Outer Side Research Articles

Studying the internal structures of the central region of prestellar core L1517B in Taurus molecular cloud using ammonia (NH3) (1,1) and (2,2) lines

Abstract Measurement of internal structures in the prestellar core is essential for understanding the initial conditions prior to star formation. In this work, we study the ammonia lines (NH $_{3}$ ) (J, K = 1,1 and 2,2) in the central region of the prestellar core L1517B with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope (spatial resolution $\sim$ 3.7′′). Our analysis indicates that the central region of the core is close-to-round in shape obtained both from NH $_{3}$ (1,1) and (2,2) emissions. Radially averaged kinetic temperature ( $T_{k}$ ) is almost constant with a mean value of $\sim$ 9 K. A radially sharp decrease in kinetic temperature ( $T_{k}$ ) has not been observed inside the central dense nucleus of this prestellar core. In addition, we also notice that there is an overall velocity gradient from north-east to south-west direction in this region, which may be indicative of the rotational motion of the core. We then calculate the parameter $\beta$ , which is defined as the ratio of rotational energy to gravitational potential energy and find that $\beta$ equals to $\sim$ 5 $\times$ 10 $^{-3}$ ; which indicates that rotation has no effect at least inside the central region of the core. We also perform the viral analysis and observe that the central region may be in a stage of contraction. From this study, we also show that turbulence inside the central region is subsonic in nature (sonic Mach number, $M_{s}$ $<$ 1) and has no prominent length-scale dependence. Furthermore, we notice that the decrement of excitation temperature ( $T_{ex}$ ) and column density of NH $_{3}$ from the centre of the core to the outer side with the peak values of $\sim$ 5.6 K and $\sim$ 10 $^{15}$ cm $^{-2}$ , respectively. In conclusion, this work examines different physical and kinematical properties of the central region of the L1517B prestellar core.

Bowden-line Foot-controlled Finger Exoskeleton Device Driven by Pneumatic Muscles

With the world being increasingly reliant on computers, hand disorders have become prevalent amongst the general population. To help patients with hand disorders better recover while still allowing them to live their normal lives, glove-like wearable robotic de-vices were developed. Most of those robotic devices, however, generate motion through electric motors, which is heavy and inconvenient. Soft body robots are popular nowadays because they are versatile, safe, low in cost, and comfortable to wear. Thus, a pneumatic muscle hand device is presented in this paper to provide aid to those with impaired hands in their daily lives. This system features 10 pneumatic muscles connected with strings attached to the inner and outer sides of every finger powered by an air valve which allows the retraction of the patient’s fingers. The patient is introduced to 5 pressure sensors able to be controlled by foot. To enable the patient to use the device on their own, the system is designed in a back-pack-like style.

Changes in Active and Non-Excitable Adjacent Nerve Membranes after Electroactivation

It has long been recognized that parabiosis and paranecrosis are two close cytological theories that have demonstrated the intermediate state of the cell between life and death from various scientific positions. However, they have not previously been shown by anyone at the same time on the same object. This became the goal of our electron microscopic work. Active and non-excitable membranes of nerve and glial cells under pessimal inhibition have been studied. The main sign of paranecrosis was considered denaturation and aggregation of membrane protein, manifested in a decrease in its degree of dispersion and dehydration. Parabiosis was caused by the pessimal frequency of electroactivation of the sympathetic ganglion of white rats. As a result, the axolemma turned into a thick membrane, reinforced with fringe and the appearance of desmosomes. There were protein sticking from the inside of the neurolemma in the form of pyramids, which, by retracting, curved the membrane. In its bends, pyramid-like loose aggregates of intermembrane protein were formed from the outer sides of the glial and axolemm membranes, which, merging, turned into a kind of hourglass and septa. The septa were localized in the intercellular slits of axons and glia and often crossed both membranes. In chemical synapses, the shell of dendrites turned out to be denser than that of presynaptic axons. The process of protein aggregation and retraction locally narrows the intercellular axo-axonal and axo-glial cleft. Gap and tight junctions (GJ and TJ) are formed. So, for the first time we got a way of their experimental education. All reactive changes that occur de novo are considered as one reversible process of denaturation and aggregation of the mass of intrinsic and near-membrane proteins developed under the influence of frequency electrical stimulation. The pulse of the drug is restored within minutes. It is assumed that the revealed changes, paranecrosis, are a morphological manifestation of parabiosis.

