Outer Suburbs Research Articles

Impact of diet on health and longevity in London 1850-1880.

This study examines the impact of diet on health in different districts of mid-19th century London. Surveys of London diets and living condition were compared with mortality data between 1851 and 1880. Despite an abundance of fresh foods reaching London, the very poor labouring population living in the inner boroughs between 1850 and 1861 had great difficulty obtaining sufficient nourishment because of its cost. This population showed high death rates from infectious diseases, notably pulmonary tuberculosis, which was endemic and is typically associated with poor nutrition. This high death rate was exacerbated by more deaths from gastrointestinal infections associated with a polluted water supply from the river Thames. By contrast, the poor in the outer suburbs enjoyed both more nutritious diets and cleaner water which was associated with lower death rates comparable to those in rural Britain. Outer suburbs retained a relatively rural life-style associated with cleaner water and an abundance of locally grown food. In the following two decades, there was a significant reduction in the death rates from gastrointestinal infections in the inner boroughs which correlated with the major improvements in London’s water supply. The decline in death rates from tuberculosis and other infectious disease was inconsistent and increased in some boroughs, suggesting patchy economic improvement and a persisting limited ability of many of London’s poor to afford a nutritious diet.

Housing Wealth Status and Informal Accumulation of Rural Villages at the Rural-Urban Fringe in Shanghai, China

Housing wealth among urban residents has been a hotspot issue, but there is a dearth of literature focusing on rural housing wealth. Using housing registration data in Shanghai, this study examines the status and accumulation of rural housing wealth at the rural-urban fringe. Results show that rural housing wealth at the rural-urban fringe is characterized by high stock and frequent extension and reconstruction dominated by auxiliary houses. Rural housing wealth is still relatively equitable, but compared to their initial housing wealth distribution, disparities in urban villages or suburban villages are obviously higher than in the outer suburbs. These disparities are mainly driven by the expansion and reconstruction of rural auxiliary houses, typically the horizontal expansion of auxiliary homes. We suggest that defining explicit construction rules for rural auxiliary will help to avoid the disorder increase in illegal housing and, subsequently, rural housing wealth disparity.

Emerging anti-poverty infrastructural gaps in suburbia: Poverty and the voluntary sector across Metropolitan Sydney

Suburbs are subject to numerous stereotypes, including that they lack density, diversity and inclusivity. While these stereotypes have largely been dispelled, the deficit around anti-poverty infrastructure remains understudied. The focus of this paper is to systematically investigate the ostensible mismatch between (a) the emerging suburbanization of poverty, and (b) the potential lack of anti-poverty infrastructure to serve it, with a focus on suburban voluntary sector provision. These aims address the potential infrastructural deficit around voluntary sector provision in suburban areas of prosperous global cities in the Global North. Using Metropolitan Sydney as the case study, we investigate the extent of the suburban infrastructure service deficit across metropolitan space in 2016, comparing poverty patterns and supply of voluntary sector organizations. We find that poor inner and outer suburbs featured fewer services than the inner city, both per capita and per low-income residents, confirming an anti-poverty infrastructural gap.

Location choice of industrial land reduction in Metropolitan Area: Evidence from Shanghai in China

AbstractUnder the background of supply side structural reform of the land market, this paper constructs a location choice behavior model of reduction from the perspective of rent maximization, explores how these factors affect the industrial land reduction location choice. We consider 100 industrial parcels in the suburbs of Shanghai as an example to analyze. It is found that the enterprises in development zones have greater advantages in economies of scale, labor productivity, pollution treatment, and tax payments than enterprises outside the development zone, so the low‐efficiency enterprises outside the development zones are the preferred objects of reduction. The suburban areas have a stronger attraction than the outer suburbs in the process of location choice, and the closer the city center is, the more obvious the location advantages of enterprises in development zones. Under the control of the total amount of construction land, the land use structure should be constantly adjusted, inefficient enterprises outside the development zone should be preferred to the reduction object, and the government should actively guide enterprises to enter the development zones.

