Outlet Conditions Research Articles

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODELS OF A PROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE

Geometrical models are the same in both numerical and experimental simulations. They consist of a rigid straight tube at the entrance (resp. at the outflow) simulating the left ventricle outflow tract (resp. the aorta). The bileaflet valve is a 27 mm St Jude valve. The sinuses of Valsalva are supposed axisymmetrical. At the entrance, a long enough tube ensures a fully developed flow. The inlet conditions are then velocity profiles defined from the Womersley solution [Womersley, 1955]. The shape of the flow rate is physiological. The outlet conditions are considered as free conditions. The fluid is assumed to be Newtonian and viscous as the blood ( =4.0 cP, =1130 kg/m). The flow is 3D, laminar and unsteady. These boundary and hydrodynamic conditions are the same in both numerical and experimental simulations. The numerical simulation is realized with the commercial software Fluent (Fluent Inc, Lebanon, USA). FSI is taken into account through pressure and viscous forces on each leaflet. The resultant moment is then calculated. A sub iteration loop [Dumont, 2004] is managed in each time step to ensure a strong coupling between the fluid and the structure. The experimental simulation is conducted in a rigid Plexiglas model inserted in a circulatory mock loop model. Pressure and flow rate measurements are recorded. The fluid is seeded with nylon particles. PIV measurements are realized in two perpendicular plans, during the systolic ejection time.

Characteristics on heat transfer at the high temperature state of cylindrical composite in turbulence flow

Cylindrical composite has been applied to many kinds of military weapon system. The time it takes to reach the target temperature (43 °C) of test item, namely soaking time is very important to evaluate the performance of military weapon systems on the environmental test. A numerical analysis for temperature distribution of steel cylinder coated with silicon has been performed in this study to predict thermal behaviors in the environmental chamber. The boundary conditions of the analysis are composed of inlet and outlet conditions of the environmental chamber with different pressures and target temperature of 43 °C. The soaking time of test item in the environmental chamber has been calculated by the commercial program.

Analysis of the Chimney Natural Convection in a Vertical Porous Cylinder

The problem of natural convection in a vertical opened porous cylinder, with a constant wall temperature, has been investigated numerically. Two types of flows behavior, with and without fluid recirculation, have been considered. The conditions of getting one or the other flow depends on the filtration Rayleigh number (Ra), the aspect ratio (A), and the Biot number (Bi). The thermal field obtained depends mainly on the inlet–outlet conditions (Biot number) in the conductive regime. On the other hand, in the convective regime, the heat transfer is a weak function of the Biot number and the aspect ratio.

Unsteady-State Airflow and Particle Deposition in a Three-Generation Human Lung Geometry

The study of particle transport and deposition in the human lung is critical in health risk assessment of air pollutants and in pharmaceutical drug delivery. Several computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have investigated particle deposition in the lung for simplified airflow scenarios. A shortcoming with most CFD studies is uncertainty regarding flow boundary conditions, which directly impacts airflow and particle deposition. The influence of inlet and outlet conditions on airflow and particle deposition in lung common airways was assessed here. Common airways consisted of nine airways of the human lung ahead of lobes: the trachea, main, and lobar bronchi connected as a network of cylindrical tubes with dimensions based on morphometric measurements. Three different boundary conditions were used: (1) prescribed constant flow rate at the trachea entrance and atmospheric pressure at terminal branch exits, (2) atmospheric pressure at the trachea inlet and prescribed outlet flow rates corresponding to uniform lobar expansion, and (3) the same as case (2) with exit flow rates according to nonuniform lobar expansion. Unsteady airflow fields were numerically solved for a 2-s inhalation. Spherical particles of 1 nm to 10 μm diameter were injected at the trachea inlet, and particle deposition patterns during inhalation were evaluated. A Lagrangian particle tracking method was used that included particle inertia, gravity, and Brownian motion. Predicted flows showed similar trends but with a notable difference in magnitude. Lower particle deposition was found in case (1) for all particle sizes. The differences among these cases indicated the significance of realistic boundary conditions for accurate assessment of the flow field and particle deposition.

