Output Devices Research Articles

A Triboelectric Transduction Mechanism from Flow-Induced Low-frequency Structural Resonance

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on the vortex-induced vibrational resonance is proposed to collect the kinetic flow energy of rivers and oceans. A prototype was fabricated to study the performance of the harvester. Experiments were conducted at flow velocities below 1 m/s. The results show that when flow velocity reaches a low level, the mechanism starts to vibrate; thus, the voltage can be generated, and the voltage increases with the growth of flow velocity. When flow velocity reaches a medium level, the structural resonance take place, resulting in the maximum amplitude of the device and voltage outputs which does not increase further with the growth of flow velocity. When flow velocity reaches a high level, the vortex-induced resonance phenomenon disappears so that amplitude and voltage decrease. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using TENG to harvest vortex-induced vibration energy.

Performance Optimization of 4-bit Absolute Value Detector Based on Structural Design

The demand for high-speed electronics is increasing, so this paper presents a new design for a 4-bit absolute value detector, an introductory module in high-speed electronics, using the basic gate circuit except for the transmission gate. This paper introduces the logical effort theory to calculate the worst-case delay of the designed circuit, combines the designed circuit with the relevant equation of the logical effort theory to analyze the delay influencing factors of the circuit, and verifies that the designed circuit achieves the minimum delay to realize the minimum delay design of the basic module. In this paper, the circuit is divided into an absolute value output device and a numerical comparator, but the topology used is a fusion circuit of these two parts, rather than simply connecting the two parts. This study achieves a branch-free circuit while maintaining the condition of minimizing the critical path.

Boron Nitride-Graphene (BN-G) Bilayer as a Channel of Graphene Based Field Effect Transistor

According to the effect of the interlayer interaction of the boron nitride sheet on electronic properties, especially the energy band gap of the graphene sheet in the boron nitride-graphene (BN-G) bilayer, we propose a gapless graphene-based field effect transistor (FET). It is comprised of a boron nitride layer on top of graphene in the channel region. In this study, we investigate the transfer characteristic and output characteristic of the proposed device for different values of the interlayer distance of (BN-G) bilayer. Also, we compare the output results with simulated bilayer graphene channel FET. We find that the Ion/Ioff ratio in the proposed device shows a significant promotion compared to graphene bilayer channel FET. Our first-principles calculations show that by decreasing the inter-layer distance of (BN-G) bilayer, the energy gap increase which leads to a dipper Ioff current and an increase of Ion/Ioff ratio up to 104 for an inter-layer distance of 2.7 angstroms. Moreover, it is found that the proposed device output characteristic displays a very good saturation due to improved pinch-off of the channel.

Effect of Series Resistance and Temperature on PCE of Double Perovskite La2NiMnO6‐Based PSC

AbstractIn the present work, lead‐free double perovskite material La2NiMnO6 is used as a light‐harvesting layer in device configuration of FTO/TiO2/LNMO/CuI/Au and simulates through solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS‐1D). The series resistance and operating temperature are varied from 0 to 6 Ω and 250 to 350 K respectively to investigate the device output under ambient atmospheric conditions. The designed perovskite solar cell (PSC) based device helps to optimize the chemical and physical parameter of PSC during the fabrication. The present study exhibits that the developed device can show maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.07% at the device approach to zero resistance and further, at operation temperature 250 K the device has shown superior PCE 26.79%.

Efficient second-harmonic generation through cascaded optically poled fibers.

We report the experimental demonstration of efficient second-harmonic generation by splicing optically poled fiber segments. A device made from five segments each 20cm-long exhibits, at a fundamental average power of 4.2mW, a maximum increase of 5.5 in the conversion efficiency with respect to a single 20cm poled fiber, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 5.4%. For any considered fundamental power, the conversion efficiency at the output of a five-segment device is larger than the efficiency of a single poled fiber having the same length.

Lead-free CsBi3I10 perovskite based photo-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator

Perovskites have become promising candidates for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) because of their excellent electrical and dielectric properties. Also, and the as-fabricated triboelectric-photoelectric coupled TENG based on those semiconductor characteristics can effectively enhance the device output performance. Herein, a low-toxic lead-free bismuth halide perovskite CsBi3I10 (CBI) film was proposed as triboelectric material for the first time, and a photo-enhanced TENG was designed based on CBI owing to its broad absorption properties. The CBI based TENG exhibits the highest voltage of 158 V and current density of 45.5 mA m−2 in dark condition. Furthermore, under illumination, the triboelectric output of voltage and current are increased by about 21.7% and 15.8% respectively, and the power density of the device can reach up to 4.95 W m−2. This work not only initiates a new route for applying lead-free perovskite in TENGs but also presents a hybrid TENG for simultaneously harvesting mechanical and light energy based on the triboelectric-photoelectric coupling effect.

