Outpatient Mental Health Visits Research Articles

Impact of the Medicare Shared Savings Program on utilization of mental health and substance use services by eligibility and race/ethnicity

To assess the impact of the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) ACOs on mental health and substance use services utilization and racial/ethnic disparities in care for these conditions. Five percent random sample of Medicare claims from 2009 to 2016. We compared Medicare beneficiaries in MSSP ACOs to non-MSSP beneficiaries, stratifying analyses by Medicare eligibility (disability vs age 65+). We estimated difference-in-difference models of MSSP ACOs on mental health and substance use visits (outpatient and inpatient), medication fills, and adequate care for depression adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, region, and chronic medical and behavioral health conditions. To examine the differential impact of MSSP on our outcomes by race/ethnicity, we used a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) design. Not applicable. MSSP ACOs were associated with small reductions in outpatient mental health (Coeff: -0.012, P<.001) and substance use (Coeff: -0.001, P<.01) visits in the disability population, and in adequate care for depression for both the disability- and age-eligible populations (Coeff: -0.028, P<.001; Coeff: -0.012, P<.001, respectively). MSSP ACO's were also associated with increases in psychotropic medications (Coeff: 0.007 and Coeff: 0.0213, for disability- and age-eligible populations, respectively, both P<.001) and reductions in inpatient mental health stays (Coeff:-0.004, P<.001, and Coeff:-0.0002, P<.01 for disability- and age-eligible populations, respectively) and substance use-related stays for disability-eligible populations (Coeff:-0.0005, P<.05). The MSSP effect on disparities varied depending on type of service. We found small reductions in outpatient and inpatient stays and in rates of adequate care for depression associated with MSSP ACOs. As MSSP ACOs are placed at more financial risk for population-based treatment, it will be important to include more robust behavioral health quality measures in their contracts and to monitor disparities in care.

Small Area Analysis of Veterans Affairs Mental Health Services Data.

To identify geographic variation in mental health service use in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the authors constructed utilization-based VA mental health service areas (MHSAs) for outpatient treatment and mental health referral regions (MHRRs) for residential and acute inpatient treatment. MHSAs are empirically derived geographic groupings of one or more counties containing one or more VA outpatient mental health clinics. For each county within an MHSA, patients received most of their VA-provided outpatient mental health care within that MHSA. MHSAs were aggregated into MHRRs according to where VA users in each MHSA received most of their residential and acute inpatient mental health care. Attribution loyalty was evaluated with the localization index-the fraction of VA users living in each geographic area who used their designated MHSA and MHRR facility. Variation in outpatient mental health visits and in acute inpatient and residential mental health stays was determined for the 2008-2018 period. A total of 441 MHSAs were aggregated to 115 MHRRs (representing 3,909,080 patients with 52,372,303 outpatient mental health visits). The mean±SD localization index was 59.3%±16.4% for MHSAs and 67.8%±12.7% for MHRRs. Adjusted outpatient mental health visits varied from a mean of 0.88 per year in the lowest quintile of MHSAs to 3.14 in the highest. Combined residential and acute inpatient days varied from 0.29 to 1.79 between the lowest and highest quintiles. MHSAs and MHRRs validly represented mental health utilization patterns in the VA and displayed considerable variation in mental health service provision across different locations.

Optimizing treatment cascades for mental healthcare in Mozambique: preliminary effectiveness of the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach for Mental Health (SAIA-MH).