Research on Defect Detection of the Outer Side of Bottle Cap Based on High Angle and Multi-View Vision System

Research on Defect Detection of the Outer Side of Bottle Cap Based on High Angle and Multi-View Vision System

Technology for erecting monolithic enclosing structures of buildings made of expanded polystyrene concrete

This work aims to develop effective technology for erecting monolithic enclosing structures of buildings made of expanded polystyrene concrete. As a result of the research carried out, a model of large-panel formwork made of ABS plastic for concreting monolithic walls with an expanded polystyrene concrete mixture was developed, representing rectangular panels of a size of 3000 x 1200 x 40 mm. To ensure the necessary strength and rigidity, the outer side of the formwork is made cellular with a large number of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners placed in increments of 300 mm. We have developed a technology for erecting monolithic enclosing structures of buildings made of expanded polystyrene concrete using a mobile concrete-mixing unit. The following are technical and economic indicators for manufacturing monolithic walls out of expanded polystyrene concrete of a volume of 46 m3 : the cost is 354.784 thousand rubles, and the labor intensity and unit capacity are 163.76 people.*h and 27.36 units.*h, respectively. The results significantly offer the construction industry a solution to reduce the labor intensity of construction and installation while manufacturing cost-effective monolithic enclosing structures for buildings.

Influence Analysis of Rock Mass Mechanical Properties on Tunnel Rock Stability Based on Sensor Data Integration

This study takes the multisensor monitoring data of tunnel support structure and surrounding rock mechanical properties during TBM construction as the research object, integrates the monitoring data of multisensor through an intelligent optimization algorithm, and explores the self‐consistent fusion characteristics between the multisensor structural mechanical properties and the field monitoring data. At the same time, the support structure parameters and construction progress in the tunnel construction process are dynamically adjusted and scientifically integrated through the information feedback of monitoring data. The research results are as follows: (1) The tunnel excavation rate is different under different rock strengths and surrounding rock levels. The overall performance is that the harder the surrounding rock, the lower the surrounding rock level, and the faster the tunnel excavation rate. The relationship between the FPI parameters of surrounding rock and the deformation of tunnel surrounding rock is closer, and the correlation coefficient reaches 98%. The mechanical properties of the surrounding rock have the greatest influence on its deformation. (2) The rotation speed, thrust, and torque of TBM machinery as well as the surrounding rock workability index and the tunnel surrounding rock deformation maintain a good fitting relationship, with a fitting rate of more than 85%. After the improved PSO‐BP algorithm is used to calculate and fit the four parameters of torque, rotational speed, thrust, and surrounding rock drivable coefficient during TBM mechanical construction, the fitting accuracy is higher than 94%. (3) At the same time, according to the analysis of the fitting results, the fitting effect of TBM mechanical thrust is the best among the four‐parameter algorithm analysis fitting degrees, which is 99.3%. (4) The measured points are evenly distributed near the surrounding rock deformation surface calculated by the improved PSO‐BP algorithm, and the fitting variance is 0.972. With the tunnel excavation, the settlement deformation of surrounding rock first increases rapidly, and then, the settlement deformation enters a slow growth stage and finally reaches a relatively stable state. (5) After the jam occurs, the tunnel is expanded from the telescopic shield or tail shield to the outer side of the shield to reduce the contact area between the shield and the surrounding rock to reduce the extrusion of the surrounding rock pressure on the shield.