Schizophrenia and education in Chinese metropolises: a population-based study.

Schizophrenia is a public concern in metropolises. Increases in city size may strengthen the correlation between prevalence of schizophrenia and indices of socioeconomic status, such as education. This study used population-based data of adults to investigate the association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises and its differences between inner city areas and outer suburbs. Data was obtained from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in 2006, and analysis was restricted to 189,143 participants aged 18years or older in all counties (districts) of Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. Schizophrenia diagnoses were ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association between education and schizophrenia. An inverse U-shaped pattern between education and schizophrenia was found in inner city areas of Chinese metropolises. Compared with the primary school or below group, the odds ratios of junior high school group and senior high school or above group was 2.79 (95% CI 1.96, 3.96) and 1.45(95% CI 0.99, 2.13), respectively. In outer suburbs, junior high school (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.63, 1.19) and senior high school or above groups (0.58, 95% CI 0.38, 0.87) were less likely to develop schizophrenia than the primary school or below group. This study showed an association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises. In inner city areas, the association was an inverse U-shaped pattern between education and schizophrenia, whereas in suburban areas, the association was anegative linearpattern. Our findings can help identify high-risk populations of schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises. Programs for prevention and early intervention of schizophrenia will need to consider the socioeconomic disparities between inner city and outer suburban areas. Public policies can help improve mental health by developing social security for migrants in inner city areas and promoting regional equality.

Ray Mackenzie, Dianne King and Tracy Smith, Public Sculpture of Edinburgh, vol. I: The Old Town and South Edinburgh. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2019. xxx + 538pp. 100 plates. 4 maps. Bibliography. £50.00 hbk. £25.00 pbk. - Ray Mackenzie, Dianne King and Tracy Smith, Public Sculpture of Edinburgh, vol. II: The New Town, Leith and the Outer Suburbs. Liverpool:

Ray Mackenzie, Dianne King and Tracy Smith, Public Sculpture of Edinburgh, vol. I: The Old Town and South Edinburgh. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2019. xxx + 538pp. 100 plates. 4 maps. Bibliography. £50.00 hbk. £25.00 pbk. - Ray Mackenzie, Dianne King and Tracy Smith, Public Sculpture of Edinburgh, vol. II: The New Town, Leith and the Outer Suburbs. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2019. xxx + 538pp. 100 plates. 4 maps. Bibliography. £50.00 hbk. £25.00 pbk. - Volume 47 Issue 3

Gentrification in Australia’s largest cities: a bird’s-eye view

ABSTRACT This study measures where gentrification has been occurring in the past decade in Australia’s three major cities: Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. Based on existing theory, an analytical framework is built to locate gentrification, which takes into account various demographic indicators and spatial markers. The findings are quite surprising, and contradict earlier urban geography theories that frame gentrification as an inner-city phenomenon. The highest levels of gentrification are not found in the immediate inner cities but rather in a band located 5–15 km from the CBDs. In contrast to outer suburbs, the inner suburbs in all three cities are relatively stable and affluent at this point, with median house prices surpassing one million dollars, and median incomes substantially higher than average. The ‘new middle class’ which has traditionally been associated with inner city gentrification is unable to access the housing market in these previously gentrified suburbs, and is therefore moving outwards.

Planning for environmental justice - reducing well-being inequalities through urban greening

Urban green spaces provide cultural ecosystem services, and urban policies typically aim to enhance these services by targeting new investments in deprived areas. The implementation of urban greening policies is one way to reduce inequalities in well-being, for example by targeting areas where increased access to green spaces will benefit citizens of low socioeconomic status. Most research has addressed the targeting of green infrastructure development by considering income and access to green spaces, while few studies have considered a multidimensional definition of well-being. The aims of this paper are to i) integrate inputs from the economic and political philosophy literature to propose a broader definition of well-being, including health, education, insecurity, and social relations; ii) develop a criterion to prioritise areas where urban greening would have the greatest impact on well-being inequalities; and iii) apply this criterion to the Paris metropolitan area (Ile-de-France region), a spatially heterogeneous region where areas deprived of access to green spaces are not systematically deprived in other dimensions. Our analysis shows that the city of Paris and the inner suburbs would be targeted when considering inequality in access to green spaces only. The results differ when inequalities in income or multidimensional well-being are taken into account, in which case the northern inner suburbs and some outer suburbs become a higher priority.