Energy and exergy analysis of counter flow wet cooling towers

Cooling tower is an open system direct contact heat exchanger, where it cools water by both convection and evaporation. In this paper, a mathematical model based on heat and mass transfer principle is developed to find the outlet condition of water and air. The model is solved using iterative method. Energy and exergy analysis infers that inlet air wet bulb temperature is found to be the most important parameter than inlet water temperature and also variation in dead state properties does not affect the performance of wet cooling tower. .

Numerical analysis of heat transfer in a plate heat exchanger

In the present study, a numerical methodology of the heat transfer analysis of a plate heat exchanger is investigated. An analysis method for the conjugate heat transfer between the repeating set of a cold flow passage, separating plates, and a hot flow passage of a plate heat exchanger is proposed and successfully performed by using the periodic boundary condition at the center area of the plate and appropriate inlet and outlet conditions for the two streams. Comparison of the heat transfer results of the proposed analysis method with the available experimental data showed a good agreement.

Theoretical and experimental simulation of roof-top bus multiple-circuit air-conditioning system performance

Many air-conditioning (AC) systems are designed to operate at maximum cooling capacity regardless of the variation in the daily cooling load. At low loads, the conditions can be uncomfortably cold and the overcooling is an unnecessary waste of energy. To address these two issues, a multiple refrigeration circuit concept is proposed and applied to a roof-top bus AC system. A two-circuit model is proposed for a standard bus size in which each circuit has two evaporators of equal sizes arranged in parallel and installed on each passenger row, respectively. This means that each passenger row is served by two different evaporators sharing a common heat exchanger box. Depending on the cooling load, this concept allows one or both circuits (compressor motors) to be switched on and during either modes, it also allows one or more sets of evaporator blowers to be switched on. A steady-state computer model has been developed to simulate the performance of the proposed two-circuit AC system. A two-circuit air conditioner is also designed to form a roof-top bus AC system, fabricated, and installed on to an experimental rig. The experimental data are used to validate the computer model. The validation is on the system thermal performance and on the evaporator air outlet conditions (dry bulb temperature and relative humidity) at different modes of system operation, either at full or partial cooling loads. The simulated results gave satisfactory agreement with those obtained from the experimental work. Maximum absolute deviations are within the range of 19.3 per cent, although most of the simulated results are less than a 10 per cent range from the experimental ones, which validates the computer program. The paper describes the modelling work carried out and the results obtained are presented in comparison with the experimental data.

취출구를 가진 덕트의 공기분배장치 설계

The purpose of this paper is to obtain design method of air-distribution system. Air-distribution system is composed of blower, duct, diffusers and measuring equipment. The air-flow rate from each diffuser is not equal. The air-flow rate is calculated with the combined equations which are Bernoulli's equation, continuity equation and minor loss equations. Inlet condition and outlet condition are adapted in each duct system. Then square difference between function of maximum air-flow rate and minimum air-flow rate is used as an object function. Area of diffuser and velocity are established as constraints. To minimize the object function, the optimization method is used. After optimization the design variables are selected under satisfaction of constraints. The air-distribution system is calculated again with the result of optimized design variable. It is shown that the air-distribution system has the equal air-flow rate from diffusers.