Implementation of Omnidirectional Movement on Rugby Robot

Robots in the KRAI competition (Indonesian ABU Robot Contest) are required to be able to maneuver and move well, efficiently and quickly in order to be able to carry out the task of picking up and kicking rugby balls. In order for the robot to move quickly and precisely, a wheel that can move dynamically is needed. The wheel used is the Omniwheel. This wheel has a small wheel located on the outer side of the main wheel, so that the movement of the rugby robot can run smoother when changing positions. With dynamic and efficient maneuvers and displacement of the rugby robot, the robot can move more agile and can stop in the desired position.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FEATURES OF AROMATIZATION OF LOWER ALKANE С3 – С4 ON HIGH SILICA ZEOLITE CATALYSTS MODIFIED WITH Zn, LA AND P ADDITIVES

The physicochemical characteristics of zeolite-containing catalysts modified by the introduction of zinc, lanthanum and phosphorus, as well as their activity in the aromatization of propane-butane fractions, have been studied. The maximum amount of aromatic hydrocarbons (43.6%) in the processing of the propane-butane fraction is formed on the Zn-La-P-ZSM-Al2 O3 catalyst at 500 °C, while the selectivity for aromatic hydrocarbons is 80.0%. When processing the propane- propylene fraction in the temperature range of 400-600°C, the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons on the Zn-La-P-ZSM-Al2O3 catalyst is significantly higher compared to other studied catalysts. The activity of catalysts in the processing of light hydrocarbons mainly depends on the structure and state of active centers and the conditions of the process. The results of the study of catalysts by electron microscopy and thermal desorption of ammonia showed that acid sites coexist with metal sites on the surface of the developed catalysts. The composition of acid sites can include metals in various degrees of oxidation, fixed both inside the zeolite cavities and on their outer side. The most active, stable KTG-4 catalyst (Zn-La-P-ZSM-Al2 O3 ) is recommended for pilot testing at gas and oil refineries when processing propane-butane fraction and gases released during catalytic cracking into aromatic hydrocarbons.

Системный подход по внутрисхемной диагностике и проектированию печатных плат для локомотивов

In the conditions of microminiaturization of electronic equipment, the issues of design of switching structures are becoming increasingly relevant. The classic solution for the switching structure of functional modules of electronic equipment (EE) are multilayer printed circuit boards - printed circuit boards consisting of several layers of dielectric with conductive patterns between the layers and on the outer sides. The main task in the design of multilayer printed circuit boards is to ensure a reliable design, as well as high quality of the transmitted signal. The relevance of research is due to the fact that today more and more electronic devices have a considerable number of elements used and strict restrictions on the dimensions of the device, which leads to the need to use multilayer printed circuit boards, including in the RF range. When designing the layers of the printed circuit board, the sequence of the arrangement of the layers of the printed tracks is established; a decision is made: which of them should be solid layers of power and earth; the value of the dielectric constant of the substrate and the distance between the printed layers are taken into account; the required dimensions of the printed tracks and the minimum width of the gaps between them are calculated. It is worth noting the influence of the choice of manufacturing technology on the design of a multilayer printed circuit board.

Cloud‐Radiation Feedback Prevents Tropical Cyclones From Reaching Higher Intensities

AbstractThe prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity remains a major scientific challenge. Recent studies indicate that cloud‐radiation feedback (CRF) plays a positive role in the intensification of TCs during their genesis. However, little attention has been given to how CRF affects TC intensity after genesis. This study shows that CRF may prevents TCs from attaining higher maximum intensities. The ascending motion induced by the anomalous radiative heating of TC promotes more latent heating on the outer side of the upper eyewall, resulting in a more tilted eyewall. A more tilted eyewall leads to a larger inner‐core size and less inward flux of absolute vertical vorticity within the inner core, thus preventing the TC from reaching higher intensity. This work highlights that CRF may affect TC intensity by modulating the structure of the inner‐core convection, and further advances our understanding of the interaction between radiation effect and TC dynamics.

Behavior of Mold Electromagnetic Stirring for Round Bloom Castings and Its Eccentric Stirring Problem.