Substantial investments are being made to scale-up access to mental healthcare in low- and middle-income countries, but less attention has been paid to quality and performance of nascent public-sector mental healthcare systems. This study tested the initial effectiveness of an implementation strategy to optimize routine outpatient mental healthcare cascade performance in Mozambique [the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach for Mental Health (SAIA-MH)]. This study employed a pre-post design from September 2018 to August 2019 across four Ministry of Health clinics among 810 patients and 3234 outpatient mental health visits. Effectiveness outcomes evaluated progression through the care cascade, including: (1) initial diagnosis and medication selection; (2) enrolling in follow-up care; (3) returning after initial consultation within 60 days; (4) returning for follow-up visits on time; (5) returning for follow-up visits adherent to medication and (6) achieving function improvement. Clustered generalized linear models evaluated odds of completing cascade steps pre- vs post-intervention. Facilities prioritized improvements focused on the follow-up cascade, with 62.5% (10 of 16) monthly system modifications targeting medication adherence. At baseline, only 4.2% of patient visits achieved function improvement; during the 6 months of SAIA-MH implementation, this improved to 13.1% of patient visits. Multilevel logistic regression found increased odds of returning on time and adherent [aOR = 1.53, 95% CI (1.21, 1.94), P = 0.0004] and returning on time, adherent and with function improvement [aOR = 3.68, 95% CI (2.57, 5.44), P < 0.0001] after SAIA-MH implementation. No significant differences were observed regarding other cascade steps. The SAIA-MH implementation strategy shows promise for rapidly and significantly improving mental healthcare cascade outcomes, including the ultimate goal of patient function improvement. Given poor baseline mental healthcare cascade performance, there is an urgent need for evidence-based implementation strategies to optimize the performance of mental healthcare cascades in low- and middle-income countries.

Psychometric Properties of the Assessment of Perceived Access to Care (APAC) Instrument.

Valid measures of perceived access are needed to measure whether health care systems are providing adequate access. This research reports on the psychometric properties of the Assessment of Perceived Access to Care (APAC), which was administered to 1004 Community Health Center patients screening positive for psychiatric disorders. Known-group validity was good, with 6 of the 8 hypothesized associations between social determinants of access and perceived access being significant (P < .01). Better access was significantly (P < .01) correlated with more outpatient mental health visits, indicating good convergent validity. The test-retest Pearson correlation coefficient (0.64) was statistically significant (P < .01). The APAC has acceptable psychometric properties.

Mental Health and Addictions System Performance in Ontario: An Updated Scorecard, 2009-2017.

Scorecards, particularly those that report on health system performance over time, can shed light on issues related to access and quality. In this updated 2020 Mental Health and Addictions Scorecard, we report on a number of indicators between 2009 and 2017. In general, we found that the performance of the mental health and addictions health system did not improve substantially over time. Among the many findings, over the past decade, suicide rates have not declined and rates of emergency department visits for deliberate self-harm have continued to rise. The highest rates of deliberate self-harm and the greatest rise over time in overall mental health and addictions-related outpatient visits, emergency department visits and hospitalizations were experienced by individuals aged 14-24 years. There continues to be a growing use of mental health services in outpatient settings, with the majority of care provided by primary care physicians. We also observed a slight decrease over time in the proportion of individuals who had no physician-delivered mental health care prior to presenting to the emergency department, which suggests an improvement in access over time.

Journal Digest: Acyl Ghrelin and PTSD; MH Appointment and Follow-up Care; Neurons and Dissociation; Fatty Acid and Autism

Journal Digest: Acyl Ghrelin and PTSD; MH Appointment and Follow-up Care; Neurons and Dissociation; Fatty Acid and Autism

Parental Mental Health Care After Their Child’s Pediatric Intensive Care Hospitalization*

Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety have all been found in parents of PICU survivors. How these research findings translate to actual use of mental health services by parents remains unknown. Retrospective observational cohort study. Insurance claims data from 2006 to 2013 obtained from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database. Parents of PICU survivors. We examined rates of: 1) mental health diagnoses, 2) outpatient mental health visits, and 3) prescriptions for antidepressants and anxiolytics among parents, 6 months before and 6 months after their child's PICU admission, using each parent as their own control. Of the 95,070 parents identified, 9.5% received a new mental health diagnosis in the 6 months after their child's PICU hospitalization, which represented a 110% increase from pre-PICU rates. A smaller proportion of parents were given new prescriptions for antidepressants (3.4%) and anxiolytics (3.9%) in the 6 months after their child's PICU hospitalization. Mothers were twice as likely to receive a new mental health diagnosis and be taking a new medication than fathers in the post-PICU period. The parental diagnosis of acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder increased by 87% from the pre-PICU to the post-PICU period. After their child's PICU hospitalization, the proportion of parents with a new mental health diagnosis nearly doubled. Mothers were at nearly twice the risk of receiving a new mental health diagnosis and receiving a new mental health medication compared with fathers. The proportion of parents receiving mental healthcare is much lower than the proportion reporting mental health symptoms in long-term outcomes studies. Whether this indicates a gap in healthcare delivery for parents with mental health symptoms remains unknown.

The Availability of Peer Support and Disparities in Outpatient Mental Health Service Use Among Minority Youth with Serious Mental Illness

We examine whether the availability of peer support reduces disparities in service use among minority youth ages 16–24 with serious mental illness in Los Angeles and San Diego Counties. Administrative data from 2015–2018 was used to summarize service use among 13,363 transition age youth age 16–24 with serious mental illness who received services from 183 outpatient public mental health programs; 17.2% were Black, 67.4% were Latinx, and 15.4% were non-Latinx white. The availability of peer support was assessed via a program survey. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship between availability of peer support, defined as having a peer specialist on staff, and the annual number of outpatient mental health visits. We also examined the relationship between racial/ethnic concordance of youth and peer specialists and use of outpatient services. Forty-six percent of youth received services from programs that employed peer specialists. Among youth in both counties, the availability of peer support was associated with an increase in annual outpatient visits (P ≤ .05 each). Peer support was associated with reductions in service use disparities among Black and Latinx youth in Los Angeles County (P < .001 each). Peer concordance was associated with an increase in outpatient service use among Latinx youth in both counties (P < .05 each). Peer support was associated with increases in use of outpatient mental health services. Detailed examination of the context for youth peer support implementation is merited to identify the specific pathways that improve outcomes.

Determinants of healthcare use by homeless people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: results from the French Housing First Study

ObjectivesThere is limited evidence available on the health-seeking behaviours of individuals in relation to determinants of healthcare use. This study aimed to analyse the determinants of healthcare use (including both hospital and outpatient services) among homeless people with severe mental health illnesses. Study designThe study used data from a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial conducted in four large French cities (the French Housing First Study). MethodsData were drawn from 671 homeless people enrolled in the study between August 2011 and April 2014. Mobile mental health outreach teams recruited homeless individuals with severe mental health illnesses who were living on the street or in emergency shelters, hospitals or prisons. Data collection was performed during face-to-face interviews. Healthcare service use included hospitalisations, mental health and regular emergency department (ED) visits and outpatient visits to healthcare facilities or physicians’ offices over a 6-month follow-up period. The data were analysed with zero-inflated (ZI) two-part models. ResultsIn total, 61.1% of participants had at least one hospitalisation stay over the previous 6 months, with a mean of 25 (+/− 39.2) hospital days, and the majority (51%) had visited the ED (either for regular or mental health issues) during the same time period. The results confirmed the role of financial barriers (resources and health insurance) in seeking hospital care (P < 0.05). The main predictors for hospital use in the study population were a better social functioning score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03; P < 0.001) and having schizophrenia (OR: 1.39; P < 0.01). Higher mental health scores (assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey) (OR: 1.03, P < 0.01) and alcohol dependence (OR: 2.13; P < 0.01) were associated with not using ED healthcare services. Being ‘absolutely homeless’ predicted an increased use of the ED and a zero use of outpatient services. Inversely, no association with factors related to the homelessness trajectory was found in hospital ZI negative binomial models. ConclusionThis study is important because a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of healthcare use enables healthcare systems to adapt and develop. The efficiency of medicosocial interventions targeting the homeless population with mental health illnesses must also be assessed. Clinical trial numberNCT01570712.