Spatial inequality of bus transit dependence on urban streets and its relationships with socioeconomic intensities: A tale of two megacities in China

The dependence of urban bus transit on their covered streets is expected to be significant and heterogeneous in megacities. Using a bipartite network approach, we develop several weighted centrality-based connectivities to quantify the degree of dependencies of urban bus transit on streets. Two megacities with different road patterns, i.e., Beijing and Shanghai in China are taken as examples to depict comparatively spatial inequalities of the centrality-based dependencies at both local and global scales. Then, a series of spatial cross-section regression models are introduced to explore the colocation relationships between the dependencies of bus transit and urban socioeconomic intensities. The methodology of kernel density estimation (KDE) is used to convert all data with different scales into the same unit of measurement. Results indicate that there are significant statistical and spatial inequalities of the centrality-based dependencies of bus transit on urban streets. These inequalities with evident hierarchies, variances and clusters were validated by statistical analysis including power-law function, rank-size distribution, multiple variance indices, together with Global Moran's I. Besides, a majority of bus transit rely heavily on minor streets concentrating on circumferential expressways in central urban areas and radial highways oriented to outer suburbs under industrial or residential suburbanization. The unequal distribution is found to be strongly related to population, nighttime light intensity, transport-related services, and commercial and leisure services by the spatial regression models. A good spatial matching between bus routes' dependencies and socioeconomic activities intensities is found both in these two megacities.

Diversity in decline: The changing suburban fortunes of Tokyo Metropolis

The suburban territory of Tokyo Metropolis experiences new path-dependent, multifaceted shrinking processes, especially in outer reaches, which are considered a product of synchronized changes in socio-demographic, economic, and political and administrative (fiscal) dimensions. Outer suburban shrinkage is an urgent policy and planning issue for Tokyo's suburban sustainability while Tokyo itself emerges as something of a frontier case globally. We analyze different growth/decline transformation types of Tokyo's suburban municipalities in both pre-bubble growth and post-bubble shrinkage periods with the combined use of Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, and identify their different trajectories in the contextual transition from growth to shrinkage. By making direct comparisons between growth and shrinkage from a long-term evolutionary perspective, we identify the following: 1) outer suburban impoverishment, 2) different processes of suburban shrinkage from suburban growth, and 3) outer suburban divergence. Suburban shrinkage is revealed as more complicated than suburban growth, generating equally complex challenges for policy responses that will soon reverberate globally. In conclusion, we underline the importance for policy makers worldwide to understand the specificities of outer suburban shrinkage even during periods of suburban growth in order to ensure suburban resilience across different phases of urbanization.

Identification of ecosystem services supply and demand areas and simulation of ecosystem service flows in Shanghai

Abstract In this paper, ecosystem service flow was defined as a dynamic process in which the supply of ecosystem services in a certain region compensates for the demand in other regions with the remaining ecosystem services after meeting its own demand. This process follows the principle of minimum distance. We selected four typical ecosystem services: food supply (supply services), carbon absorption and oxygen release (regulation services), leisure and entertainment (cultural services) and biological habitat preservation (support services). According to the characteristics of the various ecological services, we adopted different methods and indicators to quantitatively evaluate the supply and demand situation and to identify the supply and demand areas of ecosystem services at the level of towns and streets. The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Method (ESDA) was used to reveal the spatial clustering models of the supplies and demands of various ecosystem services. A linear programming model was used to simulate the flow direction and flow rate of ecosystem service flow. The results showed the following: (1) All ecosystem services in Shanghai were in short supply and depended heavily on the supply of ecological services outside the city. (2) The supply of various ecosystem services presented the spatial characteristic of “central city - inner suburbs - outer suburbs” corresponding to “low-value clustering - discrete distribution - high-value clustering”. (3) The ecosystem services transferred to compensate Shanghai formed flow of the ecosystem service from the outer suburbs to the central urban area, which were dominated by carbon sequestration and oxygen release and the preservation of biological habitats. (4) Within the scope of Shanghai, the priority areas for ecological space conservation, restoration and expansion should be the central city and the inner suburbs, not just the outer suburbs.

