Output DC-DC Research Articles

High power low cross-talk single inductor dual output DC-DC converter for power management in PLL IC

Abstract A single inductor dual output DC-DC converter operating in CCM mode is proposed in this paper. Due to the more accuracy and complete small-signal model in Simulink and the dedicatedly designed compensation parameters, the circuit can broaden the load range of the converter through fast response and reduce the cross-talk effects between output branches during load adjustment. The converter is implemented in TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M BCD process with a chip area of 1.7mm*1.8mm. The simulation results show that the converter has a conversion efficiency of 81.3% at a maximum output power of 5W and the cross-regulation of less than 36mV/A at 1A load regulation.

Design of digital compensators for multi-output DC-DC converters with reduced cross-regulation

ABSTRACT In the recent times, a single multi-port DC-DC converter (MPC) is highly preferred over the multiple single output DC-DC converters. Single Input Dual Output (SIDO) Buck converter with Coupled Inductors (CI) are widely employed for the reduction of multiple outputs. In this paper, the prognostic procedures to monitor MPC operating with load dynamics are discussed. The occurrence of cross-regulation during the load dynamics is suppressed by an improved digital compensator, which was specifically designed to address the cross-regulation problem. The developed digital compensation circuit is employed in the CI-SIDO Buck converter with an input of 48 V and delivering outputs of 12 V/75Watts and 24 V/125 Watts. The occurrence of cross-regulation is controlled by decoupled dual loop digital PID controller with dynamical digital compensation. A meticulous Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) with bode plot is conducted exhaustively for the derived system transfer functions. The proposed design is verified in simulation and experiments, exhibiting an enhanced results with significant suppression in cross-regulation and stability.

MW-Scale High-Voltage Direct-Current Power Conversion for Large-Spacecraft Electric Propulsion

This paper proposes a megawatt (MW)-scale high-voltage (HV) electrical power-conversion element for large-spacecraft electric propulsion (EP) systems. The proposed scheme is intended for long-term and crewed missions, and it is driven by a nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) that acts as a heat source. The scheme includes (i) A two-rotor generator (TRG), (ii) A rectification stage, and (iii) An isolated dual output DC-DC (iDC2) converter. The TRG is a high-reliability electric machine with two rotors, a permanent magnet rotor (PMR), and a wound field rotor (WFR). The PMR has a fixed flux and hence back-EMF, while the back-EMF due to the WFR is controlled by injecting a direct current (DC) into the WFR winding. The total TRG output voltage, which is the sum of voltages due to the PMR and WFR, is controlled over a prescribed region of spacecraft operation. The output of the TRG is rectified and connected to the input of the iDC2 converter. The iDC2 converter uses a three-winding transformer, where the primary winding is fed from the rectified output of TRG, the secondary winding processes the propulsion power to an electric thruster via a high-voltage DC (HVDC) link and a tertiary winding that is connected to the spacecraft’s low-voltage DC (LVDC) power system. Three controllers are proposed for the system: an HVDC voltage controller, an HVDC current controller that controls the voltage and current processed to the thruster, and an LVDC controller that adjusts the current to the LVDC system. Detailed analytical models for the TRG, iDC2 converter, and controllers are developed and verified via simulations under different conditions. The analytical studies are further validated via results from a laboratory prototype.

Optimizing weighted voltage mode control for enhanced output cross-regulation in multi-output DC/DC converters

Weighted voltage mode control is a widely used method for regulating multiple output DC-DC converters, but inconsistent outcomes are often observed in design due to the complexity of the weighting variable optimization. This study proposes an optimization-based approach to accurately estimate the optimal weighting factors for improved output voltage regulation in multiple output forward DC-DC converters. Three optimization algorithms, the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are compared for their speed and accuracy in estimating the weighting factors. Additionally, a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to further reduce the overall steady-state error and improve transient characteristics. Simulations are performed using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the results show that the proposed strategy significantly enhances output cross-regulation in multiple output forward DC-DC converters. The ICA-based weighting factor estimator is found to be the most effective algorithm among the three optimization algorithms tested. The main contribution of this study is to provide a more efficient and accurate method for estimating the weighting factors in multiple output forward DC-DC converters, which can lead to improved performance and reliability in various applications.

The Influence of Decentralized Charging Pile Connection on Voltage Deviation of Distribution Network

In this study, a mathematical model was developed to describe the charging process of a charging pile. The PWM charging process was determined, and a mathematical model for the DC-DC output of the charging pile was constructed. Prior to the photovoltaic connection, the voltage distribution of the distribution network was determined, and the line voltage drop was obtained. The impact of the access capacity of distributed charging piles on the voltage of the distribution network was analyzed. Furthermore, the line voltage drop between nodes was determined, and the nodes were balanced to calculate the voltage of each node at this time. This analysis enabled the investigation of the impact of distributed charging pile access on the voltage deviation of the distribution network. The results indicate that the calculation error of voltage deviation in the distribution network is only 0.002, with a maximum prediction accuracy of 99.0%.

