Output In Pakistan Research Articles

The Determinants of Industrial Output in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis

This study investigates the determinants of industrial growth in Pakistan through an empirical analysis of quarterly data spanning from 1970 to 2022. Industrial growth is the dependent variable, while the inflation rate, rate of exchange, foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, and terms of trade are independent variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed due to the mixed stationarity, as indicated by the augmented dickey-fuller test. The results reveal a positive long-run relationship between FDI and industrial growth, as well as between gross fixed capital formation and industrial growth. Conversely, a negative relationship is observed between the exchange rate and industrial growth, and between the interest rate and industrial growth. All variables to be statistically significant, except for terms of trade. Furthermore, the inflation rate and rate of exchange show a reducing impact on industrial growth, while FDI and gross fixed capital formation contribute positively to industrial growth.

The impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on aggregate output in Pakistan: robust evidence from the RALS cointegration test.

Over the past three decades, Pakistan's energy consumption has surged due to industrialization, population growth, and development activities. To meet the escalating energy demands, the country has primarily relied on thermal power projects, which are financially burdensome and environmentally detrimental, compared to hydropower projects. This reliance exposes Pakistan to global oil price shocks and environmental degradation. To address this dilemma, this empirical research investigates the impact of both non-energy factors (labour and capital) and energy-specific factors (renewable and non-renewable) on Pakistan's aggregate output, using annual time-series data from 1980 to 2021. The analysis employs the newly established Residual Augmented Least Square (RALS) cointegration test and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology to estimate the long-term cointegrating relationship among the examined variables. The empirical findings demonstrate that both non-energy and energy-specific factors positively and significantly influence Pakistan's long-term aggregate output. However, petroleum consumption exerts a positive but insignificant influence on Pakistan's long-term aggregate output. The study recommends diversifying the energy supply mix to include more hydroelectricity, non-hydroelectric renewables (mainly solar and wind), and natural gas. Specifically, transitioning from imported, expensive, and more greenhouse gas (GHG)-generating petroleum products to domestically produced natural gas could potentially reduce Pakistan's trade deficit and its vulnerability to global oil price shocks. Besides the economic benefits, shifting from non-renewable energy sources (specifically oil) to renewable energy would enhance Pakistan's image and increase its geopolitical influence over neighboring countries. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need to encourage private sector participation in renewable energy projects and suggests implementing effective carbon tax policies to mitigate CO2 emissions and foster economic growth.

The Role of Labor Force, Physical Capital, and Energy Consumption in Shaping Agricultural and Industrial Output in Pakistan

The labor force, physical capital, and energy sources are key economic drivers that enhance the output levels of developing economies. Despite their significance, the impact of these factors on agricultural and industrial output in Pakistan remains underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of the labor force, physical capital, and energy consumption—including electricity, oil, and gas—on agricultural and industrial output. Additionally, we explore the combined effects of electricity and oil consumption on these sectors. Based on unit root test results, which indicate that the variables as either I(0) or I(1), the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique is selected. This method is particularly effective for handling mixed integration orders and provides robust estimates in small sample sizes, allowing for a thorough examination of both short- and long-run dynamics. Using annual time-series data from Pakistan for the period 1990–2022, the empirical results reveal that higher levels of the labor force, physical capital, electricity consumption, oil consumption, and gas consumption significantly increase agricultural and industrial output in both the short and long run. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the combined effect of electricity and oil consumption has a stronger impact on agricultural and industrial output compared to their individual effects. These results are further validated using alternative econometric techniques such as DOLS and FMOLS. To enhance Pakistan’s agricultural and industrial performance, policies should prioritize investment in human capital and physical capital development, ensure reliable and efficient energy supplies, and promote integrated energy management strategies. These steps are crucial for fostering sustainable economic growth and productivity in both sectors.

Investigation of changes in land use/land cover using principal component analysis and supervised classification from operational land imager satellite data: a case study of under developed regions, Pakistan

