Spillway Research Articles

High‐Yield Bioproduction of Extracellular Vesicles from Stem Cell Spheroids via Millifluidic Vortex Transport

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as novel therapeutics, particularly in cancer and degenerative diseases. Nevertheless, from both market and clinical viewpoints, high‐yield production methods using minimal cell materials are still needed. Herein, a millifluidic cross‐slot chip is proposed to induce high‐yield release of biologically active EVs from less than three million cells. Depending on the flow rate, a single vortex forms in the outlet channels, exposing transported cellular material to high viscous stresses. Importantly, the chip accommodates producer cells within their physiological environment, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) spheroids, while facilitating their visualization and individual tracking within the vortex. This precise control of viscous stresses at the spheroid level allows for the release of up to 30000 EVs per cell at a Reynolds number of ≈400, without compromising cellular integrity. Additionally, it reveals a threshold initiating EV production, providing evidence for a stress‐dependent mechanism governing vesicle secretion. EVs mass‐produced at high Reynolds displayed pro‐angiogenic and wound healing capabilities, as confirmed by proteomic and cytometric analysis of their cargo. These distinct molecular signatures of these EVs, compared to those derived from monolayers, underscore the critical roles of the production method and the 3D cellular environment in EV generation.

PREDIKSI DAMPAK PERUBAHAN TATAGUNA LAHAN TERHADAP DEBIT LIMPASAN, STUDI KASUS: GEREJA RANCASARI

Flooding is one of the most frequent natural disasters in Indonesia. Based on data, as of 2024, there have been 137 cases of flooding incidents. One of the causes of flooding, particularly in urban areas, is due to land use change. This study examines the impact of land use changes on runoff discharge in a Church area in the Bandung City. Additionally, this study investigates the effect of the development of this area on flood water levels in the Riung channel, which serves as an outlet channel. In this study, modeling is conducted using the SWMM model. The study utilizes data from the BMKG Bandung and GPM satellite rainfall data from 2001 to 2022 for rainfall analysis. The results indicate that in the study area, the duration of extreme rainfall producing maximum discharge is rainfall lasting for 7 hours. As a result of the church development, runoff discharge increases by 26.3 – 34.4% across various return periods. For time to peak, there is no significant change in conditions before and after the area is developed. This is due to area is relatively small, resulting in a relatively shorter concentration time. Based on the hydraulic analysis, the Riung channel is still able to accommodate additional runoff generated due to development, leaving a freeboard height of 4.5 cm for a 10-year return period. However, based on observations, special attention is needed regarding the issue of sedimentation and trash, which often causes backflow in several segments of the trenches.Keywords:runoff, land use change, urban drainage, SWMM, Bandung

On-Chip Droplet Splitting with High Volume Ratios Using a 3D Conical Microstructure-Based Microfluidic Device.

This work reports a simple microfluidic method for splitting a mother droplet into two daughter droplets with high and precise volume ratios. To achieve this, a droplet-splitting microfluidic device embedded with a three-dimensional (3D) conical microstructure is fabricated, in which the high splitting ratios of monodisperse mother droplets are achieved. The volume ratio of the split daughter droplets can reach up to 265. In addition, we examined factors that affect the splitting ratio of the daughter droplets and found that the ratio is affected by the flow rates of the two individual outlet channels, the injection length of the conical microstructure, and the diameter of the original mother droplets. Numerical simulations of these parameters were conducted to gain a clearer understanding of the splitting behavior. The proposed droplet splitting device with a conical microstructure enables on-chip sample extraction and droplet volume control, which can be a powerful tool for various droplet-based applications in microfluidic devices such as viral infectivity assays and sequencing heterogeneous populations.

