Outer Defences Research Articles

A Framework to Prevent Cybercrime in the UAE

Cyber threats are constantly evolving, making it crucial for organizations in the UAE to enhance their cybersecurity strategies. This study focuses on understanding and countering organized and unorganized cybercrimes within the UAE. Organizations strengthen outer defences but often neglect protecting sensitive data internally. Insiders, individuals with intricate knowledge of system cycles, can cause substantial damage. Their motivations vary, from stealing data to causing harm, making it essential for organizations to comprehend and counter these threats effectively. The study employs qualitative analysis methods and in-depth interviews with key cybersecurity experts across various sectors. Through these discussions, we identified key defensive strategies utilized by different entities in the UAE. Our research highlights the significance of securing networking routes and data transformation pathways, underscoring the need for a proactive cybersecurity approach. Through qualitative analysis and expert interviews, we pinpointed specific defensive methods used by individuals, small organizations, and government/private sectors in the UAE. Additionally, we delve into the motivations of insiders, highlighting their substantial threat due to their in-depth understanding of network layouts, applications, and business practices. By securing these aspects, organizations can identify essential security concerns and develop robust, effective plans. We suggested practical steps to improve cybersecurity frameworks, aiming to prevent data breaches, strengthen security strategies, and promote a cybersecurity-aware mindset. By implementing these strategies, organizations can enhance their defences, foster a culture of cybersecurity awareness, and safeguard digital assets in the UAE.

Sea Defense Strategy of Anti-Submarine on We Island

WE island belonging to Indonesia at the lowest position in the west end which is the basis of the outer defenses of the earliest in the face of possible threats from the outside, especially the threat of attack from the sea. Marine threat which could give psychological pressure on closers strategic funnels and its presence is difficult to detect and is capable of operating for a long time is the threat of submarines. This study aimed to describe and analyze the anti-submarine naval defenses on the island We if linked to possible threats arising submarine in the area that can be used as input by the leadership in making decisions in the future. The study was conducted by the method of the subject matter of literature and anti-submarine warfare. It is concluded that anti-submarine defense pattern idyllic island We by utilizing all the facilities and potential to face any possibility of a threat submarine opponents and use their combat functions by the opponent effectively in the waters of the We island Keywords : sea defense, submarine, We island DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/81-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Is the service desk the weakest link in IT security?

The phishing of email accounts takes place every day, and most people today are aware that they need to protect themselves from cyber criminals. But hackers are constantly trying out new weapons and one of them is their own voice. Can the voice be used as the key to open the doors to your systems through your service desk? Hackers are constantly trying out new weapons and one of them is their own voice. Can the voice be used as the key to open the doors to your systems through your service desk? So-called voice phishing, or ‘vishing’ is becoming an increasingly common way for attackers to make their way through your outer defences. And it's not just the service desk at risk. What's needed is a common framework for identity verification, to provide a centralised and efficient way of establishing callers’ identities, argues Finn Jensen of FastPassCorp.

Lesiones de tejido blando

Desde hace mucho tiempo atrás las lesiones en la piel han sido el tipo de lesiones más comunes como producto de accidentes, en la práctica de deportes, por trabajo pesado, etc. Ya que nuestra principal barrera de defensa exterior de nuestro organismo es la piel y como resultado de la alta frecuencia de padecer este tipo de lesiones es muy elevada. Es por ello que la toma de decisiones en relación al abordaje clínico de una persona con cualquier tipo de lesión en tejido blando puede generar incertidumbre en los profesionales debido a su complejidad, profundidad de la lesión y por la elección del tratamiento adecuado. Por lo tanto, en el cuidado apropiado se debe de tener en cuenta los siguientes principios que nos ayudaran a acelerar la curación de la lesión y el buen pronóstico de la misma, estos principios son; identificar el tipo de lesión, realizar maniobras gentiles sobre la lesión, minimizar el número de lavados de la lesión, observar diariamente la evolución de la lesión y evitar el contacto entre la lesión y la cama. Aunado a estos principios es muy importante la utilización de un apósito adecuado sobre la lesión ya que esto conducirá a una regeneración y epitelización de los tejidos, desde heridas simples y agudas hasta heridas graves y crónicas. Todo esto con el propósito de la mejora temprana y la disminución de la estadía del paciente en el hospital y el riesgo de contraer alguna enfermedad nosocomial.