Monitoring and understanding Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) is critical for sustainable development, as it can impact various environmental, social, and economic systems. For example, deforestation and land degradation can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and greenhouse gas emissions, affecting the quality of soil, air, and water resources. The present research examined changes in (LU/LC) within the underdeveloped regions of Balochistan and Sindh provinces, which are situated in Pakistan. In order to monitor temporal variations of LU/LC, we employed Geographic Information System (GIS) technique, to conduct an analysis of satellite imagery obtained from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) during the time period spanning from 2013 to 2023. In order to obtain an accurate LU/LC classification, we used principal component analysis (PCA) and a supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC). According to the results of our study, there was a decrease in the extent of water bodies (− 593.24 km2) and vegetation (− 68.50 km2) by − 3.43% and − 0.40% respectively. In contrast, the area occupied by settlements in the investigated region had a 2.23% rise, reaching a total of 385.66 square kilometers. Similarly, the extent of barren land also expanded by 1.60%, encompassing a total area of 276.04 square kilometers, during the course of the last decade. The overall accuracy (94.25% and 95.75%) and K value (91.75% and 93.50%) were achieved during the year 2013 and 2023 respectively. The enhancement of agricultural output in Pakistan is of utmost importance in order to improve the income of farmers, mitigate food scarcity, stimulate economic growth, and facilitate the expansion of exports. To enhance agricultural productivity, it is recommended that the government undertake targeted initiatives that aimed at enhancing water infrastructure and optimizing land use to foster a sustainable ecological framework. Integrating the sustainable ecological framework provides a foundation for informed decision-making and effective resource management. By identifying areas of urban expansion, agricultural intensification, or alterations in natural LU/LC, stakeholders can design targeted conservation strategies, mitigating potential environmental degradation and promoting biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, the integration of GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) may effectively facilitate the monitoring of land use patterns over a period of time. This combined approach offers valuable insights and recommendations for the judicious and optimal management of land resources, as well as informing policy decisions.

Globalization, Oil Price and Manufacturing Output in Pakistan: A Fresh Insight Through ARDL Approach

The objectives of this study are to explore the fluctuation of oil prices impact on manufacturing sector of Pakistan. To check the asymmetric effects of real effective exchange rate on manufacturing sector of Pakistan. We Examined the role of gross capital formation as well as labor force in manufacturing sector of Pakistan and also discussed the globalization relationship with manufacturing sector of Pakistan. This enabled us to recommend the helpful policy to enhance capacity of manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Data is taken from World Development Indicator (WDI) time gap takes from 1995 to 2017 and analyzed through ARDL approach. The results indicated that Impact of manufacturing is negative effect on gross capital formation and positive impact with other variables.

Modeling the climate change impacts on major fruits production: Recent evidence from Pakistan

The literature on the effect of climate change on agricultural products has grown over the years. However, evidence on how climate change affects fruit industry remains limited. This research fills the gap by estimating the effects of climatic parameters on major fruits production in Pakistan. In this study, the ARDL model is employed to estimate the long three decades of data. The ARDL Bounds testing approach confirmed the long-term co-integration of the variables under consideration. The findings show that climatological elements such as temperature and CO2 emissions have a detrimental impact on apples output whereas precipitation has a favorable impact on both in the long and short run. Furthermore, the findings reveal that precipitation and CO2 emissions have a negative impact on bananas output in Pakistan, both in the long and short run. Temperature, on the other hand, has a favorable and considerable effect on bananas output. In addition, the outcomes reveal that temperature, CO2 emissions, and precipitation all have a favorable impact on mangoes, guavas, and mangosteens production in both the long and short run. The findings of this study guide the formulation of appropriate policies to mitigate the negative impacts of global warming on the fruits industry and ensure sustainable food production in the country to meet domestic demand and international trade goals.

Carbon footprints across transport infrastructure development and industrial output in Pakistan.

Over the past few decades, the development of transport infrastructure has attracted huge local and foreign direct investments to raise the overall industrial output in Pakistan. Meanwhile, the transport sector has emerged as one of the most emissions-intensive industrial sectors. Thus, this study is the first to investigate how Pakistan's transport infrastructure across four modes-roads, trains, ports, and airways-affects industrial value addition and carbon footprints in the country. By making use of the theoretical and empirical literature, the study builds carbon emission and economic output models to determine the economic and environmental sustainability of transport infrastructure development in the country. The empirical findings conclude long-term environmental sustainability issues in transportation infrastructure development. All means of transport infrastructure development have a significant positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the country. Only ports and highways, however, provide a positive contribution to industrial output. Additionally, population growth, capital, labor, and urbanization are positively linked with the industrial output and carbon dioxide emission in the country, whereas trade openness helps to offset the emission intensity to some extent. Given this evidence, we provide detailed policy implications by highlighting the significance of greener technologies under new transport-related infrastructure investment that addresses SDG-9.