Experimental study on the thermal management performance of immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery module

Direct liquid cooling technology stabilizes the battery module at the ideal operating temperature by leveraging the coolant's high heat capacity and its heat dissipation ability through circulation. This study introduced a forced-flow immersion cooling method employing transformer oil as the cooling medium for 18650 lithium-ion battery modules. The performance of this cooling system design was assessed under various discharge rates, coolant flow rates, and channel positions. Experimental data reveals that the average temperature of the oil-immersion-cooled battery module was around 26.3% lower than that of the naturally air-cooled battery module under a 2C discharge condition with zero flow rate. The cooling capacity of the oil-immersion system was limited, with theoretical analyses indicating an optimal flow rate of 200mL/min. Four unique cooling channel configurations was designed: side center inlet to center outlet, side upper inlet to lower outlet, front upper inlet to lower outlet, and front center inlet to center outlet. The peak temperatures of the battery module for these setups were 31.7 ℃, 31.0 ℃, 31.0 ℃, 31.0 ℃, and 31.6 ℃, respectively, with a temperature difference of about 2 ℃. Notably, the side upper inlet to lower outlet channel configuration displays superior cooling performance. These findings contribute to advancing more efficient cooling systems and offer valuable insights for optimizing direct liquid-cooled thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries in the future.

Numerical study on induction heating enhanced methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production

Electromagnetic induction heating technology, characterized by its non-contact thermal heat transfer, diminished thermal inertia, and facile temperature management, is applied in this study to enhance catalytic methanol steam reforming (MSR) reaction process. A two-dimensional reactor model was developed integrating electromagnetic field coupling with MSR reactions, fluid dynamics and heat transfer. In the reactor, heat is induced instantaneously on the magnetic material through an electromagnetic induction process, which generated by renewable electricity. Results showed that the Internal - Double Row Cylinder (IN-DRC, cylinder means that the shape of induction heating element is cylindrical.) highest heating efficiency is 38.3%, which is limited by the kinetics of MSR reaction. Here, thermal efficiency reaches its maximum with the reaction channel outlet temperature reaching about 580 K. Internal - Double Row Cylinder (IN-DRC) and Internal - Double Row Ball (IN-DRB, ball means that the shape of induction heating element is spherical) methanol conversions are virtually identical, with a maximum value close to 100%. Furthermore, the findings that the adoption of internal induced heating, in contrast to external heating, across the four reactor designs can effectively mitigate temperature gradient within the reactors. This reduction in thermal disparity significantly amplifies methanol conversion within the reactor, thereby markedly enhancing its overall performance in hydrogen production.Therefore, non-contact internal induction heating method has the potential for substantially hydrogen production processes.

Effective Boundary Correction for Deterministic Lateral Displacement Microchannels to Improve Cell Separation: A Numerical and Experimental Study.

Particle separation and sorting techniques based on microfluidics have found extensive applications and are increasingly gaining prominence. This research presents the design and fabrication of a microfluidic device for separating cells using deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), enabling accuracy and continuity while being size-based. Nevertheless, it remains demanding, to completely reverse the detrimental effects of the boundaries that disturb the fluidic flow in the channel and reduce particle separation efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the boundary structure of channels. By using this design, separation efficiency is boosted, and the fluid behavior around the walls is improved. The boundary correction (BC) enhances the operation of the microchannel and is very effective in microchannels. With boundary correction, the device exhibited improved separation efficiencies, but in its absence, separation efficiencies dropped. The collected microscopic images of the isolation of prostate cancer cell lines and red blood cells revealed promising outcomes. The efficiency of circulating tumor cell (CTC) throughput in the microfluidic channel, quantified as the ratio or proportion of tumor cells exiting the channel to cells entering it, exceeds 93%. Moreover, the efficiency of CTC isolation, expressed as the proportion of tumor cells from the upper outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, is over 89%. Additionally, the efficiency of red blood cell isolation, evaluated as the ratio of red blood cells from the lower outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, surpasses 77%. While using the same DLD separator without boundary correction reduced the separation efficiency by around 5%.

FLUJOS EN JUNTURAS MILIMÉTRICAS CON SECCIONES TRANSVERSALES CIRCULARES Y CUADRADAS

The present work focuses on the numerical study of the flow within a junction formed by the intersection of two millimeter channels. In particular, we study the dynamics of two identical fluids injected from opposite inlets at the contact region and at the exit channels. We analyse the effect of the cross-section on two aspects of the flow dynamics. First, its influence on the liquid fraction at the outlet channels. Second, its effect on the morphology of the stream surfaces.

