Academic Output Research Articles

Verbatim theatre as a creative approach to health professions education research translation.

Traditionally, the impact and outcomes from health professions education research (HPER) have focused on academic outputs, whereas in the humanities, research translation is conceptualised more broadly and creatively, including research-based performances like verbatim theatre. Translating HPER findings through the emotive and embodied nature of a verbatim theatre performance provides a unique opportunity to translate research data and create alternative learning spaces for rich and valuable insights that aligns with transformative pedagogy. In this paper, we describe the background of verbatim theatre, a form of performance, which draws on a research participants' testimony and lived experience and how we used this creative approach to translate HPER findings. We discuss the experiential process of bringing an interdisciplinary team together, health professions academics and an academic playwright to craft a verbatim theatre script that provided space to honour the breadth, depth and diversity of participant voices from a large (n = 100) qualitative research study exploring professionalism and sociocultural factors in health professions education (HPE). Furthermore, we discuss the powerful potential of drawing on research-based performance to create alternative, safe and non-threatening learning spaces to resonate with and experience HPER in new and transformative ways. Finally, we offer reflexive insights on the key opportunities and challenges we encountered in translating HPER into a verbatim theatre performance. Verbatim theatre presents an innovative and creative way to communicate and translate HPER. This paper offers research and pedagogical insights in translating research into verbatim theatre to support transformative pedagogy and practice in HPE. In conclusion, we encourage other health professions researchers to consider this dynamic and creative approach to transforming HPE.

Knowledge production in refugee studies from the South: Theorization of refugee labour in the literature on Turkey

Abstract This article explores the case of the migration studies industry in Turkey, which has flourished over the past decade, through an examination of knowledge production on refugee labour. Focusing on research about Syrian refugees’ labour and employment in Turkey between 2012 and 2018, the article discusses the ways in which refugee labour is articulated and studied to provide ground for a wider critique of migration-related knowledge production. This study aims to reflexively question academic outputs by (1) exploring the conceptual frames used broadly in research on refugee labour, and (2) developing an overview of the literature on Turkey with a focus on this topic. Through the case of the literature on refugee labour in Turkey, we explore the underlying political economy premises of migration research. This case serves as an example to argue that knowledge produced in a Southern context is mainly incorporated as case studies despite attempts to advance theoretical discussions, highlighting a North–South hierarchization of knowledge.

Scientometric Analysis of the World Scientific Production on Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dental Education.

The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications in dental education. A cross-sectional research was carried out using a bibliometric methodology. This process entailed the assessment of metadata from scientific publications that are catalogued in the Scopus database, covering the period from January 2018 to August 2023. A variety of indicators were utilized to scrutinize scientific production and dissemination within the academic community. These encompassed elements such as the author, the publication itself, the number of citations, institutional and collaborative affiliations, geographical location, journal quartile ranking, h-index, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), and the CiteScore. Several institutions from different countries and their academic output were found. Beihang University stands out with 16 scholarly articles, followed by Stanford University with 16 articles and 170 citations. The Q1 quartile has experienced a steady increase, reaching 87 scientific articles. The top 10 authors in scientific production on augmented and VR in dentistry include Joe Amal Cecil, Avinash Gupta, and Miguel A Pirela-Cruz. In terms of co-authorship by country, the United States, Germany, and China are the most predominant in the clusters represented. However, other clusters also have a significant presence. By analyzing the explored trends and themes of keyword co-occurrence, four main clusters were identified. The yellow cluster contained the largest amount of research with the keyword "virtual reality." In addition, the blue cluster was found to be best related to the green "simulation," purple "virtual reality (VR)," and light blue "human-centered computing" clusters. This study evidenced the availability and quality of the data used for the analysis. Future studies could consider the use of VR systems with integrated eye tracking and compare their effect in dentistry during dental procedures. The clinical importance of this study lies in its potential to improve dental education. The VR and AR can provide dental students with immersive, hands-on learning experiences, which can enhance their understanding and clinical skills. Furthermore, the translational value of this study extends beyond dental education. The insights gained from this research could be applicable to other fields of medical education where hands-on training is crucial. Thus, the findings of this study have the potential to influence the broader landscape of medical education, ultimately leading to improved healthcare outcomes. How to cite this article: Alvitez-Temoche D, Silva H, Aguila ED, et al. Scientometric Analysis of the World Scientific Production on Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dental Education. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):358-364.