Mapping the desktop research in Pakistan: a bibliometric analysis

Purpose This study aims to map the “Desktop Research” (DR) output in Pakistan, as part of the growing field of research globally. It also ascertains the productive institutions and prolific authors along with their collaboration patterns. Design/methodology/approach Bibliometric techniques were used to quantitatively analyze the DR published in Pakistan. The publications from 1981 to 2021 were retrieved from Scopus. A total of 1,802 publications were retrieved and used for analysis. Findings Results indicated an unpredictable increase in DR output from approximately 100 to 400 records during the past five years. The year 2020 was most productive in DR research showing the excess use of secondary data by researchers in COVID-19. The focus of researchers towards DR was consistently rising. Medical journals were found to publish DR extensively. Majority of the publications were contributed by collaborative work and researchers of the USA were found as the most collaborative with Pakistani authors. Publications of single category journals, open access journals and international collaboration get more citations. Research limitations/implications The results of the analysis rely only on a single database, Scopus, for retrieving the publication data. Practical implications The study has practical implications for the policymakers and higher education development organizations to introduce the DR as a course in academic schools. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to review DR in the context of Pakistan through bibliometric analysis. This comprehensive overview provides a better understanding of the development of the field and possible practice implications.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF FISH INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

The research article outlines Pakistan's fisheries industry output from 1950 to therecent past and fishery product trading from 1980 to 2011. Based on economic research, the findingsshow that fish output and export continuously rose year after year. Despite this, the pace ofdevelopment in fish output over the previous two decades has been quite modest compared to otheremerging nations. The research also shows that inland aquaculture output in Pakistan is quicklyoutpacing marine aquaculture. On the contrary, no marine aquaculture methods exist or are supportedto improve fish output. The article discusses and measures for fisheries sector security and futuredevelopment potential for coastal and non-coastal regions. In Pakistan, aquaculture has emerged as themost promising option to address fish demand, food security, livelihood, employment, and nationalGDP. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on marine aquaculture to restore marine fishing resources,which may generate livelihoods in coastal communities. Finally, the main idea of this article is toprovide developmental techniques for authorities to grow and expand the aquaculture industry, whichmight provide numerous options for livelihood support in Pakistan. The research uses methodologicaltriangulation for evaluating the on ground reality on a broader perspective and also an online surveywill be presented in it to evaluate the output of fish industry of Pakistan.

FISH INDUSTRY: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN

The research article outlines Pakistan's fisheries industry output from 1950 to the recent past and fishery product trading from 1980 to 2011. Based on economic research, the findings show that fish output and export continuously rose year after year. Despite this, the pace of development in fish output over the previous two decades has been quite modest compared to other emerging nations. The research also shows that inland aquaculture output in Pakistan is quickly outpacing marine aquaculture. On the contrary, no marine aquaculture methods exist or are supported to improve fish output. The article discusses and measures fisheries sector security and future development potential for coastal and non-coastal regions. In Pakistan, aquaculture has emerged as the most promising option to address fish demand, food security, livelihood, employment, and national GDP. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on marine aquaculture to restore marine fishing resources, which may generate livelihoods in coastal communities. Finally, the main idea of this article is to provide developmental techniques for authorities to grow and expand the aquaculture industry, which might provide numerous options for livelihood support in Pakistan. The research uses methodological triangulation to evaluate the on-ground reality from a broader perspective. Moreover, an online survey will be presented to evaluate the output of the fish industry of Pakistan.

Impact of Privatisation on Employment and Output in Pakistan

The paper aims to assess the impact of privatisation on employment and output in Pakistan. It uses edible oil and cement sectors as a case study in a pre- and post-privatisation comparative framework. Assessing the impact of privatisation in Pakistan is important at this juncture for two reasons. Firstly, the country is facing a severe economic crisis and privatisation forms an integral part of an array of reform measures recommended by multi-lateral donors as well as policy-makers within and without the country. Burki [(2000), p. 152] observes, “The economy and state of Pakistan are in crisis…. Pakistan has not faced a crisis of this magnitude in its entire 50-year history”. He refers to the five different crises that have combined to create this situation. These are: the global financial crisis, Pakistan’s short-term liquidity problem, economy’s structural weaknesses, severe social backwardness, and, finally, the crisis of governance. Burki (2000) suggests several solutions to the problems, and privatisation is one of the ways to restructure the economy and improve the quality of governance.

