Output Coefficients Research Articles

Toolkit for the Input–Output Analysis of the Performance of Russian Economy in 1991–2013

Input–output analysis has been used to study the impact made by microstructure factors such as final demand and the matrix of input–output coefficients on the performance of the total gross output of the Russian Federation in 1990–2013. The contribution of these factors to the economic dynamics during the transformational recession in 1991–1998 and the subsequent restoration growth of 1999–2013 have been numerically estimated.

中国人均灰水生态足迹变化驱动效应测度及时空分异

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国人均灰水生态足迹变化驱动效应测度及时空分异 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201706221136 作者: 作者单位: 辽宁师范大学城市与环境学院,辽宁师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家社会科学基金重点项目（16AJY009） Driving effect measurements and spatial-temporal variation of the per capita gray water ecological footprint in China Author: Affiliation: College of Urban and Environment,Liaoning Normal University,College of Urban and Environment,Liaoning Normal University Fund Project: Key Projects of National Social Sci-ence Fund, No. 16AJY009. 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:将传统灰水足迹和水生态足迹方法相结合，运用扩展的Kaya恒等式和LMDI指数分解方法对中国各省市的人均灰水生态足迹变化的驱动因素进行测度分析，充分考虑了资本和劳动力因素，选取经济活度效应，资本深化效应，资本效率效应，足迹强度效应，环境效率效应5个效应对人均灰水生态足迹变化的影响，结合ISODATA聚类模型对各效应进行空间聚类，从而分析各效应的空间特征。结果显示：中国人均灰水生态足迹产出变化是这5种因素共同作用的结果，资本深化效应和经济活度效应具有增量效应特点，而环境效率效应、足迹强度效应、资本效率效应呈减量效应特点；在各驱动效应的的强弱对比中，资本深化效应和足迹强度效应的特征较为明显。经济发展带动了科技进步也使得用水效率不断提高是足迹强度效应呈减量效应的主要原因；而工业化阶段经济向资本密集型转变是资本效率下降的主要原因。研究对中国灰水生态变化与资本要素之间的关系进行了探讨，对环保政策的调整及水资源可持续利用研究具有一定的参考价值。 Abstract:In this study, the authors apply water ecological footprint measurement methods to the field of gray water footprint research and provide a method for calculating gray water ecological footprints. Based on the extended Kaya identity and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) technique decomposition methods, we calculated the gray water ecological footprint of 31 provinces and the per capita gray water ecological footprint in China from 2000 to 2014. We then measured and decomposed the values of the driving effects of per capita gray water ecological footprint change. From these results, we selected five of the more important economic and environmental factors to apply as capital factors to gray water research. This method included measurements of the effects of the working population, capital stocks, capital output coefficients, water ecological footprint intensity, and gray water ecological footprint emission coefficients. The five driving effects were economic activity, capital deepening, capital efficiency, footprint intensity, and environmental efficiency. The values of the driving effects on changes during the time period are discussed and analyzed based on the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques Algorithm (ISODATA) clustering model for spatial clustering of the effects. The results showed that the Chinese per capita gray water ecological footprint output changed because of the interaction of these five factors. Among them, the incremental capital deepening effect was obvious, as a large amount of capital has been invested to promote rapid development of the regional economy and to employ a rapidly growing population. Economic activity can also promote the characteristics and the size of regional economies as population growth will increase regional demands for water. The other capital deepening effect is a decline in the output efficiency of capital. With the rapid development of its economy, China is in a period of industrialization and urbanization. The economic structure has gradually changed from a population-intensive to a capital-intensive structure. Industry, especially heavy industry, had a higher initial investment and a lower output efficiency, which is why the effect of capital efficiency continues to decrease. The most obvious effect on footprint intensity was the effect of per capita gray water ecological footprint reduction. With the improvement of economic activity and advances in science and technology, the water ecological footprint intensity has been greatly reduced. As a result of the effective control of pollutant emissions, the per capita gray water ecological footprint in most provinces and cities has shown a decreasing trend. A reduction in environmental efficiency is an inevitable consequence of a decrease in the water ecological footprint intensity. With a decrease in water ecological footprint intensity, more water is reused and we can improve water efficiency in most provinces to reduce the gray water ecological footprint. This study discusses the relationship between gray water ecological changes and capital factors; the reported results have value as a reference for the adjustment of environmental policies and the sustainable utilization of water resources. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Input–output coefficients in the evaluation of a scientific and technological component of the macrostructural forecasting

Approaches to the quantitative evaluation of technological development parameters based on input–output coefficients of the input–output table and possibilities of their application in the estimation of quantitative characteristics of scientific and technological forecasts have been considered. This work is a continuation of studies related to the assessment of the influence of the technological coefficient on the economic dynamics.