Significant Role of Carbon Nanomaterials in Material Extrusion‐Based 3D‐Printed Triboelectric Nanogenerators

A recent trend in technological evolution has focused on innovative self‐powered device systems involving miniaturized energy harvesting systems termed “nanogenerators.” Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have generated heaps of interest in the field of energy storage devices and sensors, owing to its tendency to harvest mechanical energy and impart power to battery‐less miniaturized devices for comprehensive applications. The combination of TENG with 3D printing (3DP) has provided impetus in fabricating a device with innovative design and functionalities with different working modes and mechanisms to culminate into excellent device output performances. Several studies have focused on the significant role of nanomaterials in TENG to achieve flexibility, workability, and enhanced electrical output. This review aims to explore the influence of carbon‐based nanomaterials in ameliorating the processability, performance, and printing characteristics of extrusion‐based 3D‐printed TENG. The unique structure dimensions and excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of carbon‐based nanomaterials tend to contribute in enhancing the triboelectric efficiency of TENG. The carbon nanomaterials assist in enhancing significant performance of rapid prototyping during material extrusion 3DP. This review provides an insight into the critical aspects to be analyzed in fabricating an extrusion‐based 3DP TENG and examines the role of carbon‐based nanomaterials in developing smart triboelectric materials for next‐generation energy harvesting technologies.

Scale-up of a novel vital signs alert device to improve maternity care in Sierra Leone: a mixed methods evaluation of adoption

BackgroundThe CRADLE (Community blood pressure monitoring in Rural Africa: Detection of underLying pre-Eclampsia) Vital Signs Alert device—designed specifically to improve maternity care in low resource settings—had varying impact when trialled in different countries. To better understand the contextual factors that may contribute to this variation, this study retrospectively evaluated the adoption of CRADLE, during scale-up in Sierra Leone.MethodsThis was a mixed methods study. A quantitative indicator of adoption (the proportion of facilities trained per district) was calculated from existing training records, then focus groups were held with ‘CRADLE Champions’ in each district (n = 32), to explore adoption qualitatively. Template Analysis was used to deductively interpret qualitative data, guided by the NASSS (non-adoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, sustainability) Framework.FindingsSubstantial but non-significant variation was found in the proportion of facilities trained in each district (range 59–90%) [X2 (7, N = 8) = 10.419, p = 0.166]. Qualitative data identified complexity in two NASSS domains that may have contributed to this variation: ‘the technology’ (for example, charging issues, difficulty interpreting device output and concerns about ongoing procurement) and ‘the organisation’ (for example, logistical barriers to implementing training, infighting and high staff turnover). Key strategies mentioned to mitigate against these issues included: transparent communication at all levels; encouraging localised adaptations during implementation (including the involvement of community leaders); and selecting Champions with strong soft skills (particularly conflict resolution and problem solving).ConclusionsComplexity related to the technology and the organisational context were found to influence the adoption of CRADLE in Sierra Leone, with substantial inter-district variation. These findings emphasise the importance of gaining an in-depth understanding of the specific system and context in which a new healthcare technology is being implemented. This study has implications for the ongoing scale-up of CRADLE, and for those implementing or evaluating other health technologies in similar contexts.

Three‐Dimensional Manganese Oxide@Carbon Networks as Free‐Standing, High‐Loading Cathodes for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs), which are inexpensive and environmentally friendly, have a lot of potential for use in grid‐scale energy storage systems, but their use is constrained by the availability of suitable cathode materials. MnO2‐based cathodes are emerging as a promising contenders, due to the great availability and safety, as well as the device's stable output voltage platform (1.5 V). Improving the slow kinetics of MnO2‐based cathodes caused by low electrical conductivity and mass diffusion rate is a challenge for their future use in next‐generation rapid charging devices. Herein, the aforementioned challenges are overcome by proposing a sodium‐intercalated manganese oxide (NMO) with 3D varying thinness carbon nanotubes (VTCNTs) networks as appropriate free‐standing, binder‐free cathodes (NMO/VTCNTs) without any heat treatment. A network construction strategy based on CNTs of different diameters is proposed for the first time to provide high specific capacity while achieving high mass loading. The specific capacity of as‐prepared cathodes is significantly increased. The resulting free‐standing binder‐free cathodes achieve excellent capacity (329 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 and 225 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1) and long‐term cycling stability (158 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles).

