Liquid Outflow Research Articles

Preliminary studies of lithium recovery technology from seawater by electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane

Lithium (Li) procurement is becoming a matter of importance worldwide. I propose a new method for recovering Li from seawater by electrodialysis, wherein Li selectively permeates from the anode side to the cathode side through an organic membrane impregnated with an ionic liquid (PP13-TFSI). Measurements of the ion concentration at the cathode side as a function of dialysis duration showed that the Li concentration increased to 5.94% after 2h with an applied electric voltage of 2V. Moreover, the other ions in the seawater did not permeate the membrane. With both ends of the impregnated membrane covered with a Nafion 324 overcoat to prevent outflow of the ionic liquid, the Li concentration increased to 22.2%. This new recovery method shows good energy efficiency and is easily scalable and thus is suitable for use in seawater desalination plants.

TÉCNICA QUIRÚRGICA DE GASTROYEYUNOSTOMÍA COMO VÍA ALTERNA PARA EL PASAJE DE ALIMENTOS EN PERROS CON ESTENOSIS PILÓRICA EXPERIMENTAL

A surgery technique of gastroyeyunostomy was applied in dogs with experimental pyloric stenosis to observe the transit of chyle through the new path, and to evaluate the adverse effects on the animal. Ten crossbred dogs (5 female and 5 male) of 2-3 years old were surgically pyloric stenosed and the gastroyeyunostomy was performed. Animals were clinically evaluated for 35 days, and then, contrast radiographs were taken before necropsy. The post-surgery clinical observations shown an adequate recovery by day 10 after surgery. Vomit, an important clinical sign was evaluated. Animals were grouped as “bad” for recurrent vomits, “good” for occasional vomits, and “excellent” for animals apparently normal. 33% of dogs were considered as “good” and 67% as “excellent”. An adequate outflow of contrast liquid through the anastomosed organs was observed in all animals. There were no lesions, infections or complications in the abdominal cavity at necropsy. All animals presented gastric biliar regurgitation without serious lesions in the gastric mucosa. Therefore, this technique could be considered simple, useful, with minimal possibilities of iatrogenic trauma.

The Risk Estimation of Dangerous Liquid Transport

Transportation of liquid substances by tank vehicles on the road is an integral part of our economy. It is the petroleum products, especially fuel, that are transported in the vast majority of cases. Transportation of these hazardous liquid substances must comply with strict rules to ensure maximum transport safety. Nevertheless, there are situations where the liquid outflows outside of the car tank. The most common causes are the traffic accidents, various technical failures or human failure. Immediately following this outflow surface water and soil are threatened.Our department develops software that is able to estimate the risks of hazardous liquids escaping into the vicinity of roads. It is a complex task involving several different disciplines. The software processes geographic data for the creation of digital terrain models. These terrain models are entered into the numerical model to calculate the spreading of a liquid. An integral part of the software is the processing of uncertainties in the environmental description which may significantly affect the calculation. Due to uncertainties the stochastic approach of evaluation was chosen. Results are expressed by statistical parameters. Software provides both qualitative and quantitative results for the liquid captured on the surface, the surface infiltration, evaporation or affecting surface waters. For example, we obtain probability maps of affected areas around transport routes, mean liquid volume leaked into a stream or the confidence interval of liquid volume infiltrating into soils.This text describes the basic logic of software function. Specific features have been described in detail, for example in Balatka & Havlíček (2012).

