Center Of Outlet Research Articles

The condensation process of supercritical water gasification products in a bicubic supersonic nozzle

The development of energy-efficient and clean supercritical water gasification product (SCWGP) separation technology has become one of the bottlenecks in advancing supercritical water gasification technology. This study suggests utilizing a supersonic nozzle to condense and separate H2 and CO2 from SCWGP. The flow and condensation model are established for a bicubic parametric supersonic nozzle, and the effects of various operating conditions on the condensation separation of SCWGP are analyzed. The liquid phase mass fraction at the nozzle outlet is significantly influenced by the inlet pressure and temperature. The approximate relationship between inlet pressure variations and liquid phase mass fraction is 0.065 per MPa, while the relationship between inlet temperature variations and liquid phase mass fraction is approximately –0.013 per K. The latent heat released during the condensation process has a significant impact on the temperature distribution within the nozzle. Inlet parameters have a notable effect on the peak values and positions of nucleation and droplet growth rates. The condensed liquid CO2 is primarily concentrated near the center of the nozzle outlet. The efficiency of the condensation separation is strongly influenced by the molar fraction of CO2 in the gas mixture, while the small amount of N2 mixed in has little effect on the condensation separation performance.

Analysis of enthalpy and energy conversion efficiency in high-power inductively coupled plasma

The Near-Space Plasma Electromagnetic Science Experimental Research Apparatus is designed for ground-based simulation of plasma sheath and is capable of providing pure, high-enthalpy, and high-density plasma jets. The high enthalpy implies a high plasma state, which can achieve high Mach equivalent simulation in flight conditions. This paper takes this device as the research object and establishes a multi-physics coupling magnetohydrodynamics model to simulate the heat transfer process under high-power conditions. Through numerical simulation, the distribution rules of plasma temperature and enthalpy value under different power states considering the radiation source are obtained. By combining numerical simulation with experimental verification, the simulated enthalpy and energy conversion efficiency results are compared with experimental data, showing good consistency. The study finds that the enthalpy at the center of the jet outlet is higher, increasing from 5.4 MJ/kg to 9.5 MJ/kg when the high-frequency power increases from 150 kW to 426 kW, with an increase of 4.0 MJ/kg. The overall distribution of plasma jet enthalpy exhibits a central peak, gradually decreasing radially from the center to both sides. Meanwhile, during the axial jet injection process, there is a transition in the radial distribution of temperature and enthalpy, shifting from a saddle-shaped distribution at the coil position to an arch-shaped distribution at the nozzle outlet. In this power range, the energy conversion efficiency of the high-frequency power source ranges from 53% to 30%, with both calculated and measured efficiencies decreasing with increasing power. Additionally, the paper discusses the impact of radiation source terms on the distribution of enthalpy in high-power inductive-coupled plasma. In conclusion, the model proposed in this paper can be used to estimate the outlet enthalpy distribution and energy conversion efficiency of the Near-Space Plasma Electromagnetic Science Experimental Research Apparatus, providing data support for the design, control, and application of the device.

A new gray optimization model for disposing or re-commercializing unsold goods in reverse logistics networks with a cross-docking center

PurposeThis paper investigates a problem in a reverse logistics (RLs) network to decide whether to dispose of unsold goods in primary stores or re-commercialize them in outlet centers. By deducting the costs associated with each policy from its revenue, this study aims to maximize the profit from managing unsold goods.Design/methodology/approachA new mixed-integer linear programming model has been developed to address the problem, which considers the selling prices of products in primary and secondary stores and the costs of transportation, cross-docking and returning unwanted items. As a result of uncertain nature of the cost and time parameters, gray numbers are used to deal with it. In addition, an innovative uncertain solution approach for gray programming problems is presented that considers objective function satisfaction level as an indicator of optimism.FindingsAccording to the results, higher costs, including transportation, cross-docking and return costs, make sending goods to outlet centers unprofitable and more goods are disposed of in primary stores. Prices in primary and secondary stores heavily influence the number of discarded goods. Higher prices in primary stores result in more disposed of goods, while higher prices in secondary stores result in fewer. As a result of the proposed method, the objective function satisfaction level can be viewed as a measure of optimism.Originality/valueAn integral contribution of this study is developing a new mixed-integer linear programming model for selecting the appropriate goods for re-commercialization and choosing the best outlet center based on the products' price and total profit. Another novelty of the proposed model is considering the matching percentage of boxes with secondary stores’ desired product lists and the probability of returning goods due to non-compliance with delivery dates. Moreover, a new uncertain solution approach is developed to solve mathematical programming problems with gray parameters.