Brain Computer Interface System, Performance, Challenges and Applications

Using electrodes placed on the scalp, a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) may read electric activity in the brain and interpret it into orders to be sent to output devices. Artificial neuromuscular output channels are not used in BCIs. People with neuromuscular illnesses such as cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord or stroke might greatly benefit from BCI since it can help them regain or maintain the abilities they once had. Standardized technological platforms have been developed as a result of massive multinational research efforts; and these platforms have the potential to be utilized to tackle intractable issues such as feature selection and segmentation, as well as the brain's incredibly complex dynamics. Researchers working on BCIs face additional challenges from the impact of time-variable psycho-neurophysiological fluctuations on brain signals, which must be overcome before the technology can be used in a plug-and-play fashion in daily life. This article provides a concise summary of the decades of research and development that have gone into BCIs so far, as well as a discussion of the most pressing issues yet to be solved.

A Facile Approach for the Encapsulation of Perovskite Solar Cells

Effectively encapsulating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance the external reliability is the key towards commercialization. We herein propose a facile encapsulation method by introducing conductive ribbons and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) backsheet on both sides of PSC. Via applying thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) encapsulant, we implemented PSCs with fine encapsulation, enabling considerable durability in the ambient atmosphere and even with water immersion, demonstrating almost no degradation in the device output, which is ascribed to the low water vapor transmission rate as well as the high chemical stability of TPO. The operation reliability of the encapsulated cell is also significantly increased, maintaining 80% of the initial efficiency after 770 hours’ light illumination in an ambient atmosphere. This novel encapsulation route provides a feasible idea for the commercial application of PSCs in the future.

Improving the Performance of Lead‐Free FASnI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cell with Nb2O5 as an Electron Transport Layer

AbstractIn this work, the photovoltaic outputs of the lead‐free FASnI3‐based perovskite solar cells are discussed by using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension. The device outputs estimated theoretically in this study are almost equal to the experimental results, thereby verifying accuracy of this simulation. To find the decent electron transport layer (ETL), herein, various ETLs are presented instead of C60/BCP in the experimental FASnI3‐based perovskite solar cell (PSC). The designed FASnI3 PSC utilizing niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) as an ETL with an appropriate band alignment and a low lattice mismatch at FASnI3/ETL interface provides better efficiency by decreasing recombination at front side. The performances of the proposed PSC are also measured by altering the thickness and doping of ETL and absorber, interface defects, and series and shunt resistances. Furthermore, this paper reports the calculation of recombination coefficients at absorber/ETL interface, depletion region, and quasi‐neutral region. An improved efficiency of 22.24% is evaluated at optimized thicknesses of 100 nm for HTL, 500 nm for absorber, 50 nm for ETL, and 50 nm for ITO for the proposed inverted PSC of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/FASnI3/Nb2O5/Ag. These results suggest that chemically stable and less‐toxic Nb2O5 can be applied as a useful ETL in inverted PSCs for further improving the performances.

Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino-Based Smart Glasses for Visually Assisting the Blind

This paper presents a cutting-edge solution to address the challenges faced by the visually impaired in navigation. The proposed ultrasonic glasses employ ultrasonic sensor technology to detect obstacles in the user's path. Through a compact and user-friendly design, the system provides real-time auditory feedback to enhance the user's awareness of their surroundings. The study includes the design and development of the ultrasonic glasses, rigorous testing to validate their efficacy, and user feedback analysis. Preliminary results suggest that this wearable technology is more promising in terms of individual independence with visual impairments and high mobility, offering a promising avenue for future assistive devices. The proposed device consists of a power supply, a processing unit, a glasses pair, a centre fixed obstacle detection module and a beeping device that acts as an output. The power for the CPU is provided by the power supply. To the CPU, the output device and the obstacle detection module are connected. In general, an ultrasonic sensor acts as an obstacle detection module, a control module is used as a processing unit and the buzzer acts as an output device. The control signals are sent by the control unit to the ultrasonic sensors to get and process the information about the obstacle and alert the person by sending this information to the buzzer which is an output device. The proposed smart glasses are economical, portable and rigid, consumer-friendly and lightweight.