Ефективність застосування корвітину при первинній глаукомі

There were concluded our results of animal experimental investigation and clinical observation of the quercetin-containing preparation corvitin (C) in primary glaucoma treatment. On the model of disease it is shown for rabbit, that introduction of 0.5 ml 2 % C as factious instillation into the eye a basely decreased eye blood flow was increased twice, mionectic at glaucoma eye hydrodynamics was normalized : the outflow of liquid increased on 58 %, inflow - on 52 %, intraocular pressure went down on 14%. Intravenous inflowing of C brought down expressed of oxidative stress - M[see text]A in blood is decreased on 40 %, level of endothelial dysfunction marker NO is increased on 70 %. On the model of glaucoma for rats C, entered protractedly, showed the neuroprotective actions on the neurons of retina, promoting survivability of ganglion cells, that it is shown on histological preparations. Application C in the clinic of glaucoma (intravenously a 0.5 g of preparation in 100 ml of solution) improved for patients a blood supply in the eye on 25 %, and also rendered a positive antioxidant and metabolic effect. Noted positive influences of C concurrently to important pathogeneses factors such as regional eye blood supply, eye hydrodynamics, oxidative stress, metabolic changes, survival of retina neurons grounds to talk about new strategy of pathogenesis therapy of glaucoma.

Jet Fire를 수반한 국내외 LPG 기화기의 화재·폭발사고에 관한 확률론적 분석에 관한 연구

본 연구에서는 1995년부터 2008년까지 14년간 국내에서 발생한 5.100건의 가스사고사례를 수집하여 Database를 구축하였으며, 이를 근거로 세부형태 및 원인별로 분석하였다. Poisson 분석법을 적용하여 전체 도시가스사고를 분석한 결과, 향후 5년 동안 "취급부주의-폭발-배관"의 항목의 사고발생확률이 가장 높았으며, "연결이완부식-누출-배관"의 경우는 가장 작은 발생 확률을 나타내었다. 또한 LPG 기화기 관련 사고만을 분석한 결과는 "LPG-기화기-화재"가 가장 높은 사고발생확률을 나타냈으며, "LPG-기화기-제품결함"이 가장 낮은 사고발생확률인 것으로 분석되었다. 아울러 Jet fire를 수반하는 외국의 LPG 사고를 비교 분석한 결과 국내의 경우와 마찬가지로 설비적 결함인 액유출장치 및 열교환기의 결함이 Jet fire를 일으키는 주요 원인으로 분석되었지만 향후 5년간 사고발생횟수는 "LPG-설비적결함-Jet fire" 항목이 가장 많았고, "LPG-설비적결함-Vapor Cloud" 항목은 가장 사고발생확률이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 가스 사고 발생 예측프로그램에 Poisson 분포 이론을 접목함으로서 일관성 있는 기준제시 및 현장에서 실제적으로 사용할 수 있는 도구로 사용되길 기대한다. This study collected 5,100 cases of gas accident occurred in Korea for 14 years from 1995 to 2008, established Database and based on it, analyzed them by detailed forms and reasons. As the result of analyzing the whole city gas accidents with Poisson analysis, the item of "Careless work-Explosion-Pipeline' showed the highest rate of accidents for the next 5 years. And, "Joint Losening and corrosion-Release-Pipeline" showed the lowest rate of accident. In addition, for the result of analyzing only accidents related to LPG vaporizer, "LPG-Vaporizer-Fire" showed the highest rate of accident and "LPG-Vaporizer-Products Faults" showed the lowest rate of accident. Also, as the result of comparing and analyzing foreign LPG accident accompanied by Jet fire, facility's defect which is liquid outflow cut-off device and heat exchanger's defect were analyzed as the main reason causing jet fire, like the case of Korea, but the number of accidents for the next 5 years was the highest in "LPG-Mechanical-Jet fire" and "LPG-Mechanical-Vapor Cloud" showed the highest rate of accidents. By grafting Poisson distribution theory onto gas accident expecting program of the future, it's expected to suggest consistent standard and be used as the scale which can be used in actual field.

Nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial enumeration in lactating cows with divergent residual feed intake fed high-digestibility pasture

Dairy cattle selected for negative residual feed intake (n-RFI; efficient) should maintain production while reducing dry matter intake over a lactation because of improvements in feed digestion and efficient use of nutrients. The objective of this study was to measure nitrogen (N) digestibility and rumen microbial community composition over a short period during early lactation in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows selected previously for divergent RFI. It was proposed that n-RFI cows would have greater apparent digestibility of N than the positive RFI (p-RFI; inefficient) animals, to compensate for the lower dry matter intake determined during selection for divergence. Sixteen 3-yr-old rumen-cannulated, lactating cows (56 ± 10d in milk) selected for n-RFI (n = 8) and p-RFI (n = 8) were housed in metabolism stalls and fed fresh vegetative ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pasture ad libitum as a sole diet during an 8-d digestibility study. Intake of nutrients and outputs of milk, feces, and urine were determined. Rumen parameters were determined by removing, weighing, and sampling digesta, and by cobalt-EDTA dilution. Intakes of N, dry matter, organic matter, or its components did not differ with RFI. Compared with p-RFI cows, n-RFI cows had a greater apparent N digestibility (77.2 vs. 75.5%), and a tendency toward greater dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. The n-RFI cows had a lower fecal N output (126 vs. 138g/d) and a lower partition of feed N to fecal N (23.1 vs. 24.7%) compared with p-RFI animals. We found no differences between phenotypes in the partition of N to urinary N or milk crude protein but did observe a trend for n-RFI cows to partition less N to milk casein (16.8 vs. 17.9%). Rumen digesta mass was similar for both groups, despite differences in calculated fractional liquid outflow rates, and most bacterial, archaeal, protozoal, and fungal communities were similar for both phenotype groups. In conclusion, dry matter intake and rumen function were similar for both phenotypes when the animals were fed highly digestible fresh ryegrass, but apparent digestibility of dietary N was higher in the efficient (n-RFI) cows. Future research should measure digestion parameters in cows with divergent RFI when fed diets differing in chemical composition (e.g., divergent crude protein contents).

An Attempt to Apply Darcy′s Flow Law in MMC Recycling Process Analysis

To determine the possibility of carrying out the recycling process of metal-matrix composite castings with saturated reinforcement, only Dupre equation was used until now. Basing on this equation, one can determine superficial conditions in the system: liquid metal (matrix) solid reinforcement medium, favouring the process of autogenous outflow of liquid matrix from the porous reinforcement. It is however very difficult to determine the influence of the structure parameters of reinforcement preforms on examined process. Hence the need to preform analysis of process of liquid metal matrix outflow using Darcys law of flow. Application of this law allows replacing difficult to determine parameters of capillaries occurring in performs with one, quite simple to calculate parameter of permeability. It also makes possible defining the influence of temperature and time of recycling process on yield of matrix metal. To verify stated theses, study of permeability of selected reinforcement preforms and recycling of selected metal-matrix composites with saturated reinforcement was conducted. Furthermore, analysis of liquid metal matrix outflow process from studied preforms was performed, in aspect of application of Darcys law.

Why don't all individuals who undergo dura mater/arachnoid puncture develop postdural puncture headache?

Why don't all individuals who undergo dura mater/arachnoid puncture develop postdural puncture headache?

Bank Liquidity and the Global Financial Crisis

We investigate the stochastic dynamics of bank liquidity parameters such as liquid assets and nett cash outflow in relation to the global financial crisis. These parameters enable us to determine the liquidity coverage ratio that is one of the metrics used in ratio analysis to measure bank liquidity. In this regard, numerical results show that bank behavior related to liquidity was highly procyclical during the financial crisis. We also consider a theoretical‐quantitative approach to bank liquidity provisioning. In this case, we provide an explicit expression for the aggregate liquidity risk when a locally risk‐minimizing strategy is utilized.

Investigation of two-dimensional nonstationary processes of outflow a gas-saturated liquid from axisymmetric vessels

The two-dimensional and two-phase model of the gas-liquid mixture is constructed. The validity of numerical model realization is justified by using a comparative analysis of test problems solution with one-dimensional calculations. The regularities of gas-saturated liquid outflow from axisymmetric vessels for different geometries are established.

