Outer Measurement Research Articles

Antecedents of Traditional Food Lovers' Satisfaction at Food Courts in the East Jakarta Region

The level of competition in the culinary sector continues to increase, both from national food businesses and the invasion of culinary company branches from abroad entering Indonesia. Customer satisfaction is the main key in winning the competition. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of food court aesthetics, customer emotions, and service quality on customer satisfaction at food courts in the East Jakarta area. This research succeeded in collecting data through a customer survey of 170 food court customers in Jakarta Timur Indonesia. The sampling method used in this research was convenience sampling. We use multiple regression analysis where customer satisfaction is the dependent variable and food court aesthetic factors, customer emotions, and the quality of service provided by the food court are exogenous variables. The collected data is then processed using the Smart PLS data processing tool. Partial Least Square measures two submodels, namely the outer measurement submodel or outer measurement model and the structural model or inner model or inner measurement submodel. The results of this research found that food court aesthetics, customer emotions, and service quality have a statistically significant effect on customer satisfaction. The implications and limitations of this research are also discussed in this article.

Electrode materials and structures in UV photodetectors

Electrodes can be recognized as the bridges between photodetectors (PDs) and outer measurement circuits. The interfacial electric properties between electrodes and sensitive materials would dominate the separation and collection of photo-induced charge carrier, which are recognized as one of the critical factors influencing the photo-detecting performance. In this paper, the electrode materials used in UV PDs are summarized and categorized according to their components. Then, the effects of electrode configurations (such as the contact types, band structure, and electrode structure) on the photoelectric performances of UV PDs are discussed. Varied kinds of specific electrodes such as transparent electrodes, flexible electrodes, and bio-originated electrodes are described. Finally, the perspective of electrodes in UV PDs is presented, which provides guidance for their future development.

Measurement of outer diameter parameters of manual grinding cable joints based on 3D point cloud processing

For the problems associated with low measurement accuracy caused by surface shrinkage, uneven grinding, and irregular shapes in manual grinding cable joints, as well as the limitations of existing machine vision measurement techniques for the outer diameter parameters, this paper proposes a non-contact outer diameter parameters measurement method of manual grinding cable joints based on three-dimensional (3D) point cloud processing. Firstly, statistical filtering is used to remove discrete noise, and coordinate transformation preprocessing is conducted to ordered the point cloud. Secondly, a bidirectional point cloud slicing method is proposed based on the cable joint structure and point cloud distribution to preserve the original features for effective measurement. Subsequently, the normalized mean curvature is utilized as the weight of point cloud coordinate averaging to construct key points for surface slices, which reduces the amount of data in the sliced point cloud and improves the matching efficiency. Finally, the key points are matched according to the position of the surface slices, and the distance of point pairs is calculated to complete the measurement of the outer diameter parameters. Experiments and error analysis are conducted on multiple manual grinding 110 kV and 500 kV real cable joints. The absolute error in the measurement of the outer diameter is less than 0.2 mm, with a relative error within 1 %. The absolute error of the XY-axis outer diameter deviation is less than 0.1 mm. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance in cable joint outer diameter measurement.

A High-Resolution Measurement Method for Inner and Outer 3D Surface Profiles of Laser Fusion Targets Using a Laser Differential Confocal–Atomic Force Probe Technique

The high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer three-dimensional (3D) surface profiles of laser fusion targets is difficult to achieve. In this study, we propose a laser differential confocal (LDC)–atomic force probe (AFP) method to measure the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of laser fusion targets at a high resolution. This method utilizes the LDC method to detect the deflection of the AFP and exploits the high spatial resolution of the AFP to enhance the spatial resolution of the outer profile measurement. Nondestructive and co-reference measurements of the inner profile of a target were achieved using the tomographic characteristics of the LDC method. Furthermore, by combining multiple repositionings of the target using a horizontal slewing shaft, the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of the target were obtained, along with a power spectrum assessment of the entire surface. The experimental results revealed that the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the outer profile measurement were 0.5 and 1.3 nm, while the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the inner profile measurement were 2.0 nm and approximately 400.0 nm. The repeatabilities of the root-mean-square deviation measurements for the outer and inner profiles of the target were 2.6 and 2.4 nm, respectively. We believe our study provides a promising method for the high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer 3D profiles of laser fusion targets.