In this paper, a mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) model was established to investigate the behavior of M-EMS for round bloom castings under different conditions, and an electromagnetic-flow-heat transfer-solidification coupling model was established to explore the problem of eccentric stirring for various formats of round blooms. The results show that the magnetic flux density decreased with the increase in the current frequency, but the electromagnetic torque increases first and then decreases with it, and the same structure of M-EMS for round blooms has the same optimal current frequency at any current intensity. The electromagnetic torque and electromagnetic force both increase as a quadratic function of the current intensity, and the electromagnetic torque, which drives the steel flow, can directly characterize the real M-EMS performance. The mold copper tube has a significant magnetic shielding effect on M-EMS, the stirring intensity decreases rapidly as the tube thickness increases, and the optimal stirring frequency decreases as well. In fact, the deviation between the stirrer center and the geometric center of the strand can result in the eccentric stirring phenomenon. When blooms with a section size of Φ350 mm are produced by Φ650 mm SMS-Concast casting machine, the upper region of the inner arc side and the lower region of the outer arc side are subject to a stronger washing effect, which makes the temperature of the inner and outer arcs show alternating differences. The jet flow from the five-port nozzle can suppress the difference in initial solidification symmetry between the inner and outer arcs of round blooms caused by eccentric stirring. This paper reveals the magnetic shielding effect of the mold copper tube and the magnetic field loss of the air between the stirrer and the inner and outer arcs of the copper, which lead to the stirring intensity and the eccentric stirring phenomenon.

High extinction ratio and an ultra-broadband polarization beam splitter in silicon integrated photonics by employing an all-dielectric metamaterial cladding.

In silicon and other photonic integrated circuit platforms many devices exhibit a large polarization dependency, therefore a polarization beam splitter (PBS) is an essential building block to split optical signal to transversal electric (TE) and transversal magnetic (TM) modes. In this paper we propose a concept of integrated silicon-based PBS exploiting unique properties of all dielectric metamaterial cladding to achieve a high extinction ratio (ER) and wide bandwidth (BW) polarization splitting characteristics. We start from a structure (PBS-1) based on a directional coupler with metamaterial cladding combined with a bent waveguide with metamaterial cladding at the outer side in the role of a TE polarizer at the Thru port of the device. To increase BW we propose the improved concept (PBS-2) - a metamaterial compact dual Mach-Zehnder Interferometer structure in combination with the TE polarizer. Numerical simulations reveal that an exceptionally high ER over 35 dB can be achieved in a BW of 263 nm with insertion loss (IL) below 1 dB in case of PBS-2. The designed device has a footprint of 82 µm. Measurement results reveal that an ER > 30 dB is achievable in a BW of at least 140 nm (limited by the laser tuning range).

Research on Overdischarge Lithium-Ion Battery Based on X-Ray Computed Tomography

Abstract Overdischarge is one of the main factors of lithium-ion battery failure, due to the inconsistency of lithium-ion battery in pack. However, the failure mechanism remains unclear. This article introduces the X-ray computed tomography (CT) to explore the gas production and copper dissolution of lithium battery during overdischarge state. From tomographic images in two different cross-sectional directions, the internal structure changes of bulge deformation and copper deposition are observed to quantitatively analyze the relationship between copper deposition and overdischarge state of charge. The position distribution is analyzed by density distribution feature, which indicate that the gas production is mainly distributed in the middle of the battery, and the copper deposition is distributed around the outer side. The experimental result shows that X-ray CT is a nondestructive, quantitative, visual, and effective way to study the internal structure and material distribution of the overdischarge battery, so as to effectively monitor the state of the lithium-ion battery, to avoid dangerous problems such as internal short circuits and thermal runaway.

Microbial biomarkers as indication of dynamic and heterogeneous urban water environments.

Water samples for the 16S rRNA gene and water quality analyses were collected from around 155km of river segments surrounding the urban areas in Xi'an, China. Multiple statistical analyses showed that the dynamic shifts of microbial communities in the Chan, Ba, and Feng Rivers from the spring to the summer seasons were apparent but little in the Zao River. The heterogeneity of microbial distributions was more due to the influence of hydrologic conditions and various sources of inflows in the rivers. The LEfSe analysis showed that the Chan and Zao Rivers, both more impacted by the sewage effluents, were more differentially abundant with bacteria related to polluted water, but the Ba and Feng Rivers, both on the outer side of the city, were more abundant with microbial communities in soil and freshwater environments in the summer. Multiple statistical analyses indicated that environmental variables had significant impacts on microbial communities. The geographical information system-based spatial analysis showed heterogeneity of microbial community distributions along the rivers. This study showed that the high-throughput sequencing analysis could identify some pathogenic bacteria that would significantly threaten public health and eco-environments in urban rivers.