Investigation of the liquid in‐ and outflow parameters of the human eye using a modified strategy of the mechanical loading test

AbstractPurpose To obtain an additional information about the status of the inflow and outflow systems of the eye from ophthalmologic procedures based on static loading, with further application to diagnostics.Methods The standard method, based on static load application, for the estimation of parameters characterizing the aqueous humor dynamics was supplemented with an unloading test. After a four‐minute stationary mechanical loading by a Schiøtz tonometer, the load was removed and IOP was measured in a discrete regime for up to 20 min using the same tonometer. Clinical measurements were carried out on glaucoma (13) and non‐glaucoma (4) patients. The data obtained were processed using our mathematical model that represents the eyeball as an elastic water‐filled shell whose inner volume is regulated by dynamic balance between the liquid inflow and outflow and is assumed to be a function of IOP and the elastic and geometric characteristics of the system.Results The most important result is a strong difference between two characteristic times: the time that characterizes the rate of pressure fall under load and the time that characterizes the rate of pressure recovery after removing the load. The characteristic time is directly related with the outflow facility. The difference varies in different groups of patients. The results can be understood within the assumption of nonlinear IOP dependence of the outflow facility coefficient.Conclusion The modified mechanical loading test is a useful tool for investigating the biomechanical behavior of glaucoma and non‐glaucoma eyes. Our preliminary results give grounds to expect that the effect revealed may be applied to diagnostics.

Experimental investigation of liquid jet outflow into a plane ventilated channel in self-oscillatory regimes

The results of an experimental investigation of self-oscillatory jet outflow into a plane channel with air injection in its dead-ended part are presented. It is found that at fixed channel geometry and water supply system the main flow parameters depend on the air injection rate and the relative cavity volume. It is shown that with increase in the gas injection at a fixed cavity volume the self-oscillation intensity monotonically increases and the oscillations considerably change in nature, whereas the Strouhal number varies only slightly. At a fixed air injection coefficient the self-oscillation amplitude decreases with increase in the cavity volume and the self-oscillations stop at a certain threshold value. The flow pattern evolution with increase in the injection coefficient is studied in detail using high-speed filming. The developed surge flow pattern is described in detail.

High-efficiency technology for lithium isotope separation using an ionic-liquid impregnated organic membrane

The tritium needed as a fuel for fusion reactors is produced by the neutron capture reaction of lithium-6 ( 6Li) in tritium breeding materials. New lithium isotope separation technique using ionic-liquid impregnated organic membranes (Ionic-Liquid-i-OMs) have been developed. Lithium ions are able to move by electrodialysis through certain Ionic-Liquid-i-OMs between the cathode and the anode in lithium solutions. In this report, the effects of protection cover and membrane thickness on the durability of membrane and the efficiency of isotope separation were evaluated. In order to improve the durability of the Ionic-Liquid-i-OM, we developed highly-durable Ionic-Liquid-i-OM. Both surfaces of the Ionic-Liquid-i-OM were covered by a nafion 324 overcoat or a cation exchange membrane (SELEMION™ CMD) to prevent the outflow of the ionic liquid. It was observed that the durability of the Ionic-Liquid-i-OM was improved by a nafion 324 overcoat. On the other hand, the organic membrane selected was 1, 2 or 3 mm highly-porous Teflon film, in order to efficiently impregnate the ionic liquid. The 6Li isotope separation factor by electrodialysis using highly-porous Teflon film of 3 mm thickness was larger than using that of 1 or 2 mm thickness.