액체 로켓 엔진시스템 개념설계를 위한 모듈화 프로그램 Part II: 통합 모듈화 프로그램

액체 로켓 엔진시스템 개념설계를 위하여 주요 엔진 구성품들에 대한 모듈 프로그램을 통합한 성능 설계 프로그램을 작성하였다. 구성품에 대한 모듈 프로그램은 설계 인자를 수학적으로 묘사하였고, 구성품 간의 유량과 압력을 매칭시켜 각 모듈 프로그램을 통합함으로써 반복계산을 통해 엔진 성능을 예측하는 모듈화 프로그램을 작성하였다. 구성품간의 유량이 조율되고, 유량의 함수로 계산된 각 구성품에서의 압력강하량을 합산하여 터보펌프 출구조건을 부여하도록 하였다. 프로그램의 계산과정과 설계방법을 간략하게 제시하고, 결과는 검증 모델 엔진의 데이터와 비교하여 검증하였다. With a view to building up a program used in conceptual design of liquid rocket engine system, a preliminary performance-based code for an integrated engine system has been developed by incorporating sub-modular programs for each essential engine component. Modular descriptions for each component were formulated mathematically with essential parameters. In the whole iterative circuits for predicting engine performance, matching conditions of mass flow rate and pressure drop through each engine component have been considered. Mass balance calculations at each inter-component boundary are found smoothly converged. All the pressure drops through engine components as a function of mass flow rate are added up to provide turbo-pump outlet condition. In this paper, the flow chart for each iterative circuit and design methodologies are presented. Resultant predictions are validated with real engine data.

Heat transfer and pressure drop during HFC refrigerant vaporisation inside a brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop measured during HFC refrigerant 134a, 410A and 236fa vaporisation inside a small brazed plate heat exchanger: the effects of heat flux, refrigerant mass flux, saturation temperature, outlet conditions and fluid properties are investigated. The experimental results are reported in terms of refrigerant side heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficients show great sensitivity to heat flux and outlet conditions and weak sensitivity to saturation temperature. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the kinetic energy per unit volume of the refrigerant flow. HFC-410A shows heat transfer coefficients 40–50% higher than HFC-134a and 50–60% higher than HFC-236fa and frictional pressure drops 40–50% lower than HFC-134a and 50–60% lower than HFC-236fa. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with two well-known equations for nucleate boiling [M.G. Cooper, Heat flows rates in saturated pool boiling – a wide ranging examination using reduced properties, Advanced Heat Transfer, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, 1984, pp. 157–239; D. Gorenflo, Pool boiling, in: E.U. Schlünder (Ed.), VDI Heat Atlas, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1993, Ha1-25] and a correlation for frictional pressure drop is proposed.

Analysis of the hot gas flow in the outlet plenum of the very high temperature reactor using coupled RELAP5-3D system code and a CFD code

The very high temperature reactor (VHTR) system behavior should be predicted during normal operating conditions and postulated accident conditions. The plant accident scenario and the passive safety behavior should be accurately predicted. Uncertainties in passive safety behavior could have large effects on the resulting system characteristics. Due to these performance issues in the VHTR, there is a need for development, testing and validation of design tools to demonstrate the feasibility of the design concepts and guide the improvement of the plant components. One of the identified design issues for the gas-cooled reactor is the thermal mixing of the coolant exiting the core into the outlet plenum. Incomplete thermal mixing may give rise to thermal stresses in the downstream components. To provide flow details, the analysis presented in this paper was performed by coupling a VHTR model generated in a thermal hydraulic systems code to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) outlet plenum model. The outlet conditions obtained from the systems code VHTR model provide the inlet boundary conditions to the CFD outlet plenum model. By coupling the two codes in this manner, the important three-dimensional flow effects in the outlet plenum are well modeled while avoiding modeling the entire reactor with a computationally expensive CFD code. The values of pressure, mass flow rate and temperature across the coupled boundary showed differences of less than 5% in every location except for one channel. The coupling auxiliary program used in this analysis can be applied to many different cases requiring detailed three-dimensional modeling in a small portion of the domain.

Outlet Temperature Regulation for a Class of Plug Flow Chemical Reactor via Nonlinear Feedback

The aim of this paper is the regulation of the temperature, at outlet conditions, for a class of plug flow chemical reactors. The considered reactor is modeled by a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations, as related to mass and energy balances, with consideration that the measured output for this kind of systems is the outlet temperature, as is usual with industrial practice. It is proposed that in nonlinear feedback which contains a proportional contribution of the named regulation error plus a high order sliding-mode term-to-tray to compensate for the convective transport, the nonlinear terms and disturbances employing the stabilizing effects of the sliding modes have a satisfactory performance. A theoretical frame for the stabilization properties of the proposed controller is provided and numerical simulations illustrate the corresponding performance, which is compared with a well tuned PI control law.