Irrotational Flow over Ogee Spillway Crest: New Solution Method and Flow Geometry Analysis

A spillway is a hydraulic structure of major importance in dam safety, and its current analysis usually involves a hybrid approach combining CFD modeling with experimental research, either using well-known WES design charts or conducting new model experiments in the laboratory. Flow over spillway crests involves fluid accelerations, making irrotationality an adequate simplification of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. However, an efficient tool using this method is currently lacking for spillway flow, particularly for ogee spillway flow. This work focuses on this aspect of the problem, and a new method for computing irrotational flow solutions over ogee spillways is proposed by developing flow net computational solutions. The proposed method entails a new iterative procedure in the complex potential plane where free surface pressures are exactly set to zero, contrary to other methods, and an automatic determination of the critical point, the unknown energy head, and the free surface profile. The model generates solutions efficiently in only a few seconds on a personal workstation, permitting a fast estimate of spillway flow operation, and is thus an effective complement to experimental and NS-CFD modeling. The solutions produced are compared with observations of a high operational head equal to five times the design head of the ogee crest, resulting in reasonable agreement. The application of the new model to investigate the limitations of analytical equations used in spillway flow, like Jaeger’s theory, establishes limits for its use by relating its curvature parameter to the spillway chute slope.

Numerical analysis on flow field characteristics and particle deposition distributions of DPF channels with different lengths based on lattice Boltzmann method

The pore scale model considers the porous structure and can fundamentally elucidate the filtration dynamics inside the DPF. In this paper, a developed two-dimensional pore scale model based on lattice Boltzmann method is adopted. A new determination method for soot particle threshold value is proposed. Flow field characteristics along different streamlines are analyzed. Particle cluster distributions and their effects are analyzed. The results show for streamlines close to the porous wall, the inlet contraction pressure drop and the outlet channel pressure drop account for a higher proportion and dominate the total pressure drop. It is necessary to focus on reducing the resistance along the last 1/5 of total outlet channel length. Near the particle deposition area, inlet channel pressures increase and outlet channel pressures decrease, creating a low-pressure area. Soot particles tend to deposit in the middle part of the channel when considering the effect of particle dynamic deposition.

Investigation of Improved Energy Dissipation in Stepped Spillways Applying Bubble Image Velocimetry

This study investigates skimming flow regimes, two-phase air–water flow conditions, and simple measures to improve energy dissipation in stepped spillways. Experiments were conducted using two different scale physical models, 1:50 and 1:17, within separate rectangular flumes to define scale effects. Flow patterns were analyzed using the Bubble Image Velocimetry (BIV) technique, which tracks air bubbles. The introduction of splitters resulted in a 7% increase in relative energy dissipation. Additionally, the length of inception was reduced to Li/ks = 10, thereby decreasing the potential for subsequent cavitation. Beyond the BIV experiments, two experiments were conducted on the large-scale model using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV), with and without splitters, to examine the impact of splitters on the velocity profile above the crest. In the experiment with splitters, the vertical velocity vector (v) contributed to turbulence by changing direction, thereby reducing average velocities both in front of and behind the ogee crest. This led to a reduction in energy on the downstream side of the spillway. Although the small-scale model appears unsuitable for studying two-phase flow, the change in relative energy dissipation from the baseline to the splitter configuration was practically identical for both scale models, thereby supporting the findings of the large-scale model.