Understanding process intensification in cyclic distillation systems

The most effective separation possible in distillation columns takes place in the hydrodynamic regime where there is perfect displacement of the liquid and vapor streams. This can be achieved in distillation equipment with separate phase movement (SPM). Such an innovative route for process intensification in distillation is called cyclic distillation. The required process conditions are the lack of liquid outflow from the tray during vapor admission and the lack of liquid mixing in adjacent trays upon outflow of liquid. Remarkably, the throughput of such a column that operates in a controlled cycle mode is two or more times higher than the throughput reachable with conventional operation, at equivalent separation performance. In this study, a theoretical stage model with perfect displacement is proposed and the theory of the process working lines is developed. An adequate mass transfer model is also described along with the mode of calculation of tray columns operating in the cyclic operation mode. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effect of the key model parameters. The theoretical developments were implemented at industrial scale and subsequent testing showed an increase in the separation efficiency of 2–3 times as compared to the standard process.

Correlation effects during liquid infiltration into hydrophobic nanoporous media

Correlation effects arising during liquid infiltration into hydrophobic porous medium are considered. On the basis of these effects a mechanism of energy absorption at filling porous medium by nonwetting liquid is suggested. In accordance with this mechanism, the absorption of mechanical energy is a result expenditure of energy for the formation of menisci in the pores on the shell of the infinite cluster and expenditure of energy for the formation of liquid-porous medium interface in the pores belonging to the infinite cluster of filled pores. It was found that in dependences on the porosity and, consequently, in dependences on the number of filled pores neighbors, the thermal effect of filling can be either positive or negative and the cycle of infiltration-defiltration can be closed with full outflow of liquid. It can occur under certain relation between percolation properties of porous medium and the energy characteristics of the liquid-porous medium interface and the liquid-gas interface. It is shown that a consecutive account of these correlation effects and percolation properties of the pores space during infiltration allow to describe all experimental data under discussion.

Electro-Marangoni Effect in Thin Liquid Films

The present paper reports a new drainage model accounting for the electro-Marangoni effect in thin liquid films stabilized by ionic surfactants. It was shown that the liquid outflow during the film drainage drifts charges from the diffuse part of the electrical double layer toward the film rim and thus generates a streaming potential along the film plane. This creates reverse fluxes near the film surfaces due to the requirement for zero electric current in the film. In a previous paper on this model (Tsekov et al. Langmuir, 2010, 26, 4703), the immobile surfaces were assumed. Here, the film surfaces were considered mobile, and surface velocity is controlled by an electro-Marangoni number. It was also shown that the motion of the charges makes the film surfaces more mobile, and they flow in reverse direction to the overall liquid outflow. The theory was validated by experimental data on drainage of planar foam films stabilized by cationic (tetrapentyl ammonium bromide) and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) surfactants. A good agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental data was found.

Flow Pattern and Pressure Fluctuation of Severe Slugging in Pipeline-riser System

During the exploitation of offshore oil and gas, it is easy to form severe slugging which can cause great harm in the riser connecting wellheads and offshore platform preprocessing system. The flow pattern and pressure fluctuation of severe slugging were studied in an experimental simulation system with inner diameter of 0.051 m. It is found that severe slugging can be divided into three severe slugging regimes: regime I at low gas and liquid flow rates with large pressure fluctuation, intermittent flow of liquid and gas in the riser, and apparent cutoff of liquid phase, regime II at high gas flow rate with non-periodic fluctuation and discontinuous liquid outflow and no gas cutoff, regime III at high liquid flow rate with degenerative pressure fluctuation in form of relatively stable bubbly or plug flow. The results indicate that severe slugging still occurs when the declination angle of pipeline is 0°, and there are mainly two kinds of regimes: regime I and regime II. As the angle increases, the formation ranges of regime I and regime III increase slightly while that of regime II is not affected. With the increase of gas superficial velocity and liquid superficial velocity, the pressure fluctuation at the bottom of riser increases initially and then decreases. The maximum value of pressure fluctuation occurs at the transition boundary of regimes I and II.

Mathematical model for biomechanical estimation of the data obtained in ophthalmologic procedures based on the application of a static load to the human eye.