Complex Dynamics, Hardware Implementation and Image Encryption Application of Multiscroll Memeristive Hopfield Neural Network With a Novel Local Active Memeristor

Because of the nonlinearity and memory, memristors are the most suitable electrical component for simulating synapses. A novel local active and nonvolatile memristor is designed. By circuit experiments, its memristive properties are verified. By introducing this memristor, this brief constructs a 4D memristive Hopfield neural network (MHNN) which can perform complex dynamics, such as controllable double-scrolls attractors and controllable initial offset boosting coexistence. Compared with other multiscroll chaotic systems, the autonomy equation of the system is smooth for discarding the sign function. In addition, this MHNN performs well in image encryption applications for the significant complexity of multiscroll. Through safety analysis, the information entropy of the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$512 \times 512$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Lena graph is 7.9993, which is very close to the ideal value of 8. Besides, the number of pixels changing rates (NPCR) and the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) are 99.6097% and 33.4621%, which are almost equal ideal values. Finally, this brief designs the digital circuit of the multiscroll MHNN signal generator and verifies the function with the help of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and oscilloscope. Besides, by designing a pseudo-random number generation circuit, FPGA can directly encrypt the image and transmit it to the input and output devices.

Исследование свойств отказоустойчивой структуры комбинационного устройства, реализованной по методу логической коррекции сигналов с контролем вычислений по модифицированным кодам Хэмминга

A fault-tolerant structure for combinational-type automation devices is considered, which does not imply the introduction of modular precision into the structure of the original device. In the fault-tolerant structure, using the method of logical correction of signals, a special block for fixing distorted signals is synthesized, and using a modified Hamming code, a concurrent error-detection circuit for the source object is synthesized. Correction is carried out using the output signal correction unit controlled by the concurrent error-detection control circuit and block for fixing distorted signals. This allows us to correct errors at any outputs of the source device, which are fixed by the concurrent error-detection circuit. Compared to parity codes used to control calculations testing, Hamming codes have improved detecting ability, which reduces the probability of error masking. An example is given demonstrating the process of modeling the operation of the fault-tolerant structure in case of occurrence of single stuck-at faults in it. The proposed method for synthesis of a fault-tolerant device could be used in implementation of automation and computer technology devices.

Performance Analysis of ACO/DCO-OFDM Hybrid PLC-VLC Receivers With Blanking Non-Linearity

Blanking non-linearity is broadly used in impulsive noise communication environments due to its efficiency and ease of deployment to mitigate such noise. During the blanking procedure, data samples with impulsive noise are identified and clipped to zero, which removes impulsive noise from the system thereby, improving the system performance. In this regard, this paper investigates the performance of hybrid power line communication-visible light communication (PLC-VLC) systems with blanking nonlinearity. The signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio at the output of the blanking device is deduced using a closed-form analytical expression. The results show that there is good agreement between simulation results and theory if there is a sufficiently large number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) sub-carriers. In addition, the study also indicates that the blanking method is more effective in curbing impulsive noise in comparison to the clipping technique. According to the threshold optimisation investigations, there exists a worst-case SINR value that minimizes the output SNR at the OFDM receiver after blanking. Furthermore, the findings also revealed that proper blanking threshold selection is essential for obtaining the best performance.

CdSe-Co3O4@TiO2 nanoflower-based photoelectrochemical platform probing visible light-driven virus detection.

The design and construction of a visible light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) device is describedbased on a CdSe-Co3O4@TiO2 nanoflower (NF). Moreover, an application to the ultrasensitive detection of viruses, such as hepatitis E virus (HEV), HEV-like particles (HEV-LPs), and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in complicated lysate solution, is demonstrated. The photocurrent response output of a PEC device based on CdSe-Co3O4@TiO2 is enhanced compared with the individual components, TiO2 and CdSe-Co3O4. This can be attributed to the CdSe quantum dot (QD) sensitization effect and strong visible light absorption to improve overall system stability. A robust oxygen-evolving catalyst (Co3O4) coupled at the hole-trapping site (CdSe) extends the interfacial carrier lifetime, and the energy conversion efficiency was improved. The effective hybridization between the antibody and virus resulted in a linear relationship between the change in photocurrent density and the HEV-LP concentration ranging from 10fgmL-1 to 10ngmL-1, with a detection limit of 3.5fgmL-1. This CdSe-Co3O4@TiO2-based PEC device achieved considerable sensitivity, good specificity, and acceptable stability and demonstrated a significant ability to develop an upgraded device with affordable and portable biosensing capabilities.