Focusing on recovery goals improves motivation in first-episode psychosis.

Diminished motivation (e.g., low drive, curiosity, and engagement in activities) is associated with robust impairment in psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia, yet even the most effective evidence-based interventions rarely effect meaningful change in motivation. Individual Resiliency Training (IRT) is a psychosocial treatment for individuals following a first episode of psychosis, supporting motivation through recovery goal setting and pursuit. The extent to which such an approach might improve motivation over time is unknown. We tested the impact of exposure to IRT modules focused on goal setting and attainment on motivation and functional outcomes among participants in the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode-Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP). In the sample of 404 individuals with a first episode of psychosis receiving treatment across 34 community sites, we ran mixed-effect models with group (exposed to four or more goal-focused IRT sessions vs. Community Care (CC)), time (baseline, six- and 12-month follow-up), and the group-by-time interaction as predictors of motivation, role and social functioning. We also ran these analyses with those exposed to three or fewer goal-focused IRT sessions compared to CC. Controlling for gender, ethnicity, baseline cognition, and total number of outpatient mental health visits, exposure to four or more goal-focused IRT sessions was associated with greater improvements in motivation and role functioning compared to CC; effects were not observed for social functioning. Participants receiving three or fewer goal-focused IRT sessions did not differ from those in CC in these outcomes. Further, sensitivity analysis showed that general exposure to IRT was not associated with differential outcomes. Findings suggest that sufficient focus on recovery goal setting and support in psychosocial intervention for first-episode psychosis may have specific impact on motivation.

Neighborhood Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Visits Among Persons With Comorbid Medical and Serious Mental Illnesses.

Individuals with serious mental illnesses are at risk of receiving inadequate outpatient mental health services, increasing the likelihood of medication nonadherence, readmission, and self-harm. The purpose of this study was to identify individual- and neighborhood-level factors associated with outpatient mental health visits. This study included 418 participants from two randomized trials of patients with comorbid medical conditions and serious mental illnesses across two study sites between 2011 and 2017. On the basis of individual addresses, data were collected about participants' distance to the nearest mental health facility and 13 neighborhood characteristics from the American Community Survey. Three neighborhood-level factors were derived from factor analysis. Poisson regression was used to assess associations between individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics and the number of visits to mental health providers. Known individual-level risk factors for outpatient follow-up were mutually adjusted in a model with neighborhood covariates added. Male gender, older age, unemployment, and lower education level were associated with less outpatient mental health service utilization. Neighborhood-level residential mobility, defined as the combination of percentage of residents living in a different house in the past year and percentage of non-owner-occupied housing, was significantly associated with fewer mental health service visits even after controlling for other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Among individuals with comorbid medical conditions and serious mental illnesses, living in neighborhoods with higher residential mobility was associated with fewer visits to outpatient mental health providers. This finding suggests the importance of recognizing social conditions that may shape clinical interactions.

Using predictive analytics to improve pragmatic trial design.