A decoupling process of Pakistan's agriculture sector: Insights from energy and economic perspectives

As the energy-intensive and productive sector, agriculture enriched social prosperity, fed people, and enriched huge poverty worldwide. Development mechanisms, energy consumption and energy efficiency in the agriculture sector have become equally necessary in the services and industrial sectors. The study's main objective is to analyze the agricultural energy decomposition and its decoupling with the economic output in Pakistan from 1981 to 2020. For this, the study employed the logarithmic mean Divisia index method to give proof of the effect of four major driving factors, including agriculture energy intensity (AEI), agriculture economic output (AEO), agriculture labor intensity (ALI), and total agriculture land (TAL). The study gives a significant relationship between energy consumption and economic growth based on identified decoupling states. The outcomes show that AEO is the major factor in raising energy consumption. AEI and TAL show an increasing return to scale, while ALI shows mixed effects over the intervals. Only strong and expansive negative decoupling is maximally given in the analysis, while the other five decouplings show little impact. Thus, based on further policies, the strong negative decoupling state could be further substituted with strong decoupling using energy technologies. It suggests that the agriculture sector can attain mixed energy, energy management, enhance capital investment, and skilled labor because the speed of energy use is increasing. To check the provincial measures, costing, energy share, and carbon emission information can be further estimated.

How Urbanization Effect Agriculture Output in Perspective of Pakistan

This analysis attempts to explore the impact of urbanization on agriculture output in Pakistan. The NARDL model is employed to analyze the asymmetric effects of urbanization on agriculture output by using yearly data from 1970 to 2020. The outcomes display that urbanization has asymmetric and statistically significant impacts on agriculture output. Similarly, labour force participation rate and gross fixed capital formation are found to be positive and significant factors of agricultural output, while foreign direct investment and external debt turn out to be negative and significant factors of agriculture output in Pakistan. Environmental degradation is found to be inversely but insignificantly related to agriculture output. It is concluded that urbanization is significantly influencing the agriculture output in Pakistan, so to control the negative consequences of urbanization on agriculture output, agriculture land of the country should be protected. Policies need to be designed to protect the urbanization on agriculture lands.

A Historical and Econometric Analysis of Energy Consumption and Industrial Output in Pakistan (1990-2019)

This paper examines the nexus of disaggregated energy consumption and industrial output in Pakistan. The annual time series data over the period 1990-2019 has been taken for current research. ARDL technique has been employed for empirical analysis. The results show that oil consumption, electricity consumption and gas consumption are positively and significantly connected with the industrial output in long run. Similarly, trade openness, labour and capital also have the same association with the industrial output and have significant outcomes in the long run. The results of Granger causality show that there exists a unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to industrial output. The study concludes that oil, gas and electricity are contributing a large share in industrial growth so that it would be made an effort to install the plants relevant with these energy sources to meet the affordable demand in the industry sector.

Inspecting non-linear behavior of aggregated and disaggregated renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on GDP per capita in Pakistan

This research assessed that how various sources of energy such as renewable, fossil fuel, electricity generation using oil, and hydroelectric sources can influence the level of output in Pakistan. For this purpose, the ARDL bounds test using annual time series data from 1980 to 2019 is used to determine the cointegration relationship between output per person and various sources of energy. The empirical results disclose that the linear terms of fossil fuel energy consumption and electricity production using oil sources significantly enhance economic growth while the squared terms of both significantly deteriorate economic growth both in the long and short-run in Pakistan. This confirms that fossil fuel has an inverted U-shaped influence on output per person in the long run as well as in the short-run period in Pakistan. Besides this, economic growth significantly falls due to a one percent increase in linear terms of renewable energy consumption and electricity production using hydroelectric sources in long run but economic growth significantly increases due to a one percent increase in the squared term of both terms. This provides evidence of the U-shaped consequence of renewable energy consumption on output level only for the long-run period. In short, the study concludes that the aggregate and disaggregate energy sources reveal similar results on the output. The study suggests that giving a boost to economic growth using fossil fuel is may be fruitful in the early phase of production but in the later phase of production it is not fruitful whereas the use of clean energy although is not beneficial in the early phase of production in expanding production activities in Pakistan but in the later phase of production it is fruitful for production but also for the environment. Therefore, the present study proposes that government may take serious efforts to shift its emphasis from nonrenewable to renewable energy sources to fulfill energy requirements for achieving sustainable economic growth in Pakistan.