Electropolymerization of Various Aromatic Monomers Using Streaming Potentials

Bipolar electrodes, i.e., wireless electrodes driven by an external electric field, have been paying more and more attention1. Electrolysis using bipolar electrodes is an eco-friendly electrolysis system because they work with a low concentration of supporting electrolytes, which become waste after reactions. Indeed, we achieved the electrochemical fluorination on the bipolar electrodes, reducing the amount of supporting electrolyte to 1/100 compared to a conventional electrolysis2. However, in bipolar electrolysis, driving electrodes are necessary to generate an external electric field, which creates concern regarding the side reaction occurring on the driving electrode. Streaming potentials can be promising candidates to solve this problem. Streaming potentials are the potential differences between an inlet and an outlet of a narrow channel, which is generated when low-concentrated electrolytes are fed into the channel3. In the previous work, we developed a bipolar electrode system using the streaming potential4. The streaming potential was successfully generated by filling the cotton into a narrow channel to conduct the electropolymerization of pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Yet, a large pressure drop of about 10 MPa is needed in this case. Moreover, the value of streaming potential is still low and the monomer scope was limited to pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene.In this study, we aimed to investigate the condition with a low-pressure drop and a high-streaming potential, which enabled to expand the scope of electropolymerization. The screening of the filling declared that a polymer monolith, a porous material having continuous pores, was the best filling material for electrolysis. Then, the electropolymerization of thiophene and the ruthenium monomer, which could not be polymerized with the cotton-filled channel because of a low-streaming potential, was successfully carried out to obtain the corresponding polymers. The details of the streaming potential measurement and electropolymerization will be presented in the talk.References N. Shida, Y. Zhou, S. Inagi, Acc. Chem. Res., 2019,52, 2598–2608.K. Miyamoto, H. Nishiyama, I. Tomita, S. Inagi, ChemElectroChem, 2019, 6, 97–100.A. V. Delgado, F. González-Caballero, R. J. Hunter, L. K. Koopal, J. Lyklema, J. Colloid Interface. Sci., 2007, 309, 194–224.S. Iwai, T. Suzuki, H. Sakagami, K. Miyamoto, Z. Chen, M. Konishi, E. Villani, N. Shida, I. Tomita, S. Inagi, Commun. Chem., 2022, 5, 66. Figure 1

Difference between the Distributions of Intermediate and Slow Neutrons from the Outlet Channel of a Photoneutron Source

Difference between the Distributions of Intermediate and Slow Neutrons from the Outlet Channel of a Photoneutron Source

Hydrophilic phycocyanin encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles using benchtop microfluidic device

Phycocyanin (PC), a sensitive hydrophilic protein with significant biological functions, is prone to denaturation in harsh environmental conditions. Here, we employ a microfluidic-assisted nanoprecipitation approach using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as a protective coating material to shield PC from such conditions. Despite the complexity of microfluidic device preparation and the challenge of encapsulating water-like protein with high association efficiency, our study demonstrates the successful generation of nanosized PC-loaded particles using a 1-mm-width microfluidic device. Optimal device parameters, including a 90˚ intersecting angle, a 3-cm-length outlet channel, and a total flow rate of 396 µLmin−1, yielded particles approximately 200 nm in size with an association efficiency (AE) of around 80 %. Notably, DMSO proved to be an effective organic solvent for preserving PC. Interestingly, surfactants typically employed for stability and biocompatibility in microfluidic techniques, were found to be unnecessary in this system, potentially altering the secondary structure of PC, as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Overall, this research confirms the feasibility of producing nanosized particles with monodisperse spherical morphology using a benchtop microfluidic device. Moreover, the enhanced association efficiency of hydrophilic protein in PLGA holds significant promise for encapsulating non-hydrophobic proteins.

Study on the body type of shaft spillway

Abstract In this paper, the influence of shaft spillway shape on its performance is studied by numerical simulation to improve its design and operation efficiency. The type of pressure slope section, the sensitivity of the radius of the turning section, and the optimal arrangement of the stilling pool are studied and analyzed. It is found that increasing the length of the pressure slope section can stabilize the flow in the pressure section of the tunnel. The deflection phenomenon can be reduced by increasing the radius of the turning section. The symmetrical arrangement of the stilling pool can improve the water flow pattern. Through numerical simulation, the paper provides some suggestions on the optimal design of the shaft spillway to improve its performance and efficiency.

A hybrid solar-driven membrane distillation-assisted liquid desiccant air conditioning system: Mathematical modeling and feasibility analysis