Analysis of Food Security of Older Rural Indigenous People in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Food insecurity is a critical issue in the Americas, with severe impacts in the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America, particularly affecting older adults in Indigenous and rural contexts where it intersects with poverty, gender, and ethnicity. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the current research about food insecurity among older Indigenous adults in Latin America and the Caribbean. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, utilizing specific search queries and the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) strategy across multiple databases to identify the pertinent studies. The findings indicate an increase in academic output on this topic since 2018, with significant emphasis on the interplay between climate change and food insecurity. The review highlights the importance of developing targeted food programs, reforming policies, and fostering collaboration between academia and local communities to implement practical interventions. Despite the growing body of literature, a notable research gap persists in rural areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. This study underscores the necessity of balancing the geographic distribution of research and emphasizes the preservation of cultural practices and the adaptation of public policies to support traditional food practices. It advocates for culturally sensitive interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration to formulate comprehensive strategies. The originality and value of this study lie in its focused analysis of older Indigenous adults, contributing crucial insights to the international literature on food security.

Breaking barriers, building faculty: A qualitative analysis to exploring faculty development in academic hospital medicine.

Hospital medicine (HM) continues to be primarily composed of junior hospitalists and research has highlighted a paucity of mentors and academic output. Faculty advancement programs have been identified as a means to support junior hospitalists in their career trajectories and to advance the field. The optimal approach to supporting faculty development (FD) efforts is not known. To understand hospitalist groups' approaches to FD, including efforts that were perceived to be effective, and to identify barriers as well as potential future directions for FD. Rapid qualitative methods were utilized including templated summaries and matrix analysis to identify major themes. Virtual focus groups with hospitalists in the Hospital Medicine Reengineering Network (HOMERuN). Qualitative themes. Nineteen individuals from 17 unique institutions from across the United States in May 2022 participated in seven focus groups. Four key themes emerged from the study and included (1) academic hospitalist programs face multifaceted challenges and barriers to FD in HM, (2) groups have embraced a diversity of structures and frameworks, (3) due to clinical volumes, FD programs have had to adapt and evolve to meet FD needs, and (4) participants identified multiple areas for improvement, including defining tangible outcomes of FD programs and creating a repository of FD material which can be shared widely.

How supervisors affect students’ academic gains and research ability: An investigation through a qualitative study

A supervisory system is an essential part of higher education and plays a vital role in cultivating the high-level talents needed for high-quality national development and social progress. This study aims to determine how supervisors affect students' academic gains and research ability. This study used a qualitative research method to select 10 postgraduate students and their 7 supervisors for in-depth interviews from May to July 2022. This study aims to address the following questions: 1. What are the modes of supervisor-student communication? 2. What impact do these modes have on students? 3. What factors affect these modes? Three discoveries were made in this study. When supervisors and students communicate only regarding the academic content and students tend to fully follow supervisors' instructions, students obtain more academic output in the short term but lack autonomy. When supervisors and students discuss academic issues and life trifles equally, it helps in promoting students' comprehensive quality. When students do not have much contact with their supervisors and they get along like strangers, it is beneficial to cultivate students' intellectual independence, but students grow slowly. The factors influencing the communication modes include the supervisors' educational philosophy, postgraduate learning attitude, and supervisory system. In conclusion, the three communication modes can coexist together in a group of students led by the same supervisor. Whether a communication mode can promote the growth of students depends on the awakening of the students’ self-awareness, and the supervisory system is the most implicit factor underlying communication.