Analysis of spray particles entrance of Right-angle cold spray nozzle based on CFD

Cold spray technology is a solid-state deposition technology, and the nozzle is an important part of the cold spray system. This article proposes a right-angle nozzle. The characteristic of this nozzle is that it can change the flow direction of the gas flow inside the nozzle to realize spraying on the surface of special parts; the acceleration of particles by the right-angle nozzle with different particle entrances is studied. The results show that the outlet center velocity of the right-angle nozzle with a circular throat section is greater, the viscous boundary layer effect is better, and the effective circulation area is larger; the maximum airflow velocity near the outlet of the right-angle nozzle at the particle entrance A is 663.4m/s; it can also effectively avoid the deposition of particles inside the right-angle nozzle, thereby reducing the loss of kinetic energy during the acceleration of particles in the right-angle nozzle; the research on the structure of the new right-angle cold spray nozzle can provide reference for the nozzle of cold spray technology Opinion.

Experimental study on the influence of inlet velocity and fuel/air ratio on outlet temperature profile performance in a turboshaft engine combustor

This paper presents an experimental study on the influence of inlet velocity and fuel/air ratio (FAR) on the outlet temperature profile in a mixed-flow trapped vortex combustor (MTVC) working with RP-3 liquid fuel. This new MTVC is using a single cavity to stabilize flames for turboshaft engine. Temperature profile performances, such as temperature non-uniformity, radial temperature profile, profile factor (RTDF) and pattern factor (OTDF), were examined at atmospheric pressure on a fan-shaped test rig at different inlet velocities and fuel/air ratios. By analyzing the temperature pattern in the cavity, the reason for the characteristic law of the outlet temperature profile is obtained. The results indicate that the MTVC has achieved a satisfactory temperature profile, which can meet the requirements of the turbine. The radial temperature profile at combustor outlet is not a flat straight line, showing a pattern of high temperature in the middle of combustor outlet and low temperature at both ends of combustor outlet. The peak temperature is 0.6 times the height of combustor outlet. The high temperature zone with a constant FAR lean towards the top of the outlet center, and the temperature non-uniformity, OTDF and RTDF increase with increasing velocity. However, the high temperature zone approaches the outlet axis at a constant velocity as FAR changes. The temperature non-uniformity decreases with an increases of FAR. There is an optimal velocity where OTDF and RTDF pass through a minimum value. A decrease or increase in velocity beyond this optimal velocity results in an increase in both OTDF and RTDF. This mainly depends on the fuel distribution, the air jet mixing, the local FAR in cavity, and the location of high-temperature products in combustor outlet.

Numerical study on the effects of co-firing ratio and stoichiometric ratio on biomass/ammonia co-firing

Co-firing of biomass and NH3 can generate positive effect on the energy and environment. However, there is limited research in this area. In this work, Ansys Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics software, was utilized to simulate the two-dimensional combustion process of mixed wood (MW) particles with NH3 in a 15 KW furnace under various operating conditions. Various models such as turbulence, species transport, particle phase, radiation, and pollutant were reasonably considered, and the reliability of these selected models was also evaluated by comparing with the experimental results obtained from the 15 KW furnace. The four combustion cases with different NH3 ratios (NRs) of 0%, 40%, 50%, and 60% were investigated (partial MW replaced by NH3 with equivalent calorific value). Moreover, the effects of stoichiometric ratios (SRs) of 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, and 1.3 on the combustion behavior was also explored at a fixed NR of 60%. The velocity, flame shape, furnace temperature, and emissions of pollutants (CO2 and NO) were described and analyzed. The findings show that the temperature at the center of outlet can reach 1209.0 K when the SR and NR are 0.9 and 60%, respectively, which exhibits the highest value among all operating conditions. The average value of CO2 concentration is 3.7% at the outlet under the condition of SR = 1.3 and NR = 60%, which presents the lowest level among all cases, while the average value of NO concentration presents a lowest value of 111 ppm under the condition of SR = 0.8 and NR = 60% at the outlet. In summary, these numerical simulation results can provide important support for further studies of the co-firing of biomass/NH3.

STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING IN IRISH LOCAL COMMUNITIES

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the planning system in Ireland with specific respect to the Planning Acts, the production of development plans, and the different types of planning application including Strategic Infrastructure Developments. Following this, the case of the Rioja Estates retail outlet centre in Carrigtwohill, County Cork, will be examined in light of contemporary issues in Irish planning. The study aims to identify and analyze the particularities regarding strategic planning at the local level, in particular, the way in which the spatial planning process was managed in Irish local communities. The research methodology considered is the case study based on the document analysis (administrative documents and strategic documents of local authorities of Cork County and public statements of officials in the local press) in the context of which the opportunity to build a retail outlet centre in Carrindtwohill was analyzed. Specific attention will be paid throughout the article to the role of the relatively new Office of the Planning Regulator, which was established in 2019 to oversee the correct implementation of planning policy by local authorities, and which played a pivotal role in the Rioja Estates case.

Enhancement of flushed sediment in pressure flushing using inclined plates upstream of orifice

Abstract Pressure flushing is a common technique to restore the storage capacity of reservoirs. However, the low quantity of flushed sediment remains a drawback of pressure flushing. Experimentally, the present study used inclined plates upstream of the bottom outlet to increase the flushed sediment in pressure flushing. The variables included the plate width (B), the angel between the vertical line at the outlet center and the normal vector of the inclined plate (α), radial distance of the inclined plates from the orifice center (R), and outlet discharge (Q). The results showed that the flushed sediment significantly enhanced; the quantity of flushed sediment for B = 6.3 cm, α = 60°, R = 8.5 cm, and a Q = 8.34 L/s was 19 times as large as that in the reference test (i.e., without plates). Furthermore, the length, width, and depth of the scour cone in the presence of inclined plates were 3, 2.3, and 3.3 times as high as those in the absence of the inclined plates. Also, equations were developed to predict the volume and dimensions of the scour cone in the presence of inclined plates based on the experimental data. Finally, the importance of the variables was determined using a sensitivity analysis method. Between all considered parameters in this study, the plate distance from the outlet was found to have the highest effect and the plate inclination the lowest effect (three times) in increasing the flushed sediment through the orifice.

Numerical modeling of the effect of nozzle diameter and heat flux on the polymer flow in fused filament fabrication

A numerical model that fully account for the velocity of the traveling filament (push velocity) in the liquefier is presented in the current work to predict the pressure, temperature, outlet melt viscosity, strain rate, and velocity in the hot-end of a FFF system for printing tough-poly(lactic acid) (TPLA). The numerical model was thoroughly validated by comparing the model predictions with experimentally measured feeding force data. The predicted numerical results closely approximated the experimentally measured feeding force. Then the model was also validated with extrudate temperature, measured with a thermal imaging camera, and the results obtained are in good agreement. Outlet capillary diameter, feeding rate, and heat flux (quantified in terms of Nusselt number) were varied to determine the response of pressure field, temperature, velocity, viscosity, and strain rate in the liquefier. The results show that an increase in the nozzle outlet diameter decreases the extrusion pressure in the hot-end. The maximum pressure predicted for TPLA is 3.34, 2.91, and 2.04 MPa for the 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm outlet diameters nozzles, respectively. Also, an increase in the nozzle outlet diameter decreases the central velocity at the outlet and decreases the shear rate with an increase in the viscosity of TPLA at the exit during material extrusion. The area-weighted averaged outlet temperature for TPLA decreases as the feeding rate increases for all three nozzle diameters. Elucidated from the simulation results, significant variation of the normalized velocity at the center of the nozzle outlet suggests that different printing speeds for TPLA material extrusion should be set for different nozzle diameters. Otherwise, the accuracy and precision of the gantry motion during layer deposition on the print will be compromised. The simulation results indicate that based on the 90% core melting temperature requirement, at a liquefier set temperature of 503 K, the TPLA should be printed below 80mm/min for all outlet diameters considered. A Nusselt number of 49.61 was observed to be the upper limit where an increase in the heat flux in the liquefier has no significant effect on the area-weighted averaged outlet temperature of TPLA.

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Duration of Nozzle Starting of the Reflected High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnel

The starting process of the flow in the nozzle of the JF-14 shock tunnel (1.6 m in length, 500 mm in outlet diameter) in the State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics is analyzed by calculation and experiment. Two key factors which directly affect the duration of the nozzle starting are the velocity of the expansion wave and the low-velocity zone generated by the interaction between the secondary shock wave and boundary layer on the wall surface. In the process of the nozzle starting, the flow field stabilizes at the center of the nozzle outlet first, and then gradually stabilizes along the radius direction, thus defining the central startup and complete startup of the nozzle. It is found that there is a critical initial pressure. When the initial pressure is lower than the critical pressure, the airflow can reach stability in the nozzle outlet center with the shortest time, otherwise, the time required is much longer. The time required for the airflow to stabilize in the whole outlet section is mainly affected by the size of the low-velocity zone. It is also found that only at a very low initial pressure can the airflow simultaneously reach stability at the entire outlet of the nozzle.