Visual control for robotic 3D printing on a moving platform

In recent years, there has been significant progress in developing specialized 3D printing techniques that cater to various demanding applications. However, the current state of this technology is challenged when it comes to complex in situ printing scenarios, which require a controlled printing platform. The lack of a stable printing platform is a fundamental limitation of its use in in situ applications. To address this issue, we present a novel platform-independent 3D fabrication process that enables printing on platforms with non-cooperative movement. The process overcomes the challenge of high-speed tracking, motion compensation, and real-time printing by developing a closed-loop visual feedback-controlled robotic printing process. The proposed process incorporates a marker-based visual detection and tracking controller setup, which is discussed in detail. The algorithm consists of two loops running asynchronously: a high-speed inner control loop and an outer measurement loop. This setup enables precise and accurate tracking of the printing platform, compensating for any disturbances during the printing process. Our experimental results demonstrate the successful printing of simple linear geometries, even with low-disturbing platform velocities. Moreover, the tracking controllers' ability to handle measurement occlusion is validated, showing the proposed process's robustness and effectiveness. Our work provides a significant step towards enabling 3D printing in complex in situ printing scenarios.

FLOW EXPERIENCE, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE, AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY ON ONLINE SHOPPING APPLICATIONS

The researchers wanted to get some evidence to prove the hypotheses of this study. Flow experience, customer satisfaction, customer experience, and customer loyalty are the variables in this study. From the population of online shopping application users in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sample was selected using a non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling method. The data was then analyzed using Partial Least Square with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The first testing stage is the outer measurement to obtain validity and reliability values. Then, the researchers conducted an inner model measurement to find evidence of whether the hypotheses were accepted or rejected. The analysis results show that (1) Flow experience has a positive effect on customer loyalty, (2) Flow experience has a positive effect on customer experience, (3) Customer experience has a positive effect on customer satisfaction, (4) Customer satisfaction does not have a positive effect on customer loyalty, (5) Customer experience has a positive effect on customer loyalty.

Fraud Prevention Analysis: Perceptions of Bank Sumsel-Babel Employees

If a nation’s financial statements are stable and exist, and the financial system is stable, banking companies can contribute to economic growth. The growth or development of the banking world is not only dominated by certain banks such as BUMN Banks or Private Banks. However, this is also experienced by Regional Development Banks. In several cases in banking, Fraud occurs due to internal processes (human error), system failures, or external errors. This research uses a quantitative research method with a questionnaire observation approach, with the object respondents being Bank Sumsel-Babel employees, totaling 238 respondents and 34 question instruments—Smart-PLS analysis technique. Of the 32 indicators (2 indicators omitted), in the outer measurement model, data has validity and reliability with the approach that has been achieved. At the same time, in the inner path coefficient test model, all variables are negative with a value <- 420 (weak category). Meanwhile, at the R-square level of 0.688 (moderate), it can create a goodness of fit, robust value, and an accuracy of 95.0%. The estimation results show that all variables have a negative direction coefficient that significantly affects compensation, competence, and internal control of Fraud. At the same time, organizational culture, with a value of 0.138 > 0.05, indicates no effect on Fraud.

Single sensor three point on-line measurement method of precision rolling bearings

With the continuous development of machining methods, it is necessary to explore grinding and measuring methods to ensure the fatigue life and improved accuracy of bearings. In this study, a single-sensor three-point (SSTP) on-line outer-diameter measuring instrument was designed to ensure the consistency of the machining accuracy of precision bearing rings. Moreover, the mathematical model of the measuring instrument was established. The roundness and cylindricity error measurements of the ring outer diameter of precision bearings A and B form different manufacturers of countries were compared and analyzed. In addition, the accuracy measurement of the experimental grinder was investigated through multidimensional experiments. The results demonstrated a measuring and repetitive accuracy of ±1.25 and 1 μm, respectively. The measuring results conformed to the 3 б principle. The measured outer diameter was within the actual value of the workpiece outer diameter ±3 б, and the accuracy was over 99.73%. The instrument did only measure the outer diameter, but also measured the waviness error. The outer diameter and rotating speed did not clearly affect the measuring accuracy. The use of a lubricating fluid reduced the contact resistance of the on-line measuring instrument and significantly reduced the absolute error of outer diameter measurement, which is beneficial in improving the outer diameter measurement accuracy of the instrument.