The Impact of Language Proficiency on Academic Performance in International Programs: Insights for Educational Managers

In the context of globalization, linguistic proficiency significantly impacts the academic performance of international projects. This study focuses on how linguistic capabilities shape the academic outcomes of international projects and the implications for educational administrators. By analyzing multiple cases of transnational educational projects, this research reveals that not only does linguistic skill play a foundational role in academic communication, but it is also a critical factor in driving project success. Findings indicate that strong linguistic abilities can significantly enhance the communication efficiency of academic teams, reduce misunderstandings and conflicts, and thereby improve the overall project effectiveness and academic quality. Based on these findings, this paper proposes targeted management strategies, recommending that educational administrators strengthen language training and cultural adaptability education when designing and implementing international collaborative projects. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of establishing multilingual support systems to better serve diverse academic teams. Ultimately, these strategies aim to help educational administrators optimize resource allocation, enhance the academic output, and increase the international impact of their projects. Through an in-depth analysis of the correlation between linguistic capabilities and the success of international projects, this study provides practical insights for educational managers to make more informed decisions in a global educational environment. Additionally, this research offers new perspectives and a foundational basis for future studies at the intersection of language and education.

EFFECTS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF TRAINED TEACHERS ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MANDERA NORTH SUB COUNTY; A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background: This study aims to explore the effects of the availability of trained teachers on students’ academic performance in selected public schools in Mandera North Sub County, Mandera County. Methodology: The study will adopt a cross-sectional research design because it entails observing two study variables to define a corresponding statistical relationship between the variables. The study area will be public secondary schools in Mandera North Sub County; where the target population will be 9 schools with 2239 students, 104 teachers, and 9 principals. Yamane’s formula will be used to determine students’ sample size totaling 339, simple random sampling determine teachers’ sample size totaling 10, while purposive sampling will be used to identify 3 principals giving a total of 352 respondents. Questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis will be used to collect primary data. Results: Regarding the students enrolled in this study, 115 (38.3%) were females while 185 (61.7%) were males. All the teachers (100%) agreed that professional qualification can affect their output in class. There were all indications that the schools did not have enough trained teachers, and most schools had stayed for one year (11.1%), 2-3 years (33.4%), or more than 4 years (44.5%) without enough trained teachers. It was interesting that the principals agreed that qualified teachers are more effective in teaching, lack of trained teachers creates teaching overloads, teacher qualifications affect students’ academic output, and lack of trained teachers leads to delays in syllabus coverage Conclusion: There were only five to eight trained teachers in the schools surveyed. Out of the 9 teachers interviewed, only 5 attested to have received formal training in teaching. Recommendation: More trained teachers should be recruited to improve student’s performance in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

The Construction of Higher Education Evaluation Index System Based on Vector Analysis

The construction of a higher education evaluation index system based on vector analysis involves a comprehensive approach to assessing the quality and effectiveness of higher education institutions. By leveraging vector analysis, which considers both magnitude and direction, this method enables the integration of diverse factors and perspectives into the evaluation process. Key considerations in constructing such an index system include academic performance, research output, faculty qualifications, student satisfaction, institutional resources, and societal impact. Each factor is represented as a vector, with its magnitude reflecting its importance and its direction indicating its alignment with the overarching goals of higher education. This paper presents a novel approach for constructing a robust evaluation index system for higher education institutions leveraging vector analysis, supplemented by Periodic Vector Chain Learning (PVCL). the incorporation of PVCL enhances the dynamism and adaptability of the evaluation system. PVCL allows for periodic updates and adjustments to the evaluation index system, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness amidst changing educational landscapes and emerging trends. The integration of vector analysis with PVCL presents a promising avenue for the construction of a robust evaluation index system for higher education institutions.

Mixed Methods EvAluation of the high-volume low-complexity Surgical hUb pRogrammE (MEASURE): a mixed methods study protocol

IntroductionThe waiting list for elective surgery in England recently reached over 7.8 million people and waiting time targets have been missed since 2010. The high-volume low complexity (HVLC) surgical hubs...