Clinical trials embedded in health systems can randomize large populations using automated data sources to determine trial eligibility and assess outcomes. The suicide prevention outreach trial used real-world data for trial design and randomized 18,868 individuals in four health systems using patient-reported thoughts of death or self-harm (Patient Health Questionnaire item 9). This took 3.5 years. We consider if using predictive analytics, that is, suicide risk estimates based on prediction models, could improve trial "efficiency." We used data on mental health outpatient visits between 1 January 2009 and 30 September 2017 in seven health systems (HealthPartners; Henry Ford Health System; and Colorado, Hawaii, Northwest, Southern California, and Washington Kaiser Permanente regions). We used a suicide risk prediction model developed in these same systems. We compared five trial designs with different eligibility criteria: a response of a 2 or 3 on Patient Health Questionnaire item 9, a response of a 3, suicide risk score above 90th, 95th, or 99th percentile. We compared the sample that met each criterion, 90-day suicide attempt rate following first eligible visit, and necessary sample sizes to detect a 15%, 25%, and 35% relative reduction in the suicide attempt rate, assuming 90% power, for each eligibility criterion. Our sample included 24,355,599 outpatient visits. Despite wide-spread use of Patient Health Questionnaire, 21,026,985 (86.3%) visits did not have a recorded Patient Health Questionnaire. Of the 2,928,927 individuals in our sample, 109,861 had a recorded Patient Health Questionnaire item 9 response of a 2 or 3 over the study years with a 1.40% 90-day suicide attempt rate and 50,047 had a response of a 3 (suicide attempt rate 1.98%). More patients met criteria requiring a certain risk score or higher: 331,273 had a 90th percentile risk score or higher (suicide attempt rate: 1.36%); 182,316 a 95th percentile or higher (suicide attempt rate 2.16%), and 78,655 a 99th percentile or higher (suicide attempt rate: 3.95%). Eligibility criterion of a Patient Health Questionnaire item 9 response of a 2 or 3 would require randomizing 44,081 individuals (40.2% of eligible population in our sample); eligibility criterion of a 3 would require 31,024 individuals (62.0% of eligible population). Eligibility criterion of a suicide risk score of 90th percentile or higher would require 45,675 individuals (13.8% of eligible population), 95th percentile 28,699 individuals (15.7% of eligible population), and 99th percentile 15,509 (19.7% of eligible population). A suicide risk prediction calculator could improve trial "efficiency"; identifying more individuals at increased suicide risk than relying on patient-report. It is an open scientific question if individuals identified using predictive analytics would respond differently to interventions than those identified by more traditional means.

Frequent Emergency Department Users: Focusing Solely On Medical Utilization Misses The Whole Person.

Frequent emergency department (ED) users often have complex behavioral health and social needs. However, policy makers often focus on this population's medical system use without examining its use of behavioral health and social services systems. To illuminate the wide-ranging needs of frequent ED users, we compared medical, mental health, substance use, and social services use among nonelderly nonfrequent, frequent, and superfrequent ED users in San Francisco County, California. We linked administrative data for fiscal years 2013-15 for beneficiaries of the county's Medicaid managed care plan to a county-level integrated data system. Compared to nonfrequent users, frequent users were disproportionately female, white or African American/black, and homeless. They had more comorbidities and annual outpatient mental health visits (11.93 versus 4.16), psychiatric admissions (0.73 versus 0.07), and sobering center visits (0.17 versus <0.01), as well as disproportionate use of housing and jail health services. Our findings point to the need for shared knowledge across domains, at the patient and population levels. Integrated data can serve as a systems improvement tool and help identify patients who might benefit from coordinated care management. To deliver whole-person care, policy makers should prioritize improvements in data sharing and the development of integrated medical, behavioral, and social care systems.

Determinants of pathways to care among young adults with early psychosis entering a coordinated specialty care program.

To describe the characteristics of the pathway to coordinated specialty care for young adults with early psychosis in the United States, to examine how various factors correlate with the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and to explore factors associated with time from onset of symptoms to first mental health service contact (help-seeking DUP). The sample included 779 individuals ages 16 to 30 with recent-onset non-affective psychosis enrolled in OnTrackNY. Domains assessed included demographics, clinical characteristics, mental health service utilization and characteristics of the pathway to care. Primary outcomes included the time from onset of psychotic symptoms to admission to OnTrackNY (DUP) and time from onset of psychotic symptoms to first mental health service contact (help-seeking DUP). The mean DUP was 231.2 days (SD = 87.7, median = 169) and mean help-seeking DUP was 73.7 days (SD = 110.8, median = 27). Being in school, better social functioning, and greater number of ER visits or hospitalizations were associated with shorter DUP. Violent ideation or behaviour and having an outpatient mental health visit as the first service contact or hallucinations as the reason for first service contact were significantly associated with longer DUP. Only the type of first service contact (outpatient mental health treatment or other non-mental health service provider) and having hallucinations as the clinical reason for the first service contact were associated with help-seeking DUP. Referral delays were longer than help-seeking delays. Strategies to reduce treatment referral delays through systems-level interventions may be most likely to reduce the overall DUP in this population.