Exploring construction workers’ brain connectivity during hazard recognition: a cognitive psychology perspective

Monitoring brain activity is a novel development for hazard recognition in the construction industry. However, very few empirical studies have investigated the causal connections within the brain. This study aimed to explore the brain connectivity of construction workers during hazard recognition. Electroencephalogram data were collected from construction workers to perform image-based hazard recognition tasks. The Granger causality-based adaptive directed transfer function was used to simulate directed and time-variant information flow across the observed brain activity from the perspective of cognitive psychology. The results suggested a top-down modulation of behavioral goals originating from the dorsal attention network during hazard relocation. The sensory cortex predominantly serves as the information outlet center and interacts extensively with the frontal and visual cortices, reflecting a top-down attention reorientation mechanism for processing threatening stimuli. Our findings of brain effective connectivity supplement new evidence underpinning parallel distributed processing theory for workplace hazard recognition.

Study on the flow characteristics and oscillating mechanism of a swirl flame

The larger eddy simulation (LES) method was used to simulate the combustion oscillation using a partially premixed combustion model and coupling with a user-defined function. The simulated results were post-processed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and compared with the experimental results. The results showed that the asymmetry of the upper and lower vortex structures in the inner recirculation zone represented the destruction of the vortex structures and reflected the occurrence of a processing vortex core (PVC). The PVC structure produced by the swirler was more complex than a cyclone. The inner shear layer (ISL) and the outer shear layer (OSL) appeared in the inner and outer recirculation zones respectively, which represented the region with the strongest velocity pulsation; the velocity pulsation of axial centerline could be used to characterize the pulsation energy when the combustion oscillation occurred. First, necking occurred in the inner recirculation zone, and then it adhered to the center of the swirler outlet. The ISL and OSL had strong shearing actions that generating pulsating energy, then they gradually developed downstream and merged into the inner recirculation zone. The different rotation directions of the inner and outer recirculation zones increased the instability of the boundary of the inner recirculation zone. It could also increase the breakdown of the asymmetric vortex structures and exacerbated the occurrence of the PVC. In addition, the phase difference between the heat release rate and pressure pulsation in different regions was different, which leaded to inconsistent driving characteristics of the flame oscillation.

Effect of Rotating Direction on Flow and Temperature Field of Concentric Staged Combustor

The characteristic of cold/reaction flow and temperature field were investigated by using the numerical simulation for concentric staged multi-point direct injection combustor. The interaction mechanism between the flow field and the temperature field was revealed, and the effect rules of the swirlers rotating direction on the flow and temperature field were obtained. The results indicated that the central recirculation zone with divergence angle of 17 degrees is formed under cold condition by using the co-rotating swirlers and counter-rotating swirlers, and the central recirculation zone size of co-rotating swirlers is larger than that of counter-rotating swirlers. Heat release of the flame causes the similar central recirculation zone shape is formed by using the different rotating direction swirlers, and the divergence angle increased to 45 degrees. Tangential velocity contour of different aixal sections are undergone the "circular shape", "diamond shape", "elliptical shape" and "upper-lower symmetrical" structures, which represent the formation of the central recirculation zone, initial development, full development and gradual disappearance respectively. With the decreasing of tangential velocity of the swirling air in the combustor, the axial velocity at center of near outlet and the hot spot temperature at the outlet of combustor increase. Therefore, the co-rotating swirlers combustor has a better outlet temperature distribution factor (OTDF).