An efficient controller design of a PV integrated single inductor multiple output DC-DC converter for dynamic voltage and low power applications.

In this article, a Single Inductor Multiple Output (SIMO) DC-DC boost converter for driving independent three outputs of dynamic voltage and low power is proposed. Compared with the traditional SIMO DC-DC converter, the proposed work accomplishes (i) independent control of power at each output, (ii) small switch count, (iii) relatively better scalability with increasing output channel, (iv) fast response time, and (v) relatively better efficiency. The core aim of the current article is to implement an efficient controller design of the SIMO DC converter circuit operating in continuous conduction mode for dynamic voltage applications. The SIMO circuit comprises a photovoltaic (PV) array as a renewable energy harvesting source at the input. A hysteretic controller based on direct control with seamless transition control topology is implemented in this model for SIMO operation. This scheme is popular due to its less cost, simple, easy-to-use design architecture, and fast speed of close loop control. The configuration of the solar array is designed to deliver maximum power on the input of the SIMO DC-DC converter. For tracking the maximum power point, incremental conductance with integral control configuration is applied on the PV array with fast speed and efficiency. The MATLAB/Simulink environment is utilized for model configuration. The simulation results show that the proposed SIMO configuration with the PV array provided 100.5 W and 21.7 W for 1000 W/m2 and 250 W/m2, respectively.

Four Speed Auto Transmission DC-DC Converter Control for E-Vehicle and Regenerative Braking Based on Simulation and Model Investigation

A novel single input multioutput (SIMO) output DC-DC converter with circular capacitors is intended to function with a single independent source to create numerous transmissions to regulate the speed at the same switching intervals. A novel single input multi output (SIMO) output DC-DC converter employing circular capacitors is designed to work with a single independent source to create numerous transmissions. The proposed converter generates 7 outputs in total, with 4 outputs generated simultaneously for forward operation (speed transmission) using the preferred source (fuel cell/battery) and 3 other different outputs used for regenerative transmissions, with the battery being the preferred storage device. This converter can control the speed of an electric vehicle (EV) by using the SIMO is output voltage to regulate the vehicle is speed, allowing for higher accelerations and decelerations with minimal energy loss and degradation of the main battery pack. It can also be used to power electronic components such as LED lights, audio systems, and mobile charging etc. The energy recovered during regenerative braking is used to charge the battery via a buck/boost operation for varied speed transmission. In addition, simulation, modelling, and analysis are used to validate the proposed system. It is intended for a fixed voltage of 12 V and output voltages ranging from 12 to 48 V. The PSIM simulation tool is used to validate the system. The validation demonstrates the suggested converter is good evidence in both braking and regenerative braking operations.

Dual Inductor Based Two Input Two Output DC-DC Converter and its Analysis for DC Microgrid Application

Two input two output DC-DC converters with two switched inductor structure are widespread in DC micro grid and Electric Vehicle (EV) applications with merits of solid structure, lower cost and high-power density. However, owing to the low voltage levels of the non-conventional sources used in the above applications, the significance of step up type DC-DC converters is so high. In this paper, a step up converter that is expert to deliver two different voltages at the output side from two different input energy sources is proposed as a new topology. It mainly contains two inductors for improving the voltage conversion ratio. Thorough analysis of converter has been performed with support of necessary equations and circuits. The performance assessment of DC-DC converter is done with simulation and experimental platforms and required waveforms are presented. A comparative study of the proposed converter is also fulfilled to signify the better features of the converter.

A novel topology for single-inductor single input triple output DC-DC power converter

<p class="Els-Abstract-text">A single input triple output (SITO) DC-DC power converter circuit derived from a single inductor boost converter is proposed in this paper. Like multi-level inverters, many electronic circuit applications need multiple DC output voltages. Using different power supply circuits increases the system cost, size, and weight. The multiple-input, multiple-output power conversion system integrates multiple sources and outputs and uses a single controller. The integrated operation results in simple structure, low cost, and size, making it suitable for different power conversions, including renewable sources. In this series, the proposed single-inductor single-input triple-output (SI-SITO) DC-DC power converter is designed to produce three independent DC output voltages and two dependent output voltages. The proposed circuit is derived from a conventional boost converter made up of a single inductor. The advantage of this proposed circuit is the use of minimum components and simple control strategies. The design and performance analysis is done using Mat Lab simulation. The experimental results show the benefits of the proposed circuit.</p>

