized with PDP granulated with MC, and grown without fertilizers were compared in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were used to characterize the obtained product. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences of the mean values between groups. In all cases, the significance level was p ≤ 0.05. The effect of pure KH2PO4 on plant indicators was found to be lower than that of granular PDP with MC. The length of the leaves was 29.63 and 31.20 cm, green mass was 0.471 and 0.763 g, ash mass was 0.015 and 0.019 g, respectively. In addition, granular PDP with MC did not adversely affect the soil microorganisms because the number of any species of bacteria (Spore b., mineral nitrogen assimilating bacteria, cellulose degrading bacteria) did not decrease and a slight increase in the number of Actinomycetes (from 8.5 × 105 to 2.9 × 106 KSV/g) and molds (from 3.0 × 104 to 1.4 × 105 KSV/g) was observed. The granular PDP with MC that we developed and used have better physical properties, higher agrochemical efficiency and cause less harm to soil microorganisms compared to pure PDP.

The Impact of the Cost-Sharing Contract on Capital-Constrained Agricultural Supply Chains

This study attempts to determine the optimal production and pricing decisions of E-Agri-SCF (agricultural product supply chain financed by e-commerce) and analyzes the influence of financing parameters on the optimal decision. Research indicates that the optimal purchase price decision increases with the expansion of the financing interest rate and declines with the expansion of the capital opportunity cost. The expected output factor of agricultural products has no influence on the optimal purchase price decision. The optimal production decision of the farmer declines with the expansion of the financing interest rate and the opportunity cost of capital and increases with the increase in the expected output factor of agricultural products. In particular, we show that due to the uncertainty in the output of agricultural products, the losses caused by decentralized decision-making in the E-Agri-SCF will increase. Therefore, this article proposes using a cost-sharing contract to promote the coordination of E-Agri-SCF. We prove that when farmers share more costs, they obtain higher benefits, while the e-commerce platform does the opposite. This is because the participation of e-commerce platforms in financing has changed the revenue structure of the supply chain. The findings of this article are very meaningful, as they provide management opinions on the financing terms of E-Agri-SCF.

Implementing the resource potential sustainability of small-scale agricultural entities in cooperative associations of Ukraine

The aim of the study is to study the functional features of peasant farms in Ukraine and the use of their resource potential, taking into account their regional characteristics and main trends in the Ukrainian economy. The article introduces the process of exploiting the resource potential of small-scale agricultural entities in Ukraine in terms of sustainable development. The materials of this article are im-portant because of the economy of Ukraine, including the agricultural sector, should be developed by European-style innovations to accelerate the process of Ukraine's admission to the European Union. The theory of family-and-labor economy was used as a methodological basis of the research. To assess the influ-ence of the basic components of the resource potential of farms on their operation efficiency, a standard Cobb-Douglas production function is applied. The research analyses trends of agricultural sustainable development in the EU (European Un-ion) countries and Ukraine along with the factors determining the specific func-tioning of each sector. To study the regional functional features of farms, it was built a resultative image of the production function for the gross output of agricul-tural production in the clusters. The absolute dependence of the rating of the re-source potential of farms on its production component is identified; the activity of peasant households is based on an intensification principle, on which well-being depends. An attempt to predict the economic activity of small-scale agricultural entities in Ukraine was made both for individual and cooperative entities. The re-search shows that in the case of active development of agricultural cooperatives, the influence of peasant farms on the national food market, and well-being will be growing as well as the share of entities engaged in commodity production.

Scientific and practical basis of assessing the impact of water-saving technologies on crop productivity and product quality

The purpose of this article is to develop suggestions and recommendations aimed at the effective use of water resources, taking into account the water shortage not only in Uzbekistan, but also in the world in the context of global climate change and water scarcity. Logical thinking, comparative and comparative analysis methods were used to explain the topic, and it was highlighted that the state’s support and encouragement in the use of water-saving technologies leads to rational and economical use of water. Research conducted by foreign scientists on how irrigation technology affects the yield of agricultural products the results obtained based on this were studied by the authors and suggestions were made.

The Agricultural Sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Analysis of the State, Problems and Ways of Solution

Relevance of the topic – one of the main objectives of the economic security of the country is to create competitive industries to meet the needs of the population and replace imports of socially essential goods. Kazakhstan's consumer market still retains a high share of imported products, so for the sustainable development of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to form and activate potential economic growth points, primarily in the agricultural and industrial sectors. The purpose is to study the current state of the agricultural industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to identify trends in its development. The methods include the systematization of information from the analyzed literature sources: analysis, synthesis, structuring, and traditional ways of economic analysis, such as comparison and details. Results – the state of the agricultural industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan was analyzed; a comparison of indicators of agricultural production output of the Commonwealth countries was carried out; key areas affecting the increase in the gross domestic product of the country by increasing the production of agricultural products were identified. It is recommended to build a model for assessing the state of problems to improve the level of development of the agro-industrial complex.