Predicting academic productivity among American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons fellowship faculty from publications acquired before and during surgical training

Orthopedic residency and fellowship applicants with a strong research record are highly valued for their potential in continuing academic excellence. Despite this, the association between research productivity during training and future academic productivity as an attending orthopedic surgeon is not well-established. We assess the effects of research output during different periods of surgical training as well as residency location on long-term academic productivity as an attending shoulder and elbow surgeon. A search of the 2022-2023 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Fellowship Directory was conducted to identify a list of orthopedic shoulder and elbow fellowship faculty members. Each surgeon's residency, fellowship and current institution of practice were determined and stratified by geographic location. Total publication counts acquired before residency, during residency, during fellowship, and after fellowship were collected for each faculty member. Attending publication rates and H-indices were calculated. A multivariate linear regression model was created, and significance was set at a P value <.05. A total of 149 shoulder and elbow fellowship faculty members representing 34 fellowship programs were identified. The average number of total publications per surgeon was 88.8±102. The average attending publication rate was 5.29±6.89 publications per year. The average H-index for included surgeons was 27.8±24.4. The number of publications acquired before residency (β=0.293; P<.001), during residency (β=0.110; P=.025) and during fellowship (β=0.593; P<.001) were significantly associated with an increased attending publication rate, but no association was observed with the H-index [before residency (β=-0.221; P=.574), during residency (β=0.045; P=.866), during fellowship (β=0.198; P=.678)]. There were no significant differences in total publication count (P=.397), attending publication rate (P=.237), or H-index (P=.364) based on location of residency training. Research output before and during surgical training is predictive of continued academic productivity as a shoulder and elbow surgeon. In particular, greater productivity during surgical fellowship was most predictive of academic output as an attending. While long-term academic productivity does not seem to be influenced by the geographic location of residency training, attending surgeons practicing in the Midwest had significantly greater total publication counts and H-indices but similar annual publication rates.

Usability of ChatGPT in the english essay writing proficiency of the BEED students

The advancement of AI technology, especially in language processing systems like ChatGPT, creates opportunities for students to elevate their writing skills. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the usability of ChatGPT and the English essay writing proficiency of the BEED students. The study utilized a descriptive correlational design to investigate the relationship. A sample of 58 participants was selected to write an essay with the assistance of ChatGPT. Researchers developed and employed a rubric to assess the quality and ethical use of ChatGPT. Then, the participants answered the USE questionnaire to measure their perceived usability of ChatGPT. The result revealed that BEED students perceived ChatGPT as beneficial in enhancing their essays and found the system easy to use, and learn, and provided satisfying results. The participants also expressed a strong sense of contentment regarding using ChatGPT. The essay writing proficiency assessment revealed that BEED students were proficient writers. However, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.042 showed a statistically significant but very weak relationship observed between ChatGPT usability and English essay writing proficiency levels. It can be concluded that ChatGPT may improve students' essay writing proficiency to a minimal extent. Moreover, this study recommended further research to explore ChatGPT's use in other academic outputs, refine the rubrics to include vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure criteria, and provide training for effective AI tool management among students. Also, policymakers should establish clear policies and guidelines to ensure the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT, maintaining academic integrity and enhancing writing proficiency.

From Lockdowns to Publications: The Evolution of COVID-19 Research in the Face of Travel Restrictions

Object: This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the scholarly literature on COVID-19 and travel restrictions, using VOSviewer and Scopus data sets, to understand the evolution, key trends, and impact of this research area since the onset of the pandemic.&#x0D; Methods: Utilizing a combination of publication-related metrics, citation-related metrics, and citation-and-publication-related metrics, this analysis encompasses 1,484 documents sourced from the Scopus database. The study focuses on the identification of major contributing countries, institutions, and keywords, as well as patterns in co-authorship and citations.&#x0D; Findings: The research highlights a significant increase in academic output related to COVID-19 and travel restrictions, particularly in 2021 and 2022. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China emerge as leading contributors. Key themes include the efficacy of travel restrictions in managing the pandemic and the socio-economic implications of these measures. Additionally, the study reveals prominent collaboration networks and influential publications in this field.&#x0D; Conclusions: The bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the global research landscape on COVID-19 and travel restrictions. It underscores the critical role of international collaboration and multidisciplinary approaches in addressing the pandemic. Furthermore, the insights gained can inform future research directions and policy decisions in managing global health emergencies.

TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN MELALUI COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (CBT): SUATU ANALISIS LANDSKAP BIBLIOMETRIK

This bibliometric study investigates the trends, scope, and impact of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) within the educational context for children and adolescents, utilizing a literature analysis of publications from 2019 to 2023. The research adopts a quantitative approach, leveraging the Scopus database for mathematical and statistical analysis of published articles, aided by Scopus Analyser and VOSviewer software. A total of 709 articles were selected, focusing on the application of CBT in social sciences, arts, humanities, and psychology. The study reveals dynamic trends in academic output, with a peak in 2021 followed by a decline, reflecting fluctuating scientific interest or funding. The primary research fields are psychology and medicine, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of CBT. Significant emphasis is placed on psychological interventions for early childhood developmental disorders, mental health in school settings, and anxiety disorders in adolescents. The analysis of prolific authors and co-citation networks offers insights into key contributors and collaboration patterns. Central terms such as "autism," "school child," "behavior therapy," and "mental health" emerge as focal points, highlighting active areas of research. The study also examines the sources of journal publications, identifying leading journals in the field. The findings affirm the effectiveness of CBT in addressing psychological and behavioral issues in the education of children and adolescents, contributing to a deeper understanding of CBT's role in special education and providing a foundation for future research, policy-making, and academic collaborations.

Open Science and the impact of Open Access, Open Data, and FAIR publishing principles on data-driven academic research: Towards ever more transparent, accessible, and reproducible academic output?

Contemporary evidence-informed policy-making (EIPM) and societies require openly accessible high-quality knowledge as input into transparent and accountable decision-making and informed societal action. Open Science1 supports this requirement. As both enablers and logical consequences of the paradigm of Open Science, the ideas of Open Access, Open Data, and FAIR publishing principles revolutionise how academic research needs to be conceptualised, conducted, disseminated, published, and used. This ‘academic openness quartet’ is especially relevant for the ways in which research data are created, annotated, curated, managed, shared, reproduced, (re-)used, and further developed in academia. Greater accessibility of scientific output and scholarly data also aims at increasing the transparency and reproducibility of research results and the quality of research itself. In the applied ‘academic openness quartet’ perspective, they also function as remedies for academic malaises, like missing replicability of results or secrecy around research data. Against this backdrop, the present article offers a conceptual discussion on the four academic openness paradigms, their meanings, interrelations, as well as potential benefits and challenges arising from their application in data-driven research.

Emerging Trends in Sustainable Entrepreneurial Behavior: Bibliometric Data Insights

The present study explores the current trends in sustainable entrepreneurial behavior to contribute fundamental knowledge for future academic research in the dynamic field of sustainable entrepreneurship. This study employs a bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database to identify significant changes and emerging topics in academic discourse about the selected keywords. By employing a systematic approach, one can attain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and establish a solid foundation for subsequent research. The analysis comprises a total of 666 articles obtained from Scopus. This study utilizes methodological tools like Microsoft Excel, Harzing’s Publish or Perish program, and VOS viewer. These tools were used to quantify and evaluate citation frequencies. This method enables the assessment of the academic output and influence exerted by document type, evolution of published studies, subject area, and prominent keywords. Nevertheless, there are several constraints associated with this study, including the omission of articles published after 2022 and a specific emphasis on English-language publications from 1991 to 2022. Notwithstanding these limitations, there has been a substantial and continuous academic emphasis on the study of sustainable entrepreneurial behavior. Future research should investigate sustainable behavior within the context of social entrepreneurship. The government and policymakers have the ability to significantly contribute to the creation of an ecosystem that promotes sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable development.

Academic Output of Fellows of the American Association for Respiratory Care.