Heat transfer coefficients and productivity of a single slope single basin solar still in Indian climatic condition: Experimental and theoretical comparison

A theoretical and experimental study was conducted at the central Indian location of Rewa, M.P., India (Latitude: 24 °33 20.81 N, Longitude: 81 °18 49.1 E). This paper presents a detailed comparison of the theoretical and the experimental results obtained for a single sloped basin type solar still. Results for dif- ferent parameters such as basin water temperature, glass cover temperature, distillate output, evaporative, convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients and attenuation factor were obtained for basin water depths ranging from 2 cm to 10 cm. For solar still, daily distillate output decreased with increase in basin water depth. The theoretical value of daily efficiency for 2 cm and 10 cm basin water depth was around 52.83% and 41.75%, respectively, and for the same basin water depth, experimental daily efficiency was around 41.49% and 32.42% respectively. A sound agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results was observed.

Heat transfer coefficients and productivity of a single slope single basin solar still in Indian climatic condition: Experimental and theoretical comparison

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study was conducted at the central Indian location of Rewa, M.P., India (Latitude: 24°33′ 20.81′′ N, Longitude: 81°18′ 49.1′′ E). This paper presents a detailed comparison of the theoretical and the experimental results obtained for a single sloped basin type solar still. Results for different parameters such as basin water temperature, glass cover temperature, distillate output, evaporative, convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients and attenuation factor were obtained for basin water depths ranging from 2 cm to 10 cm. For solar still, daily distillate output decreased with increase in basin water depth. The theoretical value of daily efficiency for 2 cm and 10 cm basin water depth was around 52.83% and 41.75%, respectively, and for the same basin water depth, experimental daily efficiency was around 41.49% and 32.42% respectively. A sound agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results was observed.

Multiplier Effects of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions by Input-Output Analysis in South Africa

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzed the energy consumption and CO2 emission from 18 industrial sectors, and also evaluated the direct and indirect energy consumption and CO2 emission of changes in the final demand of South Africa’s (SA) economy. To accomplish this goal, the input-output linkage and multiplier methods have been applied to investigate the interconnectedness of the 18 sectors’ input-output tables for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2012, and to measure their total impact of energy commodity input coefficients and CO2 emissions output coefficients for the year 2012. Results revealed that the electricity sector has a weak linkage with others sectors, which means it is mostly independent of other sectors. In another words, it does not induce and enable economic growth. Moreover, two sectors, such as Chemical and Petrochemical Industries and Basic Metals, were found as key sectors in SA’s economy in 1995, 2000 and 2012. In 2005 and 2010, only Chemical and Petrochemical Industries was the most important sector in SA. Additionally, Commercial and Public Services was the strongest forward linkage sector in SA. Our findings also showed that the electricity sector was the main direct monetary energy consumer and CO2 emitter, and therefore the most dominant source in terms of energy and CO2 intensities among all the 18 sectors in SA. Furthermore, our investigation of the direct and indirect effects on energy consumption and CO2 emissions indicated that both total of direct energy consumption and CO2 emissions were higher than both total indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Finally, some potential suggestions on reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions deduced from this study are discussed.

Novel one-dimensional and two-dimensional forward discrete wavelet transform 5/3 filter architectures for efficient hardware implementation

We implemented a more efficient circuit for one-dimensional (1-D) forward discrete wavelet transform (DWT) 5/3 filter. Our design utilizes processing and memory resources that are wasted in some other state-of-the-art solutions and is at least 33% simpler in terms of used registers, is 17% simpler in terms of used logic elements, has 7% higher maximum operating frequency and has 2% lower total power dissipation than previously published designs. The advantages of our design are achieved by a novel non-stationary filter topology which reuses the same registers for generating both low-pass and high-pass output coefficients, in different time slots, due to feed-forward and feedback paths. Our design is suitable for image compression systems which use 5/3 filter, e.g., JPEG 2000. We also proposed two-dimensional (2-D) DWT 5/3 architecture which uses implemented 1-D DWT filter design. The proposed 2-D DWT architecture outperforms all previously published architectures in terms of required memory capacity, which is at least 20% lower than memory capacity in any other reported solution.