Multiple Input-Single Output DC-DC Converters Assessment for Low Power Renewable Sources Integration

This paper presents a comparison of Isolated (Flyback) and non-Isolated (Buck) multiple input-single output (MISO) DC-DC converters. The analysis of DC-DC converters is based on pulsed voltage source cells (PVSC). The modeling of both converter types is detailed through their mathematical models and electrical simulations using Matlab/Simulink and PSIM. The comparison focuses on the sizing parameters, non-ideal output characteristics and efficiency. Results show that the output voltage of the MISO Buck converter exhibits a linear dependence on the duty cycles control signal and has slightly higher efficiency than the Flyback converter. To validate the operation of both converters, a scenario with two inputs (low-power hydroelectric and photovoltaic voltage sources) is considered. The modeling and control of both source systems are detailed and the MISO converter performance response is evaluated under sources changes and efficiency point of view.

Design of single-inductor double-input double-output DC–DC converter for electric vehicle charger

The demand of charging facilities in Electrical Vehicle (EV) is high. To meet out this demand, Dual input and dual output DC-DC converter is proposed for charging system in the EV charging technology. This proposed system consists of two inputs, two outputs and a single inductor in its architecture. It works in boost condition for both the given inputs. Here, one source is used for boost condition and other source is also utilized in boost condition, with these conditions its importance is established in the new systems of this filed. This is possible because of the constant current control at input in which the sources are controlled by duty cycles. The output is controlled in different method that any change in one of the outputs do not affect the other. It has the feature of DC-DC converter to regulate the noises and high frequency-based switching help them to put switching losses to minimum and reason to adapt for boost condition is to reduce the diode losses as in most systems. This system also uses only few components than most converter-based systems.

Multiple output high gain DC-DC converter

Multiple output DC-DC converters with high gain are the most cost-effective development in improving renewable energy applications. The high gain DC-DC boost converters can convert low voltage from renewable energy sources to high DC bus voltage level. The multiple output high gain converter has advantage of multilevel outputs which eliminate the requirement of individual converters for each voltage level. The DC-DC boost converter with multiple outputs provides boost outputs with different gains at low duty ratios with higher efficiency. The non-isolated multiple output DC-DC converter works on switched-capacitor and switched-inductor technique with a wide input voltage range. The dual power switches are driven with a single PWM drive signal. The voltage stress across components is less than half of the main output voltage. The dual outputs with single input reduce size and cost of the high gain converters in modern power electronics. The operation of DC-DC converter analysed in continuous conduction mode. The performance study of the multiple output high gain DC-DC converter is carried out with MATLAB/SIMULINK R2017b for 100W/20kHz.

A negative dual output DC-DC converter with dual working modes

Renewable and clean energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) cells and fuel cells are increasing rapidly. Most of the renewable energy sources have low voltage characteristics. This necessitates the need of high gain converters. There are many other applications that require high gain converters. A negative dual output DC-DC converter with dual working modes is proposed. First working mode is a step-up (boost) operation in output 1 and step-up/step-down (buck-boost) operation in output 2, and the second working mode is step-up/step-down (buck-boost) operation in both output 1 and output 2 depending on different control strategies. The circuit structure is very simple with many advantages such as wide voltage gain and flexible. The performance study of negative dual output DC-DC converter is carried out with MATLAB/SIMULINK 2017a.

Minimal switching of multiple input multilevel output DC-DC converter

This paper proposes a minimal switching multiple input multilevel output (MS-MIMLO) DC-DC converter. Minimizing the cost of operation is an utmost priority of any electric circuit design. Thus, reduction number of switches that control and manage the operation of feeding power into the MIMLO DC-DC convertors is presented. The proposed MS-MIMLO DC-DC converter exerts many advantages, include high voltage transfer ratio with a small size inductor, reduced power losses and low voltage stress across the semiconductor devices. Beside the highly conversion ratio and efficiency, the characteristics of the proposed converter have a simple configuration with low number of components as well. The MATLAB/Simulink software was implemented to simulate the proposed topology in order to verify the performance of the MS-MIMLO DC-DC converter. The result of simulations demonstrated the benefits of reducing the number of switches without affecting the operation and performance of the MIMLO DC-DC converter circuit.