Long-Term In Vivo Response of a Polyurethane Gastric Implant for Treating Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Diseases: A Comparison of Different Surface Treatments

Gastro oesophagael reflux disease (GORD) is common in the Western hemisphere. Patients with regurgitated reflux are typically treated with fundoplication surgery. We present a newly designed polyurethane implant which passively aids the sphincter in reducing gastric fluids within the oesophagus. The gastric implant has an open porous inner side which allows for tissue ingrowth from the oesophagus and thus allows for fixation around the sphincter. In addition, a device for minimally invasive surgery of this implant was developed and used in a pig model. The unmodified GORD implant was placed around the pig’s oesophagus with unsatisfactory results, leading to insufficient fixation at the implantation site and scarring tissue leading to dysphagia. In addition, two surface modifications, plasma activation and TiO2 deposition were used to improve the implant’s host tissue response. The biocompatibility effects of the surface treatments and sterilisation method on the implant were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests found that the plasma activation and TiO2 deposition have effectively enhanced the surface hydrophilicity and, consequently, the cell response to the implant. In addition, the gamma sterilisation harmed the plasma-activated implant. The plasma activation was more effective than TiO2 deposition as a surface treatment method for improving the tissue response of this implant in vivo. In addition, the in vivo experiment proved tissue ingrowth as deep as 1 mm into the porous structure of the implant. The GORD implants were encapsulated wholly in fibrous tissue; however, the capsule thickness diminished over time. Finally, the TiO2-coated implants showed the poorest histocompatibility, contradictory to the in vitro findings. This study shows that it is possible to produce a plasma-treated porous polyurethane gastric implant that allows for fibrous tissue ingrowth, reduced in vivo encapsulation, and enhanced chemical properties.Graphical Model of the implant with an inner porous and an outer non-porous surface. The hypothesis was that the porous surface allows for fibroblastic infiltration into the porous structure (A) and fixation by scarring at the point of implantation, the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). The outer side is smooth (B), which hinders neighbouring tissue attachments. In addition, a Nitinol ring (C) aids the implant in exerting pressure around the LOS, thus reducing sphincter volume. In addition, this metal ring aids visualisation with, e.g. X-ray or CT during post-therapy follow-ups. The open, flexible design eases the freeing of the ring in a stretched position and placement around the cardia (D-F). The internal diameter of 28 mm prevents stenosis but markedly reinforces the lower oesophagal sphincter. In addition, its size allows for minimally invasive surgery.

Application of dual-layer phosphor geometries for enhancing the optical properties of white-light LEDs

This article compares the lumen output of two packages of two-remote phosphor (RP). The first package is flat dual-remote phosphor (FDRPS). The second package is concave dual-remote phosphor (CDRP). The dispersion qualities of the white-light-emitting diode are different as a result of their different cover designs, leading to a disparity between the FDRPS and CDRPS configurations. The results of the study show that the FDRPS package yields a lumen output superior to that of the CDRPS package. In the article, we can also see how the space among the phosphor films (𝑑1) and the space among the phosphor film and the light emitting diodes (LED) outer side (𝑑2) might affect the light characteristics in the CDRPS model. As the indicated distances shift, the characteristics of dispersion and absorptivity in the distant phosphor film will shift as well. Such an occurrence can have an impact on chromatic uniformity as well as optical performance in white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). If we modify the and values, it is necessary to change the phosphor YAG:Ce 3+ concentration in the WLEDs to keep the correlated color temperature at 8500 K. d 1

Neuromorphic model of hippocampus place cells using an oscillatory interference technique for hardware implementation