THE STUDY OF HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES AT THE GAS FLOW FILTRATION THROUGH THE CANDIED FRUITS LAYER

The experimental studies of hydrodynamics of the gas flow filtration through the candied fruits layer, formed by the different methods, were carried out. The particles of studied candied fruits were cylindrical, equally sized, filled the whole container for drying. The main characteristics of the layers were experimentally determined: porosity, equivalent diameter, specific surface. The results of experiments prove the expedience of the candied fruits layer formation of the cylindrical particles with correct form by the method of placing candied fruits vertically “with overlap of channels”. Such method allows provide the insignificant hydraulic resistance of the layer and rather high speed of the gas flow filtration through this layer. It will result in the increase of heat transfer and mass output coefficients, so to the intensification of filtration drying. Such formation method also allows reduce the volume of drying equipment, shorten the time of drying and decrease the energy consumption of process.

Adding Value to Prime Commodities of Agro-Industry in North Aceh Regency Indonesia

Increasing the value of agro-industries of Aceh using the input-output models will produce some objective function and variable constraints. The independent variable is the actual production and potential production of agricultural commodity and overall yield of agro-industrial products and raw materials. The steady state models and simulation models support of agro-export through Krueng Geukuh. The analysis showed that several centers of production of raw materials are very sensitive to a decrease in productivity of commodity areas. According to the output coefficients for each commodity, the biggest are: animal feed, industrial cocoa and spices. While industries such as cocoa, coffee, coconut, pepper, turmeric and cloves are relatively small, but still larger than one. Therefore, there needs to be additional study as which agro-industrial systems are capable of providing added value to the trade system of Aceh.

Measuring output structures of multinational construction industries using the World Input‒Output Database

In the context of international movement towards trade liberalization, increasing technological progress, open competition and social development have impacted deeply on the construction industry in all economies. Using the World Input–Output Database (WIOD), a multinational comparison of the construction industry is estimated from 1995 to 2011 to provide accurate and valid information on the changing patterns of its output structure. The output coefficients for 37 countries and regions are formulated to allow for inter-industry comparisons and to identify the major components of construction output. Changes of output structure are then elaborated over time across countries and regions. The research findings presented in this paper would provide a framework for identifying the output structure of a nation's construction industry and its change trends at an international level, which may help policymakers and enterprises with the formulation of their future development strategies.

On the financial balance of input–output constructs: revisiting an axiomatic evaluation

ABSTRACTFinancial balance is fundamental to input–output (IO) analysis, and consequently the respect of this balance is one of the dominant criteria in evaluating IO constructs. Kop Jansen, and ten Raa [(1990) The Choice of Model in the Construction of Input–Output Coefficients Matrices. International Economic Review 31, 213] proved that the byproduct-technology construct (BTC) and the industry-technology construct (ITC) do not generally conserve financial balance. In contrast, Majeau-Bettez et al. [(2016) When do Allocations and Constructs Respect Material, Energy, Financial, and Production Balances in LCA and EEIO? Journal of Industrial Ecology 20, 67–84] demonstrated that the BTC necessarily respects financial balance and that the ITC is always financially balanced when applied to data recorded in monetary units. The present article resolves this paradox.

Impact of evapotranspiration on diurnal discharge fluctuation determined by the Fourier series model in dry periods

Precise measurements of discharges at the outlet of a small catchment, using high resolution sensing equipment, can currently be done without difficulty. In particular, measurements can take place even during dry periods, when high temperatures increase actual evapotranspiration on the catchment and diurnal streamflow fluctuation changes occur in a harmonic wave at any time of the day. Some 10-15 years ago, a current runoff measurement record based on a high resolution equipment clearly recognizing a diurnal wave-shape fluctuation could hardly be available. The measurement of discharge ordinates from the catchment, and from free water pan evaporation, showed an undulating fluctuation tendency. However, the discharge minima appeared at day time and their maxima at night. The measured discharge data are represented not only by a fluctuating form, but also by a mild form, an even straight line, or by a flat depletion curve. For the purpose of analyzing the wave shape of discharge we implemented the Fourier series model, simulating the measured data through the Fourier input, output, and transformation coefficients. The purpose of this analysis was to use the Fourier equations in order to substitute the missing data (when the discharge or evaporation measurements collapsed). Due to very sensitive data, when the measured discharge series are jagged, the equation can be smoothed by the harmonic approximation or by the polynomial approximation. Our study was carried out on the small experimental catchment of the Starosuchdolsky Brook, in the vicinity of the campus of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. The harmonic analysis provided an interesting outcome, as well as innovative methodology.