Delineate the U.S. suburb: An examination of how different definitions of the suburbs matter

ABSTRACT Scholars conducting empirical research on U.S. suburbs must develop their own definition of suburbia. In this paper, we operationalize three suburban definitions commonly used in the literature. Conducting census data analysis, we compare these definitions across several key characteristics and geography. We find, under all three definitions, residents in the suburbs have higher incomes, are whiter, and are more likely to be married couples with children than residents in urban areas. Yet, there are some important caveats to these suburban stereotypes. First, regardless of definition, most suburban households do not have children, and there are many poor people, renters and higher proportions of different racial and ethnic groups in suburbs. Second, there is strong evidence of variation within the suburbs themselves. For instance, inner suburbs are more like urban areas than they are like outer suburbs; and there is great variation along the urban/suburban spectrum. We suggest the U.S. Bureau of the Census develop a standard suburban definition to aid with the growing interest in the study of suburban dynamics and change.

Incidence of assault in Sydney, Australia, throughout 5 years of alcohol trading hour restrictions: controlled before-and-after study.

In February 2014, pubs and bars in Kings Cross (KX) and the central business district (CBD) of Sydney, Australia were required to stop serving alcohol by 3a.m. and operate a 'lockout' from 1.30a.m. We studied changes in the incidence of assault during the following 5years, including possible displacement. Controlled before-and-after ecological study. Sydney, Australia. Assaults in specified areas in which police apprehended at least one person. We compared change in non-domestic assault in KX and the CBD with adjacent areas, other city areas, and outer suburbs, adjusting for the trend in the rest of the state during three periods: 6 p.m.-1.29 a.m. ('pre-lockout'), 1.30 a.m.-2.59 a.m. ('lockout') and 3 a.m.-6 a.m. ('after last-drinks'). We constructed interrupted time-series models with terms for secular trend and season, producing incidence rate ratios (IRR) for step and slope parameters. We performed sensitivity analyses on impacts of missing location data. After the intervention, assaults fell 38% in KX (IRR for step change=0.62, 95% CI=0.49, 0.79) and 10% in the CBD (IRR=0.90, 95% CI=0.80, 0.99). Assaults continued declining in KX (IRR for slope=0.990, 95% CI=0.982, 0.998) and later increased in adjacent areas (IRR for slope=1.006, 95% CI=1.001, 1.011) and earlier in the evenings in both KX and the adjacent areas. The net reduction was 627 assaults over 60months post-intervention, i.e. 10 fewer per month. Estimates were robust to extreme assumptions about missing data. The 2014 alcohol supply restrictions for pubs and bars in Kings Cross (KX) and the central business district (CBD) of Sydney, Australia were followed by a substantial reduction in the incidence of assault in KX and to a lesser extent in the CBD, possibly displacing some cases to adjacent areas and earlier in the evening.