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising method for liquid desiccant (LD) regeneration as it can mitigate LD carryover and produce freshwater as a by-product. Previous research on MD regeneration was mainly focused on performance evaluation and optimization of the regenerator itself. This paper proposed a hybrid solar-driven direct contact MD (DCMD) regeneration-assisted liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) system for air dehumidification, cooling, and freshwater production. A mathematical model for the DCMD regenerator was first developed by considering both temperature and concentration polarizations. This model was validated against the experimental data in terms of the outlet channel temperature and LD solution concentration in the feed tank with relative deviations of ± 9.8 % and ± 0.5 %, respectively. The DCMD model was further integrated into an LDAC system with a batch-wise operation. To investigate the technical feasibility of the proposed system, a one-week simulation was conducted in a residential house during summer in a tropical climate area of Australia. The results showed that the latent heat load was effectively removed from the process air and the regenerated liquid desiccant solution can meet the dehumidification requirement with a concentration over 30.0 wt%. The dehumidification rate and regeneration rate were at 0.49–1.25 kg/h and 0.95–4.25 kg/h, respectively. Solar energy contributed to 52 %-78 % of the total system thermal energy consumption. Furthermore, this system can produce 11.0–12.8 kg of water daily.

Research on the Relative Placement Angle of the Induction Heater and the Channel in a Four-Channel Induction-Heating Tundish.

In order to optimize the application effect of induction heating (IH) tundishes, a four-channel IH tundish is taken as the research object. Based on numerical simulation methods, the influence of different relative placement angles of induction heaters and channels on the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field of the tundish is investigated. We focus on comparing the magnetic flux density (B) and electromagnetic force (EMF) distribution of the channel. The results show that regardless of the relative placement angle between the heater and the channel, the distribution of B in the central circular cross-section of the channel is eccentric. When the heater rotates around channel 1 towards the bottom of the tundish, the distribution of B in the central circular cross-section of the channel changes from a horizontal eccentricity to a vertical one. Through the analysis of the B contour in the longitudinal section of the channel, the difference in effective magnetic flux density area (ΔAB) between the upper and lower parts of the channel can be obtained, thereby quantitatively analyzing the distribution of B in this section. The distribution pattern of ΔAB is consistent with the distribution pattern of the electromagnetic force in the vertical direction (FZ) of the channel centerline. The ΔAB and FZ of channel 1 gradually increase as the heater rotates downwards, while those of channel 2 reach their maximum value at a rotation angle of 60°. Compared to the conventional placement, when the heater rotation angle is 60°, the outlet flow velocities at channel 1 and channel 2 decrease by 15% and 12%, respectively. However, the outlet temperature at channel 2 increases by 1.96 K, and the molten steel flow at the outlet of channel 1 and channel 2 no longer exhibits significant downward flow. This shows that when the heater rotation angle is 60°, it has a dual advantage. On the one hand, it is helpful to reduce the erosion of the molten steel on the channel and the bottom of the discharging chamber, and on the other hand, it can more effectively exert the heating effect of the induction heater on the molten steel in the channel. This presents a new approach to enhance the application effectiveness of IH tundish.

Thermal hydraulic and structural analysis of the IFMIF-DONES liquid-lithium target system

In the IFMIF-DONES neutron source a single accelerator line delivers 125 mA of deuterons at 40 MeV to a flowing liquid lithium target with a free surface facing the deuteron beam.Neutrons with fusion-relevant spectrum are generated by a stripping reaction and used for material samples irradiation.This report presents a numerical thermal–hydraulic and structural analysis using updated design of the target system and neutronics analysis results. Simulation scope includes the target assembly, vacuum chamber with beam ducts, outlet channel, quench tank vessel and connecting elements.Simulations have been conducted with the commercial CFD code Simcenter Star-CCM + . The computational domains consist total of 47.4x106 fluid and 14x106 structure cells.The following aspects have been analyzed:•Temperature distribution in lithium and target system structure during beam-on operation;•Transient mixing of lithium in the quench tank with temperature change during the beam switch-on phase.•Thermal displacements and stresses in the TA and QT structures.Simulations using the new distribution of nuclear heating show no significant changes in the temperature field in liquid lithium. Calculated unwanted temperature hotspots in the target structure demonstrate the need for optimization of the target design.