A two-port model for wave propagation along a long circular microchannel

A compact model for oscillatory flow in a long microchannel with a circular cross-section is derived from the linearised Navier–Stokes equations. The resulting two-port model includes the effects of viscosity due to rarefied gas in the slip flow regime, inertia, compressibility and losses due to heat exchange. Both an acoustic impedance T network and an acoustic admittance Π network are presented for implementation in system level and circuit simulation tools. Also, reduced T and Π networks with constant component values are given to be used in the low frequency region. They are useful in time domain simulations, too. To verify the analytical model, simulations with a harmonic finite element solver for acoustic viscous flow are performed for microchannels exploiting the axisymmetry. The simulation results with both open and closed outlet conditions are compared with the two-port model with excellent agreement. Contribution of the slip conditions and the accuracy of the simple model are demonstrated.

HFC-410A vaporisation inside a commercial brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper experimentally investigates HFC-410A vaporisation inside a commercial brazed plate heat exchanger: the effects of heat flux, refrigerant mass flux, saturation temperature and outlet conditions are evaluated. The experimental results are reported in terms of refrigerant side heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficients show great sensitivity to heat flux and outlet conditions and weak sensitivity to saturation temperature. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the kinetic energy per unit volume of the refrigerant flow and therefore a quadratic dependence on the refrigerant mass flux. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with two well-known equations [Cooper, M.G., Heat flows rates in saturated pool boiling – a wide ranging examination using reduced properties, in: J.P. Hartnett, T.F. Irvine Jr. (Eds.), Advanced in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1984, pp. 157–239; D. Gorenflo, D. Pool boiling, in: E.U. Schlünder (Ed.), VDI Heat Atlas, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1993 (Ha1-25).] for nucleate boiling and a correlation for frictional pressure drop is proposed.

Experimental and theoretical studies on air humidification by a water spray at elevated pressure

Humidification of compressed air is important for humid air turbine cycle. In this paper, theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out to analyze and predict the humidification process in spray tower. For predicting the heat and mass transfer in the water droplet–air two-phase flow, a one-dimensional numerical model simulating the conservation of heat and mass of water and humid air was developed. The model considers the effect of droplet motion on the heat and mass transfer. Experimental data were obtained on a pressurized model spray tower at different pressures and water/air ratios, which had been adopted to validate the numerical model. Droplet diameter of the spray was measured and these data were used in the model. Predictions of outlet conditions of air and water for giving input conditions agree well with experimental data, which produces a maximal error of 7.3%. On the basis of the model, distributions of droplet velocity and volumetric heat transfer coefficient over height of the tower are predicted. The effect of droplet diameter on the characteristic performance of spray humidifier is also analyzed in the simulation.

Refrigerant R134a vaporisation heat transfer and pressure drop inside a small brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop measured during refrigerant R134a vaporisation inside a small brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE): the effects of heat flux, refrigerant mass flux, saturation temperature and outlet conditions are investigated. The BPHE tested consists of 10 plates, 72 mm in width and 310 mm in length, which present a macro-scale herringbone corrugation with an inclination angle of 65° and corrugation amplitude of 2 mm. The experimental results are reported in terms of refrigerant side heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficients show great sensitivity both to heat flux and outlet conditions and weak sensitivity to saturation temperature. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the kinetic energy per unit volume of the refrigerant flow. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are also compared with two well-known correlations for nucleate pool boiling and a correlation for frictional pressure drop is proposed.