Paris Is Postcolonial

Book Review| March 01 2020 Paris Is Postcolonial: Centering the Suburbs Postcolonial Paris: Fictions of Intimacy in the City of Light, by Amine, Laila, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2018, 256 pages, $44.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-299-31580-1 Maria Flood Maria Flood Maria Flood is a lecturer in film studies at Keele University. She has published widely on Francophone and world cinema and political violence. Her monograph, Screening Histories of Violence: France, Algeria, and the Moving Image, was published in 2017. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Cultural Politics (2020) 16 (1): 144–146. https://doi.org/10.1215/17432197-8017403 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Maria Flood; Paris Is Postcolonial: Centering the Suburbs. Cultural Politics 1 March 2020; 16 (1): 144–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/17432197-8017403 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter Books & JournalsAll JournalsCultural Politics Search Advanced Search In the wake of the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks in 2014, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls stated that there is a “territorial, social, and ethnic apartheid” in France (quoted in Zappi 2016). France is home to the largest North and sub-Saharan African populations in Europe, most of whom live in the geographically segregated suburbs surrounding large metropolitan areas. In the 1990s, rap, hip-hop, and acclaimed “banlieue” (suburb) films like Mathieu Kassovitz’s La haine (1995) brought the banlieues and their residents into public consciousness, in France and internationally. However, to this day, the religious, cultural, economic, and ethnic and racial differences perceived in residents of the banlieues frequently serve to exclude them from the sometimes ill-defined category of normative Frenchness. Postcolonial Paris brings the banlieues, the outer suburbs of Paris, firmly into the foreground in this excellent exploration of the cultural... © 2020 Duke University Press2020 You do not currently have access to this content.

Identifying the sources and spatial patterns of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) in Shanghai suburb soils using global and local regression models

Destructive development of suburban areas in some metropolises has exposed suburban soils to high risk of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) enrichment, which also threatens human and ecosystem health. This study investigated the pollution status, sources and spatial patterns of four PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cr and As) in 1805 soil samples collected from the suburbs of Shanghai in 2015. Nineteen potential sources, including: 6 soil property factors, 10 proximity factors and 3 topography factors, were selected to help explain the PTEs aggregation using logistic regression models from global and local perspectives. The statistical results of PTEs concentration revealed that Cd showed the highest pollution risk in local soils, which was followed by As. Soil property was the primary factor affecting the PTEs (except Cr) enrichment, both identified by global models and local models. The local model particularly emphasized the significant correlation between soil property and PTEs in most parts of the outer suburbs and southeastern inner suburbs. Some proximity factors such as distance to district center and water were negatively correlated with Cd pollution and some topography factors such as elevation and slope were closely related to As pollution. It is worth noting that in the coastal areas, especially Chongming Island, there were obvious PTEs depositions in the soil near the estuary. This study helps to identify the sources of anthropogenic contamination and geogenic enrichment of the four PTEs and their spatial patterns, playing an essential role in formulating regional environmental policies for coastal cities.

Placing the second generation: A case study of Toronto

We examine the social mobility of the second generation in the Toronto metropolitan area by analyzing whether the adult children of immigrants live in more affluent and desirable neighbourhoods than the first generation. Using 2016 census microdata, we compare the social characteristics of census tracts where immigrants and the second and third‐plus (3+) generations concentrate. The index of dissimilarity indicates the degree of residential separation among generations and for five ethno‐racial second‐generation groups: Chinese, South Asian, Black, Southern European, and Northern and Western European. The empirical findings show that the neighbourhoods where the first generation is over‐represented are less affluent than those where the second and 3+ generations concentrate, with the largest improvements in social status occurring between the first and second generations. Although they frequently live in more distant suburban neighbourhoods than the first generation, the second generation still tends to live in inner and outer suburbs more than the exurban 3+ generation. For the second generation, the degree of residential concentration varies across ethno‐racial groups with persistent segregation marking the residential locations of racial minorities. The findings highlight the variegated geographies and social mobility of the second generation in Canada's largest metropolitan area.