Kernel Power Flow Orientation Coefficients for Noise-Robust Speech Recognition

Noise-robustness has become a crucial parameter in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems today with their increased use in noise-filled real-world environments. One way to address this issue is to develop features that are innately noise-robust. The Kernel Power flow Orientation Coefficients (KPOCs) are a novel feature set based on spectro-temporal analysis that uses a bank of 2D kernels to extract the dominant orientation of the power flow at each point in the auditory spectrogram of the speech signal. The collection of dominant power flow orientation angles forms a novel representation of the speech signal named the Power flow Orientation Spectrogram (POS), which is innately resistant to the spectral masking introduced by the presence of noise and reverberation. This approach not only grants KPOC its noise robustness, but also keeps the number of output coefficients inherently small, thus eliminating the need of the feature dimensionality reduction otherwise necessary in the conventional the spectro-temporal approach. KPOCs performance has been evaluated on three experimental frameworks, and the results have shown that they outperform a number of well-known noise-robust features for average and low SNRs. The relative improvement in Word Recognition Accuracy (WRA) to the classic Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) for the Aurora 2 task goes from 32% up to 190% for SNRs in the range from 10 down to $ - {\hbox {5}}~\hbox{dB}$ . The experimental results also show that in clean training the performance of KPOC approaches that of the state-of-the-art noise-robust ASR frontends in all noise scenarios for small vocabulary ASR tasks.

DOA estimation and mutual coupling calibration with the SAGE algorithm

In this paper, a novel algorithm is presented for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and array self-calibration in the presence of unknown mutual coupling. In order to highlight the relationship between the array output and mutual coupling coefficients, we present a novel model of the array output with the unknown mutual coupling coefficients. Based on this model, we use the space alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm to jointly estimate the DOA parameters and the mutual coupling coefficients. Unlike many existing counterparts, our method requires neither calibration sources nor initial calibration information. At the same time, our proposed method inherits the characteristics of good convergence and high estimation precision of the SAGE algorithm. By numerical experiments we demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the existing method for DOA estimation and mutual coupling calibration.

Technical change in forest sector models: the global forest products model approach

Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass.

Stability of Input—Output Coefficients by Capacity Utilization for Short-Term Tourism Demand Fluctuation

The ability to portray accurately the regional economic impacts of short-term tourism demand rests on the resemblances between the long-run input–output (IO) technical coefficients and a short-term production function of business sectors. The purpose of this research was to investigate the stability of cost structure by capacity utilization in the tourism industry, using the accommodation sector in Taiwan as an example. Panel data consisting of firm-level financial information based on 13 individual cost categories from 2000 to 2009 were analysed to reveal the magnitude and direction of cost structure changes with respect to occupancy rate. The results indicated that income multipliers and profit multipliers fluctuated substantially but compensated for each other, while IO technical coefficients were very stable. In a situation involving a tourism event, type I and type II sales multipliers and the value added multipliers of the accommodation sector remained relatively stable, but the standard income multipliers were greatly overestimated, or underestimated for tourism recession scenarios. Applying a regional IO model to estimate short-term tourism demand should therefore take into consideration the substitution pattern between personal income and business profits.

Integrated assessment of cropping patterns under different policy scenarios in Quzhou County, North China Plain

Agricultural land use is affected by government policies and leads to different consequences of regional sustainability. In this work, changes in cropping patterns including acreage, cropping locations and management-related environmental impacts were simulated under various policy scenarios for Quzhou County, China. This county is in China's major agricultural region, the North China Plain. Four dominant crop systems were categorized (winter wheat/summer maize, winter wheat/summer maize/spring maize, cotton, and vegetables) and analyzed, following two alternative policy scenarios that either prioritized government funding to subsidize crop production (“subsidy” scenario) or promoted advanced irrigation techniques (“technique” scenario). Input–output coefficients for all four crop systems were determined, mainly irrigation demand, yield, and price of produce, but other factors like a limited area of arable land and scarce regional water resources were also considered. For the simulation, a LINDO Inc. system was linked with the CLUE (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects) model. Temporal changes of crop systems were simulated with the LINDO system, whereas spatial dynamics of cropping patterns were simulated with the CLUE model, based on land suitability maps. The results show that crop patterns changed variably with time under the two scenarios, and water availability was the primary constraint on sustainability of land use. Under the subsidy scenario, winter wheat/summer maize/spring maize became dominant across the entire county, replacing other crop systems. In contrast, the vegetable system gradually occupied farmland surrounding the township under the technique scenario. The different policies produced opposite consequences for regional sustainability. Although a “subsidy” policy contributed to farmers’ income, it did not encourage water conservation for sustainable crop production, leading to land abandonment because of water shortage. In contrast, the “technique” policy partially cut direct financial benefits to farmers, but promoted water conservation and made a substantial contribution to agricultural sustainability.