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Downy and Silver Birch Wood Quality and Stem Features from a Progeny Trial in Southern Sweden

This study investigated whether improved downy birch could perform as well as improved silver birch, and whether there was sufficient genetic variation and control for non-destructive testing (NDT) values to include them as selection traits in breeding programs. NDT tools were applied to a 15-year-old downy birch family trial intermixed with improved silver birch. Average diameters, fissured bark height, and grain angle were higher for silver than downy birch. The genetic analysis for downy birch provided estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h2) for acoustic velocity and Pilodyn penetration depth that were above 0.3 but had low genetic variation. Grain angle had relatively high genetic variability (18%) and an h2 of 0.20. A subsample of 49 trees had 4 mm cores x-rayed for wood density estimates, and 34 stems had 12 mm cores macerated for cell measurements. t-tests revealed that average wood density and cell measurements were not significantly different between species. For silver and downy birch, fiber length and vessel length increased between inner and outer measurement positions, and fiber length was reasonably correlated with acoustic velocity. Silver birch tended to have denser and stiffer wood, while downy birch had less rough bark and straighter grain, and these results are in agreement with existing knowledge. The h2 values were similar to those observed in other birch species and indicate there is potential to breed for improved wood density and grain angle in downy birch.

Experimental verification and improvement of heat transfer tube local wall temperature measurement method

To ensure the measuring accuracy of the wall temperature, the outer wall temperature measurement values by using three kinds of thermocouple welding methods were analyzed and evaluated in the paper, including single-point flush-mounted in the wall groove method, single-point insert-mounted in the wall groove, and outer surface direct welding method, based on the application of a tube-in-tube condensing heat exchanger. And the impacts of silver, tin, and thermal resistance adhesive as filling materials on wall temperature measurement were also investigated, and the results were compared to that obtained without filling materials. The results showed that the wall temperatures measured by the three welding methods were lower than the theoretically calculated value. And the wall temperature measured by the outer surface direct welding method was lowest under the same experimental conditions. The wall temperatures measured by single-point flush-mounted and insert-mounted in the wall groove methods were also affected by different welding filling materials. It was found that the greater the thermal resistance of filling materials, the smaller the heat loss. By analyzing the reasons for the low measured value of wall temperature, a new wall temperature measurement method was developed to improve the accuracy of the current measurement method. Meanwhile, the outer wall temperature measurement experiments of vertical and horizontal heat transfer tubes were carried out to validate and calibrate the improved outer wall temperature measurement method. The results showed that the average outer wall temperature deviation measured by the improved wall temperature measurement method ranged from −0.82% to +2.29% for vertical tubes and −4.75% to −1.44% for horizontal tubes, and the improved measurement method had good measurement accuracy.

Determinan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Dimoderasi Profesionalisme Account Representative

This study aims to test and find empirical evidence on the factors that determine individual taxpayer compliance moderated by Account Representative Professionalism (Empirical Study at KPP Pratama Surabaya Mulyorejo). The sample used in this study is active taxpayers who are registered at KPP Pratama Surabaya Mulyorejo. Data was collected using one of the non-probability sampling methods, namely incidental sampling. Data collection by distributing questionnaires to WPOP. The number of questionnaires distributed was 100 questionnaires. This study uses a multiple regression model whose management is carried out with the SmartPLS 3.0 software program. The analysis in this study includes two measurements, namely: outer model measurements such as convergent & discriminant validity tests, and reliability tests; and, inner model measurements (goodness of inner model) such as R-Square, path coefficients, and moderation tests. The results of the analysis use the outer model measurement with all variables having a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Then the measurement of the inner model (goodness of inner model) uses R-Square with e-filling system variables, tax socialization, tax sanctions, and Account Representative professionalism of 39.9%, while the remaining 60.1% is influenced by other variables. Measurement of the inner model using the path coefficients test states that the e-filling system variables, tax sanctions have a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance, while the tax socialization variable has a negative and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. The last measurement of the inner model using the moderation test explains that the Account Representative's professionalism towards the e-filling system variable & tax sanctions can be said to be a predictor moderating variable, while to the tax socialization variable it can be said to be a potential moderating variable. So based on the conclusion, that the e-filling system and tax sanctions have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance, while tax socialization has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. And the professionalism of Account Representatives is not able to moderate the influence of the e-filling system, tax socialization, or tax sanctions

The Effect of Capital Structure Moderating Receivable Turnover and Inventory Turnover on Profitability

Receivable and inventory control in carrying out the company's activities is very important in order to achieve the company's vision and mission. This study aims to find out how the effect of receivable turnover and inventory turnover on the profitability of the company with the capital structure as a moderation variable. The population of this study was a company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2017 – 2019, the sample for this research consists of nine companies in the consumer goods, basic industries, and chemical sectors selected by purposive random sampling. The analysis method used was descriptive statistics with analysis tools using Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The PLS-SEM analysis technique uses the help of WarpPLS 6.0 software with two stages of analysis, namely Measurement Model Analysis and Structural Model Analysis. Evaluation of the Outer Measurement Model uses three evaluation models, namely: Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, and Reliability Test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant positive influence between the turnover of receivables to profitability while inventory turnover has a significant negative effect on profitability and variable capital structure is not able to moderate the relationship between receivable turnover and inventory turnover to profitability.