Abstract Purpose To develop a mathematical model that makes it possible to analyze the interaction of various mechanical factors involved in the intraocular pressure formation and to apply it to processing the results of ophthalmologic procedures based on static load application. Methods The mathematical model that represents the eyeball as an elastic water‐filled shell is constructed. The intraocular volume is regulated by a dynamic balance between the liquid inflow (aqueous humor secretion) and outflow (drainage from the eye through the trabecular meshwork and the uveoscleral pathways) and assumed to be a function of the intraocular pressure and the elastic and geometric characteristics of the system. The effect of the hydrodynamic conditions in the blood vessels and osmotic pressure differences is taken into account. Results The model was tested, using clinical measurement data, for different hypotheses concerning the dependence of the outflow and inflow resistances on the intraocular pressure, the effect of the plasma proteins on the intraocular pressure formation, etc. Applying the model to processing standard clinical tests, we can obtain an additional parameter characterizing the aqueous humor dynamics. Conclusion The model developed is a useful tool for analyzing, by comparing with experimental data, a possible role of different mechanisms in mass transfer processes in the eye. In particular, the hydrodynamic in‐ and outflow characteristics can be estimated from the change with time of the tonometric pressure under an applied load. The general form of the model makes it possible to take, if necessary, additional effects into account.

Effect of pelleting and pellet size of a concentrate for intensively reared beef cattle on in vitro fermentation by two different approaches

Two in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of concentrate pelleting for intensively reared cattle on rumen microbial fermentation. In Experiment 1, a concentrate was incubated as meal (M) or pelleted to 3.5 (P3.5) and 10 (P10) mm diameter, either in their original form or re-ground to 1 mm particle size (MG, P3.5G and P10G) and their gas production pattern was studied. When the concentrate was incubated in its original form, gas produced with M was higher than with P10 at 1 h and from 3 to 6 h of incubation ( P<0.05), showing that pelleting to 10 mm diameter delayed microbial fermentation of the concentrate at the initial stages of incubation. When the concentrate was incubated ground, MG produced the lowest gas volume up to 8 h ( P<0.05), but there were no differences with P10G afterwards. This indicates that, once avoided the limitation of microbial accessibility by pellet and particle size, fermentation increased because starch gelatinisation was promoted by processing. However, the magnitude of this effect was not different between the two pellet sizes. In Experiment 2, the original forms of concentrate (M, P3.5 and P10) were incubated for 24 h in a semicontinuous incubation system at pH 6.5 and 5.8, and concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) was monitored at 4 and 10 h. The pH reduction decreased gas production throughout the experimental period ( P<0.001). Gas production from M was higher than P10 up to 4 h ( P<0.05), at 6 h and from 20 to 24 h ( P<0.10). Total VFA concentration at 4 h was lowest with P10 ( P<0.01), but no differences were recorded at 10 h. Results from Experiment 2 support those from Experiment 1, even at pH 5.8 and at a liquid outflow rate of 0.10/h, that could be expected in intensively reared beef cattle.

Surface manifestations of internal waves investigated by a subsurface buoyant jet: Part 2. Internal wave field

In a large test reservoir with artificial temperature stratification at the Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, a major simulation of internal wave actuation by buoyant turbulent jets generated by wastewater flows from underwater collector diffusers in conditions of temperature stratification with deep and shallow thermocline has been performed. Using a modification of the particle tracing velocimetry (PTV) method in the stratification mode with shallow thermocline, the velocities of currents generated by internal waves at the surface of the water area are measured. A theoretical model is developed describing the fields of internal waves in the presence of jet stream. Dispersion relations and structures of lower (first and second) modes of internal waves in the stratified basin for different rates of liquid outflow from the collector model are obtained. The experimentally measured field of isothermal shifts with respect to the system of characteristic modes of internal waves is decomposed. A mixed regime of internal wave actuation with the simultaneous existence of the first and second modes is observed. The characteristics of perturbations in the liquid column and on its surface are compared. This analysis allows us to prove that the velocity fields on the surface are indeed surface manifestations of internal waves.