Examining the influence of number of inlets and outlets on the topology optimization design of battery liquid cooling plate

The trade-off between enhancing the thermal performance of battery liquid cooling plates and reducing their pumping power consumption remains an unresolved issue. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a multi-inlet and multi-outlet liquid cooling plate design method based on topology optimization. Through topology optimization, 2D models with various numbers of inlets and outlets under different arrangements were obtained, and were extended into 3D numerical models. The study investigated the impact of inlet and outlet arrangement direction, quantity, channel depth, and total mass flow rate at the inlet on the performance of liquid cooling plates. The findings indicated that Topology-optimized liquid cooling plates exhibit superior flow and heat exchange performance compared to traditional straight-channel liquid cooling plates. Arranging the inlet and outlet along the width direction of the rectangular liquid cooling plate can reduce the pressure drop. As for the number of inlets and outlets along the width direction, employing three inlets and three outlets, as opposed to a single inlet and outlet, reduced pump power by 29.04 %, increased the heat transfer coefficient by 28.41 %, increased temperature uniformity by 39.13 %, and boosted the comprehensive evaluation factor by 80.7 %. Furthermore, the channel depth of 3 mm, with a total mass flow rate of 15 g/s at the inlet, was the ideal choice for achieving a balance between system heat dissipation and power consumption. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation was validated through experiments.

Cavitation Investigation in the Sluice Section of the Sefid Rood Dam Using Flow 3D Software for Environmental Purposes

It is evident that water resources are essential for the existence of living organisms, particularly human life. Outlets are a series of structures employed to transfer water from the dam reservoir to the discharge point downstream. Due to the significance of this section of the dam, the performance analysis of the outlet, including the channel, gates, and their outlet, is sensitive. The presence of pressurized flow in the upstream of the outlet gate, energy dissipation due to various factors, and the very low values concerning the gate opening compared to the water head over the outlet gate cause significant errors in determining various parameters related to the outlets. This includes pressure drops across the gates and their discharge capacities when using theoretical methods. This research aims to investigate pressure distribution at various points along the outlet channel, determine the gate discharge capacity, and calculate its discharge coefficient. It explores the possibility of cavitation occurrence, compares the presented scenarios for post-service and emergency gate operations in the simultaneous operation of two gates, and determines the main loss coefficients in the channel, including frictional losses, conversion losses, and gate losses. This investigation utilizes data obtained from the physical model of the spillway outlet constructed at the Soil and Watershed Conservation Research Center laboratory. The physical model includes the channel and gates (service and emergency), and necessary experiments were conducted. The pressure values at different points, gate discharge rates at three opening levels (60%, 80%, and 100%), were measured in the reservoir, and the results are presented in corresponding tables and graphs. Additionally, the Flow 3D software was employed to numerically model the outlet discharge under three gate openings (60%, 80%, and 100%) for comparison between experimental and numerical results and with previous findings in this research. Subsequently, it will be demonstrated that, under single-gate operation and simultaneous operation, the cavitation index in critical areas, such as gate slots and between gates, in the single- gate mode falls within an acceptable range, practically eliminating the risk of cavitation. However, in simultaneous operation mode, negative pressures occur in some gate openings, posing the possibility of cavitation occurrence.

Phytoplankton community structure in PB. Soedirman Reservoir, Banjarnegara District, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Samudra SR, Islami SF, Sanjayasari D, Firdaus AM, Putri AK, Fikriyya N, Attaqi AN. 2024. Phytoplankton community structure in PB. Soedirman Reservoir, Banjarnegara District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2161-2169. Panglima Besar (PB) Soedirman Reservoir (formerly known as Mrica Reservoir), located in Central Java, faces ecological pollution due to organic materials from anthropogenic activities. Monitoring reservoir conditions, comprising physical, chemical, and biological parameters, is important for management. In this context, phytoplankton is a biological parameter that can be used to monitor water conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to observe phytoplankton community structure in PB. Soedirman Reservoir, Banjarnegara District, about the abundance, diversity, and dominance index. Sampling was conducted in July and August 2023 at five stations: the inlet, water around, and those free from floating net cages, ponds, and outlet channels. Data analysis included phytoplankton abundance, Shannon Wiener diversity index (H'), and Simpson dominance index (C). The results showed that the number of phytoplankton genera found was 27, with the average abundance in July being 7,083 cells.L-1, and the most abundant class was Bacillariophyceae (54%). The average abundance in August was 59,574 cells.L-1, the most abundant class being Bacillariophyceae (82%). Additionally, the diversity index (H') value ranged from 1.23-2.07 with the moderate pollution category. The dominance index (C) ranged from 0.16-0.33, showing no species dominated.