Piedra y plomo: la honda frente a los asentamientos fortificados del noreste de la península ibérica a partir del siglo III a. c. y su repercusión en los sistemas defensivos

El estudio y análisis del complejo sistema de fosos del yacimiento de Los Castellazos, en Mediana de Aragón, Zaragoza, ha llevado a identificar a la honda como una de las armas más utilizadas por la república de Roma para el ataque y asalto de fortificaciones. Para ello se ha realizado el cálculo del alcance de los proyectiles de honda, llegando a la conclusión de que la presencia de defensas exteriores alejadas de los recintos defensivos tiene su explicación en la necesidad de defenderse de esta arma, sobre todo a partir de finales del siglo III y comienzos del siglo II a. C.

Walls and Defences of a Roman Fort to be Built for Historical Re-Creation

ABSTRACTRoman forts had a major impact on the foundation of many of today’s existing cities. Although a Roman Fort was accessible to many civilians, its image for most of the common people was dictated by the appearance of its walls and outer defenses, which are focus of this study. As a whole Roman fort is being conceived to be built, this case study embraces only the boundaries of this project: the walls, the outer defenses, and the analysis of how the uicus (civilian communities) and annexes are integrated into the structure. This study sets out to establish the basis for the preliminary design of this construction, taking the walls and outer defenses as the first construction phase. It is a classical construction to be built in the short-term under the constraints of modern building techniques, to serve historical re-creation and experimental archaeology purposes. The size of the uici and the fort’s annexes and their inclusion within its walls, as well as the open areas and the various defenses outside them (e.g., ditches and counterscarps), within its envelope, were analyzed to enable historical inferences, as well as legal and economic constraints to be respected, allowing to achieve a sustainable and durable solution.

Whitley Castle, Northumberland: An Analytical Survey of the Fort and its Setting

AbstractAnalytical earthwork and geophysical surveys have advanced our understanding of the lozenge-shaped Roman fort at Whitley Castle (Northumberland), which is notable for the exceptional depth of its outer defences. Built at a higher altitude than any other fort in England, it was almost certainly positioned to control the production and shipment of lead and silver from the Alston ore-fields. Its curious shape, tailored to that of the natural knoll, necessitated some adjustment of a standard fort plan, but accommodated six buildings to the rear of the central range and four to the front. An extramural settlement and terraced fields have been recorded to the west and north, and a swathe of ground to the south may have provided space for a parade ground. Post-Roman activity is evident from the cultivation and settlement remains that override the defences; two bastle-like buildings and an eighteenth-century farmhouse once stood within the fort itself.

Cramond Roman fort

Excavation on the site of an extension to Cramond Kirk Hall (NGR: NT 1907 7685) has provided new evidence for the layout of the defences of the Roman fort, the route of the road immediately beyond it and for the phases of Roman military occupation at Cramond postulated by previous excavators. The features encountered included a broad right-angled ditch, possibly part of the outer defences, turning at this point to run parallel with the road into the fort. Three much slighter parallel ditches or gullies at the south end of the site are tentatively identified as drainage features beside the Roman road which, on this interpretation, would lie just beyond the limit of excavation. At a later date, the ditch had been allowed to silt up and features including pits and a stone box-drain were cut on a different alignment, through the fill of the earlier ditch; a well was also cut across two of the roadside ditches. These later features appear to represent encroachment of extramural settlement on the defences during the Severan occupation, at a time when a large defended annexe had been constructed to the east of the fort.