Association of Primary Care Continuity With Outcomes Following Transition to Adult Care for Adolescents With Severe Mental Illness

Adolescents with severe mental illness often age out of pediatric care without a clear transfer of care to adult services. The extent to which primary care provides stability during this vulnerable transition period is not known. To analyze the association between primary care continuity during the transition from pediatric to adult care and need for acute mental health services in young adulthood. This population-based cohort study used linked health and demographic administrative data for all adolescents aged 12 to 16 years with severe mental illness ascertained by hospitalization for schizophrenia, eating disorder, or mood disorder between April 1, 2002, and April 1, 2014, in Ontario, Canada. Participants were followed up through March 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from July 2018 to January 2019. Continuous primary care (same physician as baseline [age 12-16 years] always or sometimes), discontinuous primary care (visits to a primary care physician during the transition period who was not the patient's usual physician), and no primary care during the transition period (age 17-18 years). Mental health-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits in young adulthood (age 19-26 years) adjusted for sex, rurality, neighborhood income, mental illness type, and health service use before transition. Among 8409 adolescents with severe mental illness (5720 [68.0%] female; mean [SD] age, 14.8 [1.2] years), 5478 (65.1%) had continuous primary care, 2391 (28.4%) had discontinuous primary care, and 540 (6.4%) had no primary care during the transition period. Youths with no primary care during transition were more likely to be male (57.2%), have lower socioeconomic status (31.5%), and have no usual primary care practitioner at baseline (25.6%). Compared with continuous care, patients with discontinuous and no primary care had an increased rate of mental health-related hospitalization in young adulthood (adjusted relative rate, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.30; and adjusted relative rate, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.08-1.56, respectively). In the context of decreasing outpatient specialist mental health visit rates following transition to adult care, ensuring adequate access to primary care during this vulnerable period may improve mental health outcomes in young adulthood.

Service Use Following First-Episode Schizophrenia Among Commercially Insured Youth.

To investigate patterns of mental health service and antipsychotic use following a first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and to examine the role of the treatment setting in which individuals are first diagnosed. Analysis of de-identified administrative claims data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse was used to identify 1450 privately insured youth and young adults aged 14 through 30 with FES from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2015. Regression analysis was used to estimate the use of mental health services during the year following FES, by type of service and by site of index diagnosis. In the year following FES, 79.7% of youth received outpatient mental health services and 35.8% filled a prescription for antipsychotic medication. Among service users, mean outpatient visits were 15.9 and mean antipsychotic fills were 8.3. Youth who received an index diagnosis of FES in an inpatient setting were more likely to fill an antipsychotic medication than youth with FES in other settings. Youth who received an index diagnosis of FES during a specialty mental health outpatient visit had greater use of outpatient mental health than youth who received their diagnosis during a primary care visit. Despite evidence-based guidelines supporting outpatient psychosocial care and antipsychotic treatment for FES, one-fifth of this cohort did not use outpatient services and the majority did not fill any prescriptions for antipsychotic medications during the year following FES. Our findings provide renewed urgency to ongoing efforts to accelerate early identification and care coordination for youth with FES.