Meat production in Abay district of Abay region of Kazakhstan in the context of intensification of technological processes in agro-industrial complex

The goal – is to analyze modern development of meat industry in Abay district of Abay region, identify advantages and disadvantages, as well as develop a set of measures for the effective functioning of meat and meat products market. Methods – balance, monographic, statistical and economic, settlement and constructive. Results – main indicators of development of livestock sector and meat industry of the region are considered, in particular, the share of crop and livestock production in the gross output of agricultural products (services) is shown; the number of livestock and poultry in all categories of farms, including cattle, sheep and goats, horses; production in slaughter weight; dynamics of the volume of processing of meat products. A comprehensive study made it possible to identify the problems of meat sub-complex associated with technical and technological backwardness of agricultural enterprises, the presence of inefficient and inactive economic entities, low competitiveness of meat products in foreign market, and the lack of financial resources. Conclusions – to obtain a wide range of meat products in the Abay district and in the whole region, it is necessary to take effective measures by creating a strong raw mat erial base for meat processing enterprises, developing market infrastructure, intensifying the pr ocesses of using processing enterprises of their own production capacities, while enterprises that provide a high degree of depth of processing of livestock and slaughter products will prevail at the lowest cost. An important role is played by improvement of state and ma rket regulation. For these purposes, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for increasing meat procurement. The main directions for the development of relations between agricultural producers and processing enterprises are an effective system of pricing, contractual relations, expanding the network of market infrastructure that provides technical, technological and organizational management of continuous supply to the consumer.

Decoupling Effect, Driving Factors and Prediction Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emission Reduction and Product Supply Guarantee in China

Under the requirements for high-quality development, the coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product supply guarantee in China is crucial to hold the bottom line of national food security as well as promote agricultural green transformation and development. Based on such situation, from the perspective of decoupling effect, driving factors and the prediction, this paper uses panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, takes the carbon emission formula, the “two-stage rolling” Tapio decoupling elasticity coefficient method, the spatial Durbin model and the Grey model optimized by the Simpson formula background value to quantify the relationship between agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply, analyze the driving effects of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product increase, and predict the decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply between 2021 and 2025, so as to draw a scientific basis that is conducive to the coordinated promotion of agricultural carbon emission reduction and agricultural product supply guarantee in China. The result shows that: (1) The decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply shows generally “the eastern and central regions are better than the western regions” in China, and the decoupling state has improved significantly year by year. Green technology innovation (GTI), agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply in China have significant spatial differences and spatial auto-correlation, which shows the spatial factors cannot be ignored; (2) Green technology innovation and agricultural carbon emission in local and adjacent provinces are both in an inverted “U-shaped” relationship, meaning that high level green technology innovation is an effective way to reduce carbon emission. Though green technology innovation and agricultural product supply in local and adjacent provinces are both in a positive “U-shaped” relationship, but the minimum value of lnGTI is greater than 0, which indicates that current level of green technology has been raised to a certain level, effectively improving the output of agricultural products; (3) Compared with those in 2016–2020 in China, it is projected that in 2021–2025 the decoupling state of agricultural carbon emission and agricultural product supply will be improved significantly, and the provinces below the optimal state will leave the extremely unreasonable strong negative decoupling state, mainly show recessionary decoupling and recessionary connection. Our findings provide Chinese decision-makers with corresponding references to formulate accountable and scientific regional policies in order to achieve high-quality development of agriculture and realize “Double carbon” target in China.

Structural Optimization of the Natural Product: Discovery of Almazoles C–D and Their Derivatives as Novel Antiviral and Anti-phytopathogenic Fungus Agents

Plant diseases seriously affect the growth of crops and the quality and yield of agricultural products. The search for plant-derived pesticide candidates based on natural products is a hot topic of current research. Marine natural products almazoles C-D were efficiently prepared and selected as the lead compounds in this work. Two series of almazole derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral and fungicidal activities were systematically evaluated. The results of anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity showed that almazoles C-D and their derivatives had good anti-TMV activities. Compounds 6, 15, 16a, 16b, 16g, 16l, 16n, 20a, 20d, 20i, and 20n exhibited better anti-TMV activities than the commercial antiviral agent ribavirin. Anti-TMV mechanism studies showed that compound 16b could induce the polymerization of 20S CP (coat protein, CP), thereby affecting the assembly of TMV virus particles. Molecular docking results showed that compounds 15, 16b, and 20n could combine with amino acid residues through hydrogen bonds to achieve an excellent anti-TMV effect. In addition, most of the almazole derivatives were found to have broad-spectrum fungicidal activities against eight kinds of plant pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumeris, Cercospora arachidicola Hori, Physalospora piricola, Rhizoctonia cerealis, Alternaria solani, Pyricularia grisea, Phytophthora capsici, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). This study provides an important evidence for the research and development of almazole alkaloids containing indole and oxazole structural groups as novel agrochemicals.