Electrical energy generation using fish scale of Rohu fish by harvesting human motion mechanical energy for self powered battery-less devices

A green electrical energy source is suggested in this study to reduce carbon emissions for application in wearable flexible smart sensors/electronics/medical devices. Fish scales of Rohu fish are used to produce electricity by designing and fabricating triboelectric nanogenerators which need only human motion instead of a battery to produce electricity for self powered sensors and IoT devices. These fish scales are available in abundance in a fish market as a waste material globally. These scales are transparent, flexible, non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and cheaper (free of cost) material. A very simple design, fabrication, and operation technique is proposed in this study. The various characterization techniques SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD are performed on the fish scale because triboelectricity generation depends upon the material composition and surface morphology. The SEM results show a distinct surface pattern of the scale which is helpful for triboelectric charge generation. The EDX shows the basic elemental composition in which Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen are dominant. Further, the FTIR spectrum shows the presence of different bio proteins including keratin, collagens, chitin, etc. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that a fish scale-based fabricated device is capable of working under 200 0 C. A comparative analysis of the triboelectric performance of fish scale with other already reported biomaterials eggshell membrane, dog hair, and bombax ceiba tree cotton is also presented in this study along with highly tribonegative material PTFE. The results of this study help to estimate the position of the novel fish scale material in the triboelectric series. The electrical output of this fish scale-based device is used to light up 90 commercial green LEDs which is equivalent to 180 V. The current of value 1.7 µA has been measured across the 1MΩ resistor. To present the potential application of the fabricated device, a digital calculator is Switch ON using electricity produced from the fish scale based device. • Fabrication of Fish market waste Fish Scale based electrical energy generation device. • Clean and green electrical energy generation to power-up battery-less IoT devices. • Fabrication of Fish Scale based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). • Comparative TENG analysis of Fish Scale with other biomaterials. • Fabricated fish scale based device light up 90 green LEDs and Switch ON a calculator.

Research on Digital Protection Technology of Based on Virtual Reality

VR technology is a simulation of the virtual world. Users receive and respond to various sensory stimuli provided by the virtual environment with the help of special output and input devices, and interact with people and objects in the virtual world in a natural way to create an immersive feeling. Based on the virtual reality technology, the tourism intangible cultural heritage that has disappeared can be reproduced in front of people. Three technologies are specifically used. First, the three-dimensional modeling technology makes the real scene virtual reappearance, and produces a fully real three-dimensional effect. Second, three-dimensional panorama technology, which uses panoramic images to represent three-dimensional virtual environment, makes the picture effect more realistic. Third, human-computer interaction technology. After adding the somatosensory device, you can get an almost real interaction experience.

Design of Single Input Dual Output DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

DC–DC converters are playing a vital in the electric vehicles (EVs) application. In current EVs, a separate DC–DC converter is used to charge both in the low voltage and the high‐voltage batteries. These factors have resulted in higher output voltage ripples, higher switching and device conduction losses, all of which can have an impact on EV performance. In addition, the previous mulitport converters have more number of energy storage elements and switching devices for EV application. To address these issues, this article proposes a multiport DC–DC converter charging circuit for EVs. The proposed circuit has a single‐input dual‐output (SIDO) structure that consists of a positive output boost converter (POBC) with integration of buck converter (POBCIBC). Here, the POBC is used to stepping‐up the voltage, while the buck converter is used to step‐down the voltage. The POBC is a fundamental topology composed of Cascaded Boost Super Lift Luo Converters. The designed POBCIBC has several advantages such as reduced output voltage ripples, high‐voltage transfer gain, proficient efficiency, lower switching and conduction losses, less number of storage components, and a compact structure over the existing multiport converters. The performance of the POBCIBC is tested at different operating conditions by constructing the MATLAB/Simulink and prototype models. The proposed converter has produced different output voltage levels based on their duty cycles variations. The results are presented to show the proficient POBCIBC for the EV application.