MRI-Based Multiscale Models for the Hemodynamic and Structural Evaluation of Surgically Reconstructed Aortic Arches:

The surgical reconstruction of the aortic arch is necessary in pediatric patients suffering from different types of congenital heart malformations, in particular, coarctation of the aorta. Among the reconstruction techniques used in surgical practice end-to-end anastomosis (E/E), Gore-tex graft interposition (GGI) and Gore-tex patch graft aortoplasty (GPGA) are compared in this study with a control model, employing a computational fluid-structure-interaction scheme. This study analyzes the impact of introducing synthetic materials on aortic hemodynamics and wall mechanics. Three-dimensional (3D) geometries of a porcine aortic arch were derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Inlet conditions were derived from MRI velocimetry. A multiscale approach was used for the imposition of outlet conditions, wherein a lumped parameter net provided an active afterload. Evidence was found that ring-like repairs increased blood velocity, whereas GPGA limited it. Vortex presence was greater and longer lasting in GGI. The highest power losses corresponded to GPGA. GGI had an intermediate effect, while E/E dissipated only slightly more than the control case. Wall stresses peak in a longitudinal strip on the subject's left side of the vessel, particularly in the frontal area. There was a concentration of stress at the suture lines. All surgical techniques performed equally well in restoring physiological pressures.

Numerical analysis on a microchannel evaporator designed for CO 2 air-conditioning systems

A microchannel heat exchanger was numerically analyzed using the finite volume method. The air and refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were calculated using the existing correlations that were developed for microchannel heat exchangers. To verify the present model, performance tests of the microchannel heat exchanger were conducted at various test conditions with R134a. The present model yielded a good correlation with the measured heat transfer rate, demonstrating a mean deviation of 6.8%. The performance of the microchannel evaporator for CO 2 systems can be improved by varying the refrigerant flow rate to each slab and changing fin space to increase the two-phase region in the microchannel. Based on the comparison of the performance of the microchannel heat exchanger with that of the fin-tube heat exchanger designed for CO 2 systems, it was proposed that the arrangement of the slabs and inlet air velocity in the microchannel heat exchanger need to be optimized by considering heat exchanger size, air outlet conditions and required capacity.

Experimental measurements, integral modeling and smoke detection of early fire in thermally stratified environments

Building fires go through a series of stages. They start with a fire plume period during which buoyant fire smoke rises to the ceiling. A second stage is the following enclosure smoke-filling period. In this paper, the first stage is the subject, especially for the fire plume behavior in thermally stratified environments in large volume spaces. In NFPA 92B, Morton's integral equation was introduced for calculating the maximum plume rise, and beam smoke detectors were recommended for smoke detection design. In this work, experiments and CFD simulations were conducted in a small-scale enclosure and a large space to investigate early fire movements in temperature-stratified ambients. The results show that in a thermally stratified environment, the axial temperature and velocity of a fire plume decrease more quickly along the vertical axis than in uniform environment, and in some cases the fire plume ceases to rise. The previous integral equation was shown to underestimate the actual maximum height of a fire smoke plume, and also was unable to explain the differences of the maximum heights of low-density and high-density smoke plumes with the same stratification and outlet conditions. The integral equation was improved by introducing two correction factors, and extended for non-linear temperature stratified environments. A light section smoke detection method with three space-protected area was suggested and discussed.

Flooding flows in city crossroads: experiments and 1-D modelling

This study focuses on the discharge distribution in an intersection of four channels, similar to a city crossroad. The channels and the intersection are all horizontal. Flow enters through two of the channels, and leaves through the other two. The flow is subcritical everywhere, and flow depths are controlled by vertical weirs at the exits of the outlet channels. The main variables that are measured are the flow rates in the four channels. When the weir heights in the outlet channels are the same, the ratio of flow rates in the outlet channels depends only on the ratio of flow rates in the inlet channels; if the outlet conditions are different, other parameters, such as the total flow rate also become important. The flow has also been simulated numerically using a solution of the 1-D Saint Venant equations, with a simple model to predict flow distribution in the intersection. A comparison with the experimental data shows that this model works well for the limited range of experimental conditions studied here. However, further work is needed on a wider range of conditions, closer to real conditions, before the model can be considered valid for practical applications.