Drought Analysis and Impact of Drought on Crop Yield in Nevşehir City

Turkey is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change. Drought events triggered by climate change occur frequently in the region and cause important environmental problems. The agricultural sector and crop yield are among the areas that are adversely affected. In this study, meteorological and hydrological drought situation and precipitation trend is studied with SPI and SPEI methods by using Nevşehir Center and Ürgüp stations. Besides, the severity and duration of long-lasting strong droughts in the region are studied. The most important negative effects of drought events are seen in the agricultural sector on crop production. In order to analyze this effect, the yield values of agricultural products grown in the region were obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) and standardized with Z-Score method. Afterwards, the impact of drought events on the yield of agricultural products grown in the region are examined

Effects of Chinese Milk Vetch Returning on Soil Properties, Microbial Community, and Rice Yield in Paddy Soil

The application of green manure is considered a sustainable management approach to improve soil quality and crop yield in agricultural production. However, few studies have focused on the effects on soil properties and the microbial community when varied green manure rates are applied in rice cropping systems. We examined the soil and microbial properties in paddy soil and evaluated rice productivity and sustainable yield index in response to Chinese milk vetch (MV) application at various rates (0, 22.5, 30, 45, and 60 Mg ha−1, labeled MV0, MV22.5, MV30, MV45, and MV60, respectively) in a seven-year (2014–2020) field experiment. For all treatments, MV application significantly improved rice yield by 22.5–29.7% and sustainable yield index by 10.3–13.0% compared with no MV application, and the highest average yield across the 7 years of the study was found in MV60, followed by MV45, MV30, and MV22.5. Compared with MV0, MV45 and MV60 treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density (BD), increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), and alkali solution nitrogen (AN), particularly in MV45. Moreover, compared with MV0, a marked decrease in the alpha diversity (Shannon index) of the bacterial community and a significant increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes were observed under MV45. The alpha diversity of the fungal community did not vary across treatments, but MV45 significantly reduced the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota compared with MV0. In addition, redundancy analysis indicated that the fungal community structure was significantly related to soil BD, and random forest classification analysis demonstrated that SOC and AN were the most important factors for rice yield in this study. Overall, these results indicated that MV application at 45 Mg ha−1 should be recommended to simultaneously achieve the improvement of rice yield and soil quality in the South China.

Study on Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation Technology in Farmland

Farmland soil is the basic guarantee for people's survival. With the increasing heavy metal pollution, the soil quality has declined, which has seriously affected the quality and output of agricultural products, and also destroyed the ecological balance. Therefore, in view of the problem of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, heavy metal remediation technology should be actively explored and effectively applied to reduce the impact of heavy metal pollution on farmland soil.

Determining mitigation on landslide prone level in watershed area: analysis of study on Samin Hulu Karanganyar District of Indonesia and its economic consequences

Landslides in Indonesia have caused much damage and claimed lives inland, environment, people, and property. This study aims to identify and analyze the types of landslides, the factors causing landslides, and the impacts of landslide-prone impacts in determining food security and agricultural economics. The research method used was survey and laboratory analysis. The research was conducted in the Samin Hulu Tengah River Basin (Matesih and Karangpandan Districts) Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The research data were obtained using field surveys and literature studies. The research data is in the form of thematic maps of the area, data on landslides in the watershed, soil samples analysis, and survey results. The results showed that the level of landslide-prone in Karangpandan District was higher than in Matesih District. The causes of landslides were triggered by higher rainfall, higher slopes, more dominant andesite rocks. In Karangpandan, there are five types of landslides, namely Landslides, Rocks, Subsidence, Landslides, and Soilcreep. Regarding the methods of land management and food security, the analysis of the findings showed that the cultivation pattern, increasing soil fertility, landslide and water resources management had the greatest relationship with agricultural economy. Farmers who used the methods regarding landslide and water resources management had more safe and healthy access to food due to increased land quality and productivity. Therefore, it can be said that in order to increase the yield of agricultural products, increase food security and invest in this field, more support services should be provided to farmers and necessary measures should be taken for more participation and cooperation of farmers in the field of sustainable land management.

Temporal and Spatial Differentiation and Driving Factors of China’s Agricultural Eco-Efficiency Considering Agricultural Carbon Sinks

Climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and food security have put forward higher requirements for sustainable agricultural development. Agricultural ecological efficiency (AEE) is an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of agriculture. Low carbon agriculture promotes sustainable agricultural development. Agricultural carbon sinks are an important output of agricultural production, but they have not been fully reflected in the current research on agricultural ecological efficiency. In this study, agricultural carbon sinks are considered as one of the expected outputs of AEE. The data envelopment method was used to measure the AEE of 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China from 2000 to 2019, and the AEE of China was compared with and without carbon sinks. The Gaussian kernel function was used to estimate the time evolution of regional differences in AEE. A geodetector model was used to detect the drivers of spatial differentiation of AEE in China. The results showed that considering agricultural carbon sinks as one of the expected measurement outputs brings the estimated AEE closer to reality. From 2000 to 2019, China’s AEE showed an upward trend, and the efficiency value increased from 0.48 to 0.95, an increase of 97.92%. The spatial distribution pattern of AEE in China was Northeast > West > Central > East, with obvious differences among provinces. The industrialization level, urban–rural gap, agricultural economic level, agricultural disaster rate, and urbanization level were the leading driving forces for the spatial differentiation of AEE in China. The research will help to reveal the dynamic characteristics, spatial differentiation characteristics, and driving factors of China’s agricultural ecological efficiency, and provide a scientific reference for the realization of sustainable agricultural development and high-quality development.