In this paper, we propose a simplified and robust model for place cell generation based on the oscillatory interference (OI) model concept. Aiming toward hardware implementation in bio-inspired simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems for mobile robotics, we base our model on logic operations that reduce its computational complexity. The model compensates for parameter variations in the behaviors of the population of constituent theta cells, and allows the theta cells to have square-wave oscillation profiles. The robustness of the model, with respect to mismatch in the theta cell’s base oscillation frequency and gain—as a function of modulatory inputs—is demonstrated. Place cell composed of 48 theta cells with base frequency variations with a 25% standard deviation from the mean and a gain error with 20% standard deviation from the mean only result in a 20% deformations within the place field and 0.24% outer side lobes, and an overall pattern with 0.0015 mean squared error on average. We also present how the model can be used to achieve the localization and path-tracking functionalities of SLAM. Hence, we propose a model for spatial cell formation using theta cells with behaviors that are biologically plausible and hardware implementable for real world application in neurally-inspired SLAM.

Parameter optimization of a new cone-oriented elastic side-supporting long sleeper damping track: Experiment and simulation

Ground vibration and noise have been frequently observed in urban rail transit as a consequence of severe train-track dynamic interaction. To reduce train-induced vibration and noise, a new cone-oriented elastic side-supporting long sleeper damping track (COESSLSDT) is proposed in this paper. Unlike traditional sleeper damping tracks, COESSLSDT sleeper is suspended by two pairs of conical elastic side-supporting pads (ESSPs) on both sides, and the outer sides of ESSPs are connected with both sides of the sleeper groove by conical interference fit. Firstly, the mechanical performance of the COESSLSDT was obtained through static and dynamic analyses with a finite element (FE) model and then validated in the field. Then, the proposed model was used to evaluate the effects of key structural parameters of ESSPs on the mechanical performance and energy dissipation performance of COESSLSDT. Finally, the effect of side and bottom supports on the dynamic responses of the track structure under drop hammer impact load was studied, and the numerical results were compared with field test data. Both computational and experimental results demonstrate that COESSLSDT have good mechanical and dynamic responses control performance.

Microbiota attached to and encapsulated by granulomas dissected from tilapia spleen: A case report

AbstractGranulomatous diseases are caused mainly by bacterial infections that the fish immune system cannot eliminate; consequently, pathogens are encapsulated, forming a complex structure where immune cells participate in containing the damage. The granuloma is covered by a collagenous layer that may be an attractive surface for external bacteria, leading to the potential development of a microbiota associated with the outer side of granulomas. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the microbiota attached to and encapsulated by granulomas dissected from tilapia spleen obtained from a commercial farm. Tissue samples with an advanced granulomatosis stage were analyzed by amplifying and sequencing the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene. More than 20 phyla were detected attached to granulomas; however, only five represented 94% of the relative abundance, and the genus Gordonia was the most abundant with 21.9%. This bacterium has been previously identified in the tilapia gut and has also been reported as the etiologic agent of granulomatous disease in humans and terrestrial animals. This is the first time it has been detected in fish granulomas. Finally, these results provide the first evidence of microbiota attached to granulomatous lesions while demonstrating that these can provide asurface that can harbour highly diverse microbial communities.

Spectroscopic characterization of chain-to-ring structural evolution in platinum carbide clusters

Metal carbides play an important role in catalysis and functional materials. However, the structural characterization of metal carbide clusters has been proven to be a challenging experimental target due to the difficulty in size selection. Here we use the size-specific photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy to study the structures and properties of platinum carbide clusters. Quantum chemical calculations are carried out to identify the structures and to assign the experimental spectra. The results indicate that the cluster size of the chain-to-ring structural evolution for the PtCn– anions occurs at n = 14, whereas that for the PtCn neutrals at n = 10, revealing a significant effect of charge on the structures of metal carbides. The greatest importance of these building blocks is the strong preference of the Pt atom to expose in the outer side of the chain or ring, exhibiting the active sites for catalyzing potential reactions. These findings provide unique spectroscopic snapshots for the formation and growth of platinum carbide clusters and have important implications in the development of related single-atom catalysts with isolated metal atoms dispersed on supports.