Entrepreneurship Marketing Development Model To Improve SMEs Economic Performance In Semarang

The empowerment of SMEs (micro small and enterprises) in the midst of globalization and high competition with ASEAN Economic Community (MEA) is expected to be an opportunity to exploit ASEAN regional policy in order to develop market as market player as its market. SMEs (micro small and enterprises) should be able to face various challenges, such as increasing product and service innovation, human resource and technology development, and expanding marketing. Marketing is a fundamental issue for small entrepreneurs. An important aspect of marketer is examined in the context of entrepreneurial efforts to see how marketing theory fits into the practice of entrepreneurship. But in the globalization era with the development of information technology is the essence, it is necessary development of entrepreneurship marketing that is able to reach all consumer in the world, that is through internet marketing or e-commerce. This research seeks to get a model of entrepreneurship marketing development in an effort to improve the performance of MSMEs (micro small and medium enterprises) in Semarang City. The hypothesis is tested using SEM analysis by estimating PLS parameters to assess the outer model and measurement model as well as assess the inner model. Based on the result, development of effective e-commerce has a positive influence on SMEs performance. But, entrepreneur marketing was rejected even though it has a positive influence on E-Commerce Development. This is because of the lack of understanding of the concepts, strategies, methods and market intelligence of the SMEs in Semarang.

Individual Behavior and Transformational Leadership on Innovative Work Behavior and Employee Performance

This research aims to analyze the influence of individual behavior and transformational leadership on innovative work behavior and employee performance at PT Astra International Tbk - HSO Kaltim2. This study uses a quantitative approach and utilized a sample of 128 informants, representing 100% of the total permanent employee population at PT Astra International Tbk - HSO Kaltim 2. The author used SmartPLS version 3.2.9 as the analysis tool and conducted data analysis using PLS in two stages: first, by evaluating the outer model or measurement model, and second, by assessing the inner model or structural model. The results of the research showed that individual behavior had a positive and significant impact on innovative work behavior, transformational leadership had a a positive and significant impact on innovative work behavior, individual behavior had a positive and significant impact on employee performance, transformational leadership had a positive and significant impact on employee performance, and innovative work behavior had a positive and significant effect on employee performance.

Investigating the Dimensionality of Psychological Contract from a Spiritual Perspective: an Empirical Study of Indonesian Employees

Based on the Western value system, research on the psychological contract has received immense attention from human resources management researchers. However, psychological contract from the spiritual perspective has not been much explored. This empirical study attempts to enrich the understanding of the psychological contract phenomenon from a spiritual perspective. This is a research paper to explore the dimensionalities of a spiritual psychological contract with examined both inner (structure) and outer (measurement) models via Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A survey of 108 employees in business organizations in Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan was drawn for the study using a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure to obtain a more representative sample. The construct validity of the spiritual psychological contract (SPC) via SmartPLS 3.2.7 software led to the major finding; the SPC measurement model in the business organizational context is explained by three components i.e., transactional, relational, and liturgical contract. This is a new insight into psychological contract research and needs further studies to explore it.

Algorithm for Measuring the Outer Contour Dimension of Trucks Using UAV Binocular Stereo Vision

Promoting the management of the over-limit of freight transport vehicles plays an important role in the sustainable development of the highway industry. Vehicle outer contour dimension measurement is a key element in highway over-limit detection. The current detection approaches and research methods, however, are insufficient for high-precision flow detection. Therefore, this study proposes an algorithm for measuring the dimensions of a truck’s outer contours, using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) binocular stereo vision. First, this study leverages a binocular camera mounted on a UAV to reconstruct the 3D point clouds of the truck. Second, the point cloud data are clustered using an FoF (Friends-of-Friends algorithm); this recognizes the cluster of truck points according to the truck’s characteristics. Finally, the principal component analysis and the Gaussian kernel density estimation are used to generate the outer contour dimensions of the trucks. Twenty model vehicles are selected as test objects to verify the reliability of the algorithm. The average error of the algorithm is represented by calculating the average value of the difference between the real size and the predicted size of the three dimensions. The experimental results demonstrate that the average error of this measurement approach is less than 2.5%, and the method is both stable and robust. This approach aligns with national regulations for over-limit detection.