Impact of urban heat island effect on building heating intensity in Tianjin, China

The impact of urban heat island (UHI) on heating intensity of buildings was analysed based on the observed hourly temperature data during the heating periods from 2009 to 2017 in Tianjin, China. The results showed that the average annual heating intensity decreased 8.08% and 10.30% with the temperature in the urban centre increasing 1.46°C and 1.90°C compared with the suburban and outer suburban areas. The differences in the hourly mean heating intensity (HMHI) between the urban centre and the outer suburban areas reached its peak at 07:00 AM in the whole day, with the HMHI decreasing from the outer suburban to the urban centre. Overall, it is important to take into account the impact of the UHI effect on hourly variation characteristics of the heating intensity because energy use might be overestimated or underestimated at different times and urban areas if ignoring the UHI effect.

Impact of urban heat island effect on building heating intensity in Tianjin, China

The impact of urban heat island (UHI) on heating intensity of buildings was analysed based on the observed hourly temperature data during the heating periods from 2009 to 2017 in Tianjin, China. The results showed that the average annual heating intensity decreased 8.08% and 10.30% with the temperature in the urban centre increasing 1.46°C and 1.90°C compared with the suburban and outer suburban areas. The differences in the hourly mean heating intensity (HMHI) between the urban centre and the outer suburban areas reached its peak at 07:00 AM in the whole day, with the HMHI decreasing from the outer suburban to the urban centre. Overall, it is important to take into account the impact of the UHI effect on hourly variation characteristics of the heating intensity because energy use might be overestimated or underestimated at different times and urban areas if ignoring the UHI effect.

Compliance with infection control rules among adolescents in Oslo during the COVID-19pandemic.

Effective infection control is crucial for combatting the COVID-19pandemic. We investigated whether adolescents in Oslo reported compliance with the Norwegian infection control rules during the pandemic and whether compliance with the rules was associated with sociodemographic characteristics, trust in the authorities and acceptance of the infection control rules. Students in lower and upper secondary schools completed an electronic questionnaire (N = 12 686, 37% response rate) during a period with strict infection control measures in force. We used self-reporting of compliance with the infection control rules, sociodemographic characteristics, trust in the authorities and people in general, and acceptance of the infection control rules. We used logistic regression analysis. The majority reported that they always or to a large extent complied with the rules for hand washing (n = 9 915, 84%), refrained from shaking hands/hugging (n = 8 730, 74%) and avoided large groups (n = 8 565, 73%). Fewer reported to maintain physical distance (n = 5 859, 50%). The level of trust in the government (n = 8 742, 80%) and health authorities (n = 9 962, 92%) was high. The highest compliance with the rules was among girls, adolescents from immigrant backgrounds, those with a high level of trust in the authorities and people in general, and those who showed acceptance of the infection control rules. A large proportion reported to comply with the infection control rules. Adolescents from immigrant backgrounds and those who were living in the outer eastern suburbs of Oslo also more frequently reported to comply with the rules. Trust and acceptance of the rules were also important factors.

Spatial-Temporal Variability of Soil Organic Matter in Urban Fringe over 30 Years: A Case Study in Northeast China.

The study on soil organic matter (SOM) is of great importance to regional cultivated land use and protection. Based on data collected via continuous and high-density soil samples (0–20 cm) and socio-economic data collected from household survey and local bureau of statistics, this study employs geostatistics and economic statistical methods to investigate the spatial-temporal variation of SOM contents during 1980–2010 in the urban fringe of Sujiatun district in Shenyang City, China. We find that: (1) as to temporal variation, SOM contents in the study sites decreased from 30.88 g/kg in 1980 to 22.63 g/kg in 2000. It further declined to 20.07 g/kg in 2010; (2) in terms of spatial variation, the closer to city center, the more decline of SOM contents. Contrarily, SOM contents could even rise in outer suburb area; and (3) SOM content variation may be closely related to human factors such as farmers’ land use target and behaviour including inputs of chemical and organic fertilizers, types of crops and etc. These findings are conductive to grasp the overall trend of SOM variation and the influence of farmers’ land use behaviour on it. Furthermore, they could provide support for policymakers to agricultural planning and land use monitoring, which consequently aids the improvement of soil quality and food production in the urban fringe areas.