A GM(1,N)-based economic cybernetics model for the high-tech industries in China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an economic cybernetics model based on the grey differential equation GM(1,N) for China's high-tech industries and provide the necessary support to assist high-tech industries management departments with their policy making. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the principle of grey differential equation GM(1,N), the grey differential equations of five high-tech industries in China are established using the net fixed assets, labor quantity and patent application quantity as cybernetics variables. After the discretization and first-order subtraction reduction to the simultaneous equation of the five grey models, a linear cybernetics model is resulted in. The structure parameters in the cybernetics system show explicit economic significance and can be identified through least square principle. At last, the actual data in 2004-2010 are introduced to empirically analyze the high-tech industrial system in China. Findings – The cybernetics system for China's high-tech industries are stable, observable, and controllable. On the whole, China's high-tech industries show higher output coefficients of the patent application quantity than those of net fixed assets and labor quantity. This suggests that China's industry development mainly depends on technological innovation rather than capital or labor inputs. It is expected that the total output value of China's high-tech industries will grow at an average annual rate of 15 percent in 2011-2015, with contributions of pharmaceuticals, aircraft and spacecraft, electronic and telecommunication equipments, computers and office equipments, medical equipments and meters by 21, 16, 13, 10, and 28 percent, respectively. In addition, pharmaceuticals, as well as medical equipments and meters, present upward proportions in the gross of Chinese high-tech industries significantly. Electronic and telecommunication equipments, plus computers and office equipments exhibit an obvious decreasing proportion. The proportion of the output value of aircraft and spacecraft is basically stable. Practical implications – Empirical analysis results are helpful for related management departments to formulate reasonable industrial policies to keep the sustained and stable development of the high-tech industries in China. Originality/value – Based on the grey differential equation GM(1,N), this research puts forward an economic cybernetics model for the high-tech industries in China. This model is applicable to the economic system with small sample data set.

Hardware implementation methods in Random Vector Functional-Link Networks

Recently appeared a renewed interest for Single Layer Feedforward Neural Network (SLF-NN) models where the hidden layer coefficients are randomly assigned and the output coefficients are calculated by a least square algorithm. In addition to random coefficient initialization, the main advantages for these learning models are the speed of training (no multiple iterations required) and no initial coefficient definition (e.g. no adaptation constant as in multilayer perceptron). These features are adequate for real time operation since a fast online training can be achieved, benefiting to applications (industrial, automotive, portable systems) where other neural networks learning approaches could not be used due to large resource usage, low speed and lack of flexibility. Thus, targeting hardware implementation allows its use in embedded systems, expanding its application areas to real time systems and, in general, those applications where the use of desktop computers is not possible. Typically, RVFLN demands a wide number of resources and a high computational burden; high dimension matrices are involved, and computation intensive algorithms are required to obtain the output layer coefficient values for the neural network, especially matrix inversion. This work describes the algorithm implementation and optimization of these models to fit embedded hardware system requirements together with a parameterizable model, allowing different applications to benefit from it. The proposal includes the use of fuzzy activation functions in neurons to reduce computations. An exhaustive analysis of three proposed different computation architectures for the learning algorithm is done. Classification results for three standard datasets and fixed point arithmetic are compared to Matlab floating point results, together with hardware related analysis as speed of operation, bit-length accuracy in fixed point arithmetic and logic resource occupation.

High‐impedance fault location using matching technique and wavelet transform for underground cable distribution network

AbstractLocating the faulty section of a high‐impedance fault (HIF) is quite challenging for the underground distribution network of a power system. The complexity of the distribution network, such as branches, nonhomogenous lines, and HIF, contributes to the difficulties in locating the faulty section. In this paper, the shortest distance (SD) technique and a database approach have been proposed to determine the faulty section. A multiresolution analysis based on discrete wavelet transforms is chosen to extract the unique features from voltage signals during the HIF event. The output coefficients from the decomposition process is stored in a database and used as the input data for the SD algorithm. The first, second, and third level of detailed coefficients of the post‐disturbance voltage signal were utilized for the identification of the faulty section using the proposed method. A ranking analysis was created to provide a number of possibilities of faulty section. In this paper, a 38‐node underground distribution network system in a national grid in Malaysia was modeled using the PSCAD software. The proposed method was able to successfully determine the faulty section. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.