Energy Consumption and Bi-Sectoral Output in Pakistan: A Disaggregated Analysis

The objective of study is to check the vigorous impact of energy consumption on industrial and agricultural output with disaggregated analysis by having openness in both sectors and tube wells lone in agriculture sector as controlled variables. It is essential to analyze a connection between energy consumption and bi-sectoral output in Pakistan. Industrial and agricultural outputs have been taken as dependent variable, as they are mainly dependent on energy consumption. The data from 1999-2019 is employed for the analysis. The econometric technique autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) results are showing a strong bond between energy consumption and industrial output in disaggregated relationship. Electricity shows a negative relationship with industrial output because of developing countries power supply failure dilemma. Similarly, agriculture sector shows significance with energy consumption in disaggregated analysis. Openness of agriculture and gas consumption in agriculture shows a negative but statistically significant relationship. Capital and labor in both sectors are highly influencing regressors as par neo classical output theory, in our disaggregated energy consumption analysis. Error correction regression shows a strong short run and long run relationship of energy consumption with industrial and agricultural output. The stability diagnostic recursive estimates show the perfectly interlinked variables in both models. The present research is equally important for the academic and policy makers as it reveals a strong bond between energy consumption and bi-sector output in Pakistan. Potential measures on energy supply can increase industrial and agricultural output.

Prices, Money Supply and Output Nexus in Pakistan – A Macro Econometric Model

This study is an endeavor to examine joint determination of prices, money supply and output in Pakistan during 1975-2019 by using macro-economic model and annual time series data. Three Stage Least Square (3SLS) method is utilized to estimate simultaneous model of prices, money supply and output nexus. Our results strongly support significant positive association between prices and money supply thus supports monetarist view that growth in money supply causes inflation and rising behavior of prices is detrimental to real output. The accelerated inflation has obstructed real output and reduced output levels has further caused jump in price levels during the investigated period. The empirical results also supports significant bi-directional relationship between prices and money supply. Prudent monetary policy is need of hour to stabilize prices in order to minimize its adverse impacts on real output.

Health research funding and its output in Pakistan.

Health research is very important for formulating evidence-based policies. To assess the health research funding and its output in the last 5 fiscal years (2013/14 to 2018) in Pakistan. Information about health research funding was retrieved from 3 major local agencies, the Higher Education Commission, the Pakistan Science Foundation and the Pakistan Health Research Council. Details of funding from international donors were retrieved and the number of publications was estimated from Pubmed and Pakmedinet. A total of 1261.6 million Pakistan rupees (Rs) (US$ 8.4 million) was spent on health research in the last 5 fiscal years, the majority from local donors (P < 0.02). Overall funding increased from Rs 104.7 million in 2013-2014 to Rs 349.8 million 2017-2018. In publications data, 24 796 original articles were published, including 16 137 Medline and 8659 non-Medline indexed. Overall there was a gradual increase in the number of publications per year, statistically significant for Medline indexed journals. Research funding had a strong correlation (Cronbach α=0.88) with publications. Health research funding directly affects health research output. The funding on health research should be considered an investment rather than expenditure.

Transport infrastructure and industrial output in Pakistan: An empirical investigation

Development of transport infrastructure is considered to be a key factor in contributing socio-economic development. This research contributes towards the existing literature by analyzing the impact of different types of transport infrastructure (i.e., roads, railways, ports and airways on industrial output for Pakistan. Using annual data over a period of four decades, we apply contemporary time series modelling techniques to establish long-run relationships. The findings confirm the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among all key variables. Labour, capital, roads and ports infrastructure stimulate industrial output in Pakistan. The long-run elasticities suggest that a 1% increase in port and road infrastructure increases industrial value added by 0.36% and 0.28%, respectively. We find weak railways are deterring industrial output, and airways are found to have neutral effects. Our findings are validated by causality analysis and the model is found to be stable and robust. In the wake of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), our findings suggest that future investment in the transport sector should focus more on railways in improving the industrial growth and output of the country.

Quantitative Analyses of Skin Cancer Research in Pakistan.

In order to investigate the current status of skin cancer research output in Pakistan, International (PubMed) and national (PakMediNet) scientific databases were searched using variety of keywords to retrieve relevant publications. A strict inclusion criterion was applied to select skin cancer publications for final analyses. Data were recorded by two authors and consistent data were entered into SPSS and Microsoft Excel and analyzed for annual growth rate and frequencies. Of 116 articles that were finally included in the study, 74 were original articles, 24 were case-reports, 10 were review articles, three were editorials, two were research communications and one each of case-series, correspondence and response to letter to the editor. The first article on skin cancer from Pakistan was published in 1976 whereas the last article included in our study was published in December 2018. Excluding Karachi, most of the cities have no contribution in the field of skin cancer. Since 1976 to date, the average number of publications per year has been low, with only 2.7 publications per year. Skin cancer research is alarmingly scarce in Pakistan. This calls for immediate attention by all concerned to contribute and devise appropriate measures towards skin cancer research in Pakistan.