Preventing Suicide Begins With Regular Assessments

Preventing Suicide Begins With Regular Assessments

PMD5 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BUPRENORPHINE RETENTION/ADHERENCE AND HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED COSTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Buprenorphine (BUP) is commonly used in medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). This study examined the association between BUP retention and healthcare resource utilization and associated costs (HCRU). A literature review was performed to examine the impact of BUP treatment retention on HCRU among patients with OUD. The PubMed database was searched (2000 – present) with keywords including “buprenorphine”, “OUD”, ”dependence”, “retention”, “adherence”, “healthcare utilization”, and “costs”. Exclusion criteria include retention/adherence as the study outcome, HCRU not as an outcome, and special populations (adolescents or prisoners). Out of a total of 234 studies, six studies were included. The Schwarz 2012 study reported data from a retrospective chart review conducted at local community centers (n=209) while the other five studies [(Manhapra 2017: veteran health administration records (n=3,151); Manhapra 2018 (n=16,190) and Ronquest 2018 (n=21,773): MarketScan claims; Tkacz 2013 (n=455) and Ruetsch 2017 (n=477): Aetna data]. Higher retention rates were found to be associated with reduced emergency department visits across all studies. Manhapra 2017 also found significant association between retention and reduction in mental health inpatient treatment, outpatient visits, and substance abuse visits. In the Tkacz study, patients adherent to BUP (medication possession ratio>=0.8) incurred $10,982 (±$4,142) for hospitalization during 12-month follow-up period, compared to $26,470 (±$3,163) for those not adherent (P<0.001). Similar correlation between higher adherence and lower healthcare utilization was also noted in the Reutsch study. However, no significant difference in hospitalization and associated costs was observed among patients demonstrating retention versus those who did not (Schwarz and Ronquest studies). This literature review showed a correlation between higher retention/adherence to BUP treatment and lower HCRU in patients with OUD. Further studies are warranted to explore cost-effectiveness of BUP retention and HCRU among patients with OUD in the real-world setting.

Postpartum mental health service utilization in women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): a population-based study

ABSTRACTWomen with HIV have higher rates of psychiatric disorders than HIV-negative women, yet little is known about their postpartum mental health and associated service use. The purpose of this study was to characterize HIV-positive women’s use of ambulatory and acute mental health services in the first year postpartum, relative to HIV-negative women. Using health administrative data, we identified 861,365 women who had a live birth delivery from April 1, 2002 to March 31, 2012 in Ontario, Canada, of whom 530 were identified to be HIV-positive. We described their use of mental health services, including outpatient mental health visits, psychiatric emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations using adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). HIV-positive women were more likely to access outpatient mental health services (31.5% vs. 21.0%, aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03–1.55), but more likely to remain engaged in psychiatrist services only (15.6% vs. 6.5%, aOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.41–3.72). They were also more likely to require a psychiatric ED visit or hospitalization (3.3% vs. 1.1%, aOR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.72–4.12). Our findings highlight the importance of considering postpartum mental health as part of comprehensive reproductive health care for women with HIV.

Mental Health Trends in Military Pediatrics.

Childhood psychiatric disorders affect current functioning and predispose individuals to more severe adult mental health problems. Provider survey research has suggested that children's mental health problems are increasing; observed changes may be due to increased illness or improved access to care. The authors sought to quantify trends in the prevalence of diagnosed and treated mental health conditions, outpatient treatment, and psychiatric medication prescriptions in a large population of children who were continuously insured. The authors performed a retrospective trend study of diagnosed mental health conditions, treatment, and psychiatric medication prescriptions from 2003 to 2015 in children ages 2-18 who were military dependents (N=1,798,530). Poisson regression analyses and Cochran-Armitage tests determined trends in the prevalence of treated psychiatric diagnoses overall and by subcategory, rates of outpatient mental health visits, and psychiatric medication use overall and by specific class. From 2003 to 2015, the prevalence of children with diagnosed mental health conditions increased from 9.2% to 15.2% (rate ratio=1.04, 95% confidence interval=1.04-1.05, p<0.001). Identified suicidal ideation prevalence increased by 20% a year. Mental health care visits increased by 2% a year, and psychiatric medication prescriptions increased by 3% a year between 2003 and 2015, with larger increases seen among older children. Prescriptions for children with identified mental health conditions did not increase. Diagnosed mental health conditions, pharmaceutical treatment, and outpatient visits all increased across a diverse U.S. pediatric population from 2003 to 2015. Results suggest that use of psychiatric medications kept pace with the increased number of diagnoses and that older children are most affected.