Analisis Keputusan Investasi Karyawan Swasta di Kabupaten Jombang

This study aims to determine how much influence the financial knowledge variable has on investment decisions, find out how much influence lifestyle variables have on investment decisions and find out how much influence income variables have on investment decisions for private employees in Jombang Regency. In this study using primary data types. The population in this study were private employees in Jombang Regency. While the sample in this study used a non-probability sampling technique. The method used in this study used a questionnaire with 100 respondents from private employees in Jombang Regency. The analytical tool used to test the hypothesis is Partial Least Square (PLS). To test the analysis of the research instrument using the outer model measurement with validity test and reliability test, and inner model measurement with R-square test, F-square test, and direct effect. The results of the analysis show that the financial knowledge variable can make a significant contribution in improving investment decisions, but the lifestyle variable cannot make a real contribution in improving investment decisions. While the income variable can provide a real contribution in improving investment decisions.

Structured light-based dynamic 3D measurement system for cold-formed steel hollow sections

In the cold-formed steel hollow section manufacturing process, one of the key stages is forming an inspection to check whether it meets the requirement. In this paper, a dynamic 3D measurement system based on low-cost structured light was presented, which can be used to measure the dimensions of a cold-formed steel hollow section in real-time. The system is mainly composed of four sets line-structured light inspection device. A temporary coordinate is proposed to assist in solving multi the calibration of structured light plane. An optimisation method of L-M algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of stitching accuracy of point cloud contour. A point cloud simplification processing method is proposed for solving main parameters. The side length measurement error of the system is within ±0.05 mm, and the outer arc radius measurement error is within ±0.45 mm. All parallelisable tasks can achieve an acquisition rate of up to 25 fps.

Prediction of time-varying inner wall temperature of surge lines by a dynamic neural network

Thermal fatigue, mainly caused by thermal stratification, is one of the major factors for reliability degradation of surge lines in nuclear power plants and is well managed through on-line temperature monitoring. However, the vast amount of outer wall temperature data generated by on-line temperature monitoring requires an efficient way of calculating the inner wall temperature. In this paper, the time-varying inner wall temperature is predicted rapidly and precisely using a dynamic artificial neural network model based on outer wall temperature and flow velocity. By optimizing the length of time series, the time delay of heat transfer between the inner wall and outer wall temperature is fully considered in the dynamic model. Consequently, the best root mean squared error of the temperature prediction is as low as 3.78. More importantly, the importance analysis based on dynamic model is also performed to quantify the importance of outer wall temperature variables, which can be used to optimize the arrangement of outer wall temperature measurement points for further applications under different circumstances to reduce cost while maintain high prediction accuracy. The results in this study will be helpful for the optimization of measurement points arrangement and rapid on-line thermal fatigue evaluation of nuclear power plants.

Pengaruh Pelatihan Kerja Dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Motivasi Ekstrinsik Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Pada PT. GPS Cabang Tangerang)

ABSTRACT
 Job training and compensation are closely related to the ability to work and encourage employee motivation and will directly improve the performance they have. This research was conducted at PT. GPS Tangerang Banten Branch. This study aims to determine the effect of job training and compensation mediated by intrinsic motivation on employee performance. The number of samples determined was 91 respondents using the census method. As an independent variable, namely job training and compensation, and the intervening variable is intrinsic motivation, while the dependent variable is employee performance. The analytical method used in this research is Partial Least Squares-Structural Equetion Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS 3.0. includes structural model test or inner model, hypothesis testing, outer model measurement model and sobel test. From the analysis, it can be seen that job training variables do not directly affect employee performance variables. This can be seen from the t-statistic value which is smaller than 1.960, which is 0.806, or indirectly through intrinsic motivation. This can be seen from the sobel test that the t value is lower than 1,960, which is 0.020. And the test results on Inderect Effects show that the indirect relationship of the Job Training (JT) variable with Employee Performance (EP) through Intrinsic Motivation (IM) shows a path coefficient value of 0.001 with a t value of 0.030. This value is smaller than t table (1,960). As for the compensation variable has a positive and significant effect on performance and the intrinsic motivation variable can mediate compensation on employee performance. Furthermore, the results of the R-square value show that the Job Training (JT) and Compensation (Co) variables can explain the Intrinsic Motivation (IM) variable by 35.3%, the remaining 66.7% is explained by other variables not examined in this study. Furthermore, the Job Training (JT) variable and the Compensation (Co) variable can also explain the Employee Performance (EP) variable of 56.5%, the remaining 43.5% is explained by other variables not examined in this study. 
 Keywords: Job Training, Compensation, Intrinsic Motivation and Employee Performance