The Topologies of Multi-Input Single-Output Isolation-Free DC-DC Convertor for Hybrid Power Plants

Today it is an obvious fact that energy consumption tends to increase due to technological developments, population growth, and increasing living standards. In last two decades, renewable energy sources are accepted the most convenient way. However, most of these alternative systems are not considered sufficient to supply whole demand alone. But hybrid systems with some of alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind and biomass appear to be a solution to supply the energy needs in the future. In hybrid systems, the DC-DC converter structure is the main device when converting energy for the proper loads. Single / multiple input, single / multiple output DC-DC converter topologies vary in design according to the energy demand of the load. Particularly, topologies with bi-directional power flow and less circuit elements come to the fore. In this study, the simulation of multi-input single output (MISO) DC-DC converter topologies was performed in Matlab / Simulink software. Induction current and voltage, output current and voltage, as well as output power used in the determined topologies were analyzed. The mathematical equations given in the topologies were confirmed by simulation studies.

Dual Output and High Voltage Gain DC-DC Converter for PV and Fuel Cell Generators Connected to DC Bipolar Microgrids

This paper introduces a new topology for a DC-DC converter with bipolar output and high voltage gain. The topology was designed with the aim to use only one active power switch. Besides the bipolar multiport output and high voltage gain this converter has another important feature, namely, it has a continuous input current. Due to the self-balancing bipolar outputs, the proposed topology is suitable for bipolar DC microgrids. Indeed, the topology balancing capability can achieve the two symmetrical voltage poles of bipolar DC microgrids. Furthermore, it is possible to create a midpoint in the output of the converter that can be directly connected to the ground of the DC power supply, avoiding common-mode leakage currents in critical applications such as transformerless grid-connect PV systems. The operating principle of the proposed topology will be supported by mathematical analysis. To validate and verify the characteristics of the presented topology, several experimental results are shown.

Three outputs DC-DC Converter for Water Production System with Peltier element and Photovoltaic cells

Three outputs DC-DC Converter for Water Production System with Peltier element and Photovoltaic cells

Stability and reliability of LTCC-based 5/12 ​V dual output DC-DC converter with high efficiency and small size

We propose a 5/12 ​V dual output DC-DC converter that can achieve high efficiency and a small size form factor. Using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)-based multi-layer circuits, the converter minimizes power losses caused by power and ground metal planes and reduces the size. The lateral dimension of the converter with nine LTCC layers was 35 ​mm ​× ​45 ​mm. The proposed converter was compatible with the outputs of typical electric bike batteries, which are 48 ​V and 36 ​V. At a full-load condition of 3.1 ​A ​at 5 ​V output and 2 ​A ​at 12 ​V output, the measured efficiency was 92.9% and 93.6% with a supply voltage of 48 ​V and 36 ​V, respectively. The measured line regulation with ±20% of an input voltage was lower than 0.75% and load regulation with a 10%–100% load change for the dual output was lower than 1.4%. Under the condition of 100% load for one output and 25%–100% load change for another output, the maximum cross-regulation was 1.7%. The dynamic load regulation and response was lower than 9.6% and 480 μs with 0%–100% load change, respectively, and the maximum ripple and noise was 33.2 mVpp. Reliability tests indicated that the average efficiency degradation rate was less than 0.002%/°C. The results of an electromagnetic interference (EMI) test indicated the converter satisfies the IEC61000-6-3 class B standard. The results show that the LTCC multilayer circuit substrate is suitable for a high-efficiency, high-density, high-output stability, and high-reliability in a power converter.

Closed loop control of DC-DC converters using PID and FOPID controllers

Fractional order controllers are nowadays used in various power electronic converters as it is giving superior control performance compared with conventional PID controllers. This paper presents the closed loop control of different DC-DC converters using PID controllers and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers. The closed loop control of the basic converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost converters and dual input single output DC-DC converters were designed, modeled and analyzed using conventional PID controller and FOPID controllers. The performance of the controllers are compared in terms of the different time domain specifications like overshoot, rise time, settling time, etc. and simulated in MATLAB Simulink platform. For all types of the DC-DC converters, FOPID controller gives far better performance compared with conventional PID controllers.

Non-isolated multiple input multilevel output DC-DC converter for hybrid power system

<p><span>The utilization of multisources of energy in a compact and an effective power system gains an essential role in power electronic industry. As such, the design and simulation of a new non-isolated Multiple Input Multilevel Output (MIMLO) DC-DC converter for hybrid power system is presented. The MIMLO DC-DC converter can be integrated in renewable energy, such as fuel cells, wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays etc, to get the best output voltages. The MIMLO DC-DC converter powers the load from renewable energy sources through the independence of the availability of other sources. The proposed topology has been simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software to testify the performance control operation of the Multiple Input Multilevel Output DC-DC converter. The results of the carried-out simulation favor the usage of multi-input voltage, rather than a single input voltage. The MIMLO design has the advantages of a simple configuration, reduced number of switches, fewer components, high efficiency, and high conversion ratio. The Multilevel Output DC-DC converter provides high voltage transfer with low size inductors, reduction of losses, low stress voltage on switches and diodes. </span></p>