Progressive Nostalgia: Restoring and Selling the Dutch “Golden Age”

In the Netherlands it is often assumed that the Dutch are not prone to colonial or imperialist nostalgia. In this denial of postcolonial nostalgia, the notion of “pragmatism” plays a crucial and complicated role. Firstly, the Dutch colonial empire is often typified (both in popular and scientific debates) as “pragmatic,” meaning, not driven by an imperialist ideology. The Dutch accepted their relative smallness and therefore do not suffer from delusions of grandeur (or a nostalgia for this lost delusion), so the reasoning goes. Secondly, and paradoxically, it is precisely this notion of the “pragmatic colonial empire” which is itself the object of nostalgia. Especially the Dutch East India Company (VOC) is surrounded by a nostalgic discourse in which the shrewd capitalist entrepreneurship is admired and seen as inspirational for the Dutch economy today. In the Dutch case, colonial nostalgia is therefore primarily cultivated in a neoliberal economic and political context: the nationalistic self-imag of the Netherlands as an innovative trading nation is employed in thetourist-industry, outlet centres and the creative industries, and embraced by politicians with a neoliberal agenda. Thirdly: this colonial nostalgia sometimes encounters postcolonial criticism, especially if public institutions such as museums and archives wield this nationalist discourse uncritically (and often for economic purposes). In their response, the institutions than utilise the notion of “Dutch pragmatism” as a form of self-critique, as they are willing to admit that the Dutch were driven by desire for commercial profit and had little moral scruples.

Comparison of exhaust duct designs in launch pads for reduction of rocket jet noise

An exhaust duct is commonly installed in a launch pad to reduce the intense noise generated by the rocket exhaust jet at liftoff. In this paper, we investigate the effects of varying the length and shape of the exhaust duct by comparing the noise reduction performance of several different designs. The sub-scale exhaust ducts tested are variations of the original design by Tsutsumi et al. [AIAA Paper 2015-1007], colloquially known as “Seiji’s dog house,” and experiments are performed using cold jets of Mach 1.8 and 3.1, respectively. Linear and semi-circular microphone arrays are employed near the nozzle and at a radial distance of 100 nozzle diameters from the center of the duct outlet. A design guideline as to the length and the outlet shape of the exhaust duct, leading to the best noise reduction performance, is discussed. [This work was conducted at High-Speed Vehicle Research Center of KAIST with the support of the Defense Acquisition Program Administration and the Agency for Defense Development under Contract UD170018CD.]

A 3D-printed template for preparation of tibial tunnel in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of a 3D-printed template used to assist the preparation of tibial tunnel in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Methods Twenty healthy adult cadaveric knees were scanned by computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The knees were from 11 males and 9 females who had died at an average age of 36 years (range, from 27 to 68 years) and from 8 left and 12 right sides. Individualized 3D reconstruction models of the knee joint were established based on their imaging data. According to the anatomic footprints of the virtual tibial tunnel, 20 individualized navigation templates were designed and printed by 3D printing. The templates were used to assisst preparation of tibial tunnels in the ACL reconstruction for the 20 cadaveric knees. After operation, CT scanning was conducted again to compare the corresponding postitions between the preoperative virtual tunnel and the postoperative actual tunnel. The positions of the tibial tunnel were described by the Tsukada method. Results The ratio of the distance between the tunnel outlet center and the medial edge of the tibia to the distance between the median and lateral edges of the tibial plateau was 49.7%±2.1% for the preoperative virtual tibial tunnel and 48.8%±2.8% for the postoperative actural tunnel, showing no significant difference between them (t=1.971, P=0.063). The ratio of the distance between the tunnel outlet center and the anterior edge of the tibia to the distance between the anerior and posterior edges of the tibial plateau was 41.3%±1.3% for the preoperative virtual tibial tunnel and 40.3%±3.7% for the postoperative actural tunnel, showing no significant difference between them(t=1.494, P=0.152). Conclusion 3D printing can be used to design and manufacture a navigation template which can accurately assist preparation of tibial bone tunnel in ACL reconstruction. Key words: Knee joint; Anterior cruciate ligament; 3D printing technology; Template; Tibial bone tunnel

Investigation on matching characteristics of nuclear main pump guide vanes and annular casing

Based on the RNG k–ɛ turbulence model, the multi-coordinate system is used to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady constant value of the nuclear main pump model under different axial and circumferential positions of the guide vane and the annular casing. By analyzing the external characteristics, pressure field and velocity field of different schemes and comparing the pressure pulsation at the impeller outlet, the flow of guide vane and the annular casing is studied through the axial and circumferential position changes in the vane and the annular casing. The results show that the axial distance between the center line of the guide vane and the center line of the outlet extension will increase the uneven distribution of pressure in the impeller outlet and the annular casing and the circumferential position of the guide vane will increase as well. When the center lines of the two are coincident, the pressure distribution in the impeller outlet and the casing is relatively uniform. The change in the axial and circumferential positions of the guide vane of the nuclear main pump has little effect on the vector distribution of the impeller outlet flow, and the influence of liquid flow in the interior of casing is large. The impeller outlet pressure pulsation increases as the axial distance between the guide vane outlet center line and the annular casing outlet center line increases. When the two center lines coincide, the impeller outlet pressure pulsation peak is the lowest.