Research is critical for the advancement of respiratory care. Fellows of the American Association for Respiratory Care (FAARCs) are nominated based on their significant contributions to the respiratory care profession. Research output is potentially an important component of qualification for FAARC. The purpose of this study is to report the academic output of respiratory therapist (RT) FAARCs. We identified FAARCs from the AARC web site. Research output was assessed by searching the Scopus and PubMed databases. We collected total research documents, citations, h-index, co-authors, and document type. We compared those with only the FAARC designation with RTs who are fellows in both the Society of Critical Care Medicine (FCCMs) and FAARC. We identified a total of 371 RT FAARCs, 4 RT FCCMs, and 10 with both designations. FAARCs were 70% male, 22% had a doctorate, 37% had a master's, 13% had a bachelor's, and 29% did not have a degree reported. There were no differences in sex or highest degree between FAARCs and FCCMs. FAARCs had a total of 3,724 publications and 110,207 citations while those with both designations had 1,304 publications and 43,181 citations. In Scopus, 46% of FAARCs had no publications, and 27% had ≥ 10 publications; of those with both credentials, 10% had no publications, and 70% had ≥ 10 publications. FAARCs inducted in 1998 and 1999 had significantly (P < .001) more publications than other eras. Compared to those with both credentials, FAARCs had fewer median publications (1 vs 50), lower h-index (1 vs 18), and fewer citations (1 vs 1,486), P < .001 for all. Total publications in PubMed were lower, and differences in publications were similar. RT FAARCs had a large number of publications and citations, although nearly half did not have any publications. Those with both FAARC and FCCM had significantly more academic output per fellow, although there are only 10 individuals with both credentials.

Bridging the research-practice gap: understanding the knowledge exchange between design research and social design practices

Design academics struggle in effectively reaching out to design practice, while design practitioners have difficulties in appropriating academic output. In their turn, design practitioners create new local knowledge that may not be recognised (as such) by design academics. This situation is seen as suboptimal and problematised as the research-practice gap. This paper addresses how knowledge exchange between design research and practice can be understood and improved. We therefore introduce and investigate a social co-design case study which bridged the gap between research and practice and which shows how knowledge development within academia, professional design practice, and non-professional design practice are interwoven. We analyse the case through an alternative template analysis incorporating four perspectives on ‘the gap’: abstraction, communication, alignment of knowledge needs, supporting local knowledge production. We compare and interrelate these four perspectives. This refines our theoretical understanding of the research-practice gap and provides implications and actionable insights about practitioner-centred knowledge production for design academics who want to contribute to design practice.

Implications of Publication Requirements for the Research Output of Arab Academics of Library and Information Science in Scopus in 2011– 2022 (Bibliometric Study)

The Arab can be considered as a new emergent region in the world by using advanced bibliometric methods, the development of science and technology in Unsure is explored. Purpose: This article explores the implications of publication requirements for the research output of Arab academics of library and information science in Scopus, and reviews (12) years of Library and information science research in the Arab World affiliated with the (22) countries of the Arab League: a bibliometric study 2011–2022. As such it contributes to the existing body of knowledge on quantitative and qualitative effects of research evaluation policies. Design/methodology/approach: Three metrics were chosen to analyses the implications of publication requirements for the quality of research output: publications in predatory journals, publications in local journals and publications per SNIP quartile from the disciplinary perspective. Findings: Study results highlight, that: Firstly: publications of Arab academics of library and information science in predatory journals rose to (12.162 % in 2011-2013) – (39.190 in 2020-2022). Secondly: the share of publications in local journals reached the Peak of fourth period 44.595% in 2020-2022. Thirdly: though the total number of publications has risen dramatically since 2011, but the share of Q3+Q4 has exceeded the share of Q1+Q2. Summaries: the study findings highlight, that research evaluation policies are required to contain not only quantitative but also qualitative criteria. Research limitation: The study does not explore in detail the effects of a particular type of publication requirements. Practical implications: The findings of the study have practical implications for policymakers and university managers aimed to develop research evaluation policies. Originality/value: This paper gains insights into the effects of publication requirements on the research output of Arab academics of library and information science in Scopus &amp; local journals.

What impact has the Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health made in the field of gastrointestinal health in Australia and internationally? Study protocol for impact evaluation using the FAIT framework

IntroductionThe need for public research funding to be more accountable and demonstrate impact beyond typical academic outputs is increasing. This is particularly challenging and the science behind this form of...