Factors of Developing International Retail Chain Brands in the Regions of the Russian Federation

The development of international and local (federal) retail chains is significant for the development of the country's economy in the modern context. It can be stated that the problems of the retail chain development are reviewed in applied aspects more successfully than in theoretical aspects, which reinforces their urgency. This article is devoted to the factors of international retail chain development in Russia by regions, including Moscow and St. Petersburg. The authors cite the development of outlet centres in the Russian regions and the quality of retail space as factors with a considerably e influence on the international retail chain development. The developers' task is to intensively develop the construction of outlet centres in cities with a million-plus population, ensuring that retail chains, primarily international ones, become anchor tenants. The reason is that anchor tenants become centres of attraction that provide rental of retail space (usually from 5% to 15% of the total area of the outlet centre) and offer a wide range of goods to the outlet centre visitors at attractive prices. The purpose of this article is to study the factors of international retail chain brand development in the regions of the Russian Federation and to establish a connection between the opening of outlet centres and the development of global retail chains. To this end, the statistical data presented in the JLL 2015 Report and official statements of authorised representatives and agencies regarding the development of retail chains were analysed. It is suggested that a close relationship between the opening of outlet centres and the development of international retail chains in the regions of the Russian Federation will be established during the analysis, including the classification of cities for the development of global retail chains due to the effect of various factors.

Computational fluid dynamics characterization of a novel mixed cell raceway design

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed on a new type of mixed cell raceway (MCR) that incorporates longitudinal plug flow using inlet and outlet weirs for the primary fraction of the total flow. As opposed to conventional MCR’s wherein vortices are entirely characterized by the boundary conditions at inlet nozzles and outlet center drains in the center of each cell, the new MCR design can develop a wider variety of fluid behaviors due to the additional boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet walls where the weirs are placed. In this study, we investigated how the primary longitudinal flow would affect vortex formations in the cells by designing three different MCR models and simulating three major cases for each model. Through this process, performances of two numerical CFD models (transition k-kl-ω vs. k-ε) were compared, along with two vortex quantification methods (Q-criterion vs. a proposed method). We found that the k-kl-ω CFD model more accurately predicted vortex formation than the k-ε model. The three MCR models differed only by weir geometry or drain size, in order to see their individual influence on cell vortex formation. Each case had its own unique weir flow rate and center drain loading rate values that combined to a total flow rate resulting in 15-min hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the MCR. The ratio of (expressed as percentage) of center drain loading rate to total flow rate (R = 7.5%, 12.5%, and 20.1%.) was defined to establish a relationship between R and vortex strength or size. Simulations demonstrated that inlet weir aspect ratio impacted cell vortex formation and strength. Unlike weir geometry effects, the drain size had non-significant impacts on fluid behavior other than the velocity very near the drains. While R did have positive correlations with vortex strength, vortex size, and self-cleaning performance, an R of 20.1% was sufficient to create uninterrupted vortex formations. Too low of a center drain rate or R value can result in lack of any meaningful cell vortex formation which then obviates any self-cleaning action in an MCR. Our key finding through extensive computational analysis was that an R value of 20% was required in order to maintain effective vortex formation. Expressed more explicitly, this can be described as maintaining a center drain loading rate of 0.010094 m3/s per cell (160 gpm), which correspond to unit loading rates of 16.3 lpm/m2 per cell (0.40 gpm/ft2 per cell).

Nuovi formati commerciali e polarità interegionali: Lombardia, Piemonte, Emilia Romagna

En este artículo presentamos la investigación “Evaluación del impacto territorial de los polos comerciales: factoty outlets, multicines, centros comerciales. Una aproximación interregional”, realizada entre 2005 y 2007 por los Departamentos de Architettura e Pianificazione del Politécnico de Milán, el Interateneo del Territorio del Politécnico de Turín y el Departamento de Economía de la Universidad de Parma. La investigación ha sido promovida por las Regiones de Lombardía, Piamonte y Emilia Romagna, con el fin de desarrollar un enfoque común tanto para el estudio de los fenómenos como para el desarrollo de directrices de gestión. A partir de la observación de la innovación en formatos comerciales y de las vías de su regulación por las Regiones, se ha prestado especial atención a la formación de “polos comerciales interregionales”.