Cramond Roman Fort: evidence from excavations at Cramond Kirk Hall, 1998 and 2001

Excavation on the site of an extension to Cramond Kirk Hall has provided new evidence for the layout of the defences of the Roman fort, the route of the road immediately beyond it and for the phases of Roman military occupation at Cramond postulated by previous excavators. The features encountered included a broad right-angled ditch, possibly part of the outer defences, turning at this point to run parallel with the road into the fort. Three much slighter parallel ditches or gullies at the south end of the site are tentatively identified as drainage features beside the Roman road which, on this interpretation, would lie just beyond the limit of excavation. At a later date, the ditch had been allowed to silt up and features including pits and a stone box-drain were cut on a different alignment, through the fill of the earlier ditch; a well was also cut across two of the roadside ditches. These later features appear to represent encroachment of extramural settlement on the defences during the Severan occupation, at a time when a large defended annexe had been constructed to the east of the fort.

Excavations at Crookston Castle, Glasgow 1973–75

Three seasons (1973–75) of excavation were undertaken at several locations around Crookston Castle, which is thought to have begun as a timber and earth fortification in the twelfth century. This was replaced by a stone castle around AD 1400. Trenches were opened across the castle's outer defences, the entrance, the E range and in and around the extant stone tower. There was evidence to suggest that the original counterscarp of the ditch was repaired some time after the stone castle was built and that the gatehouse area was refashioned on more than one occasion. No dating evidence was found to date the construction of the main defensive ditch, which is presumed to have been dug in the 12th century.

Excavations at Caerlaverock Castle, 1955–66

The acceptance of Caerlaverock castle into guardianship was followed by consolidation of the masonry and the clearance of the silted moat. In parallel with these operations, a series of excavations was carried out to investigate the nature of the outer defences and any surviving evidence for earlier bridges. Four different phases of timber bridges had crossed the moat to the gatehouse; the first three were dated by dendrochronology to 1277, 1371 and to the second quarter of the fifteenth century. An outer earthwork, originally intended purely to retain the water of the moat, was remodelled in the sixteenth century as an artillery defence. The approach to the castle was remodelled with an additional rock-cut moat, crossed by a timber bridge dated by dendrochronology c. 1559–94. Documentary evidence is examined for the use of these artillery defences, especially in the final siege of Caerlaverock in 1640. A rich assemblage of finds was recovered, mainly from unstratified contexts, both from the excavation of the bridges and from the general clearance work of the moat.

Phagocytosis of microbes: insights and prospects

one. For the adventurous in spirit, it combines the thrill of the chase with the capture and speedy demise of the villain. Computer buffs will find in the plasma membrane the cell’s motherboard, coordinating the flow of information from ligated surface receptors to the cell’s metabolic and motile machinery. Science fiction devotees will revel as invading microbial pathogens evade the cell’s outer defences and win the day by striking at a station along the endocytic pathway. The laid-back of all ages will appreciate the many ways prokaryotesform life-long, sometimes symbiotic, associations with the cells that phagocytose them. For cell biologists, the capacity of a bacterial or protozoan pathogen to affect a unique target in a higher eukaryotic cell is an opportunity to identify and probe otherwise undetectable regulatory pathways. Thatsome of these palhways are conserved in organisms whose evolutionary paths diverged millions of years ago (e.g. Legionella pneumophila forms similar r ibosome-studded vacuoles in fresh-water amoebae’ and in human macrophages’), indicates that lessons learned from lower eukaryotes (such as those described by Jeon in this issue) will be relevant to solving current problems of microbial pathogenesis and understanding pathways of host resistance (see for example Harding, and Selsted and Ouellette, this issue).

Fort Shalmaneser: An Interim Report

The outer defences of the city of Calah form a rough rectangle nearly five miles in circumference. They appear to have consisted of a massive single wall, with projecting towers at intervals, supplemented on the north and east sides by a ditch, of which traces can be seen on air photographs ( Iraq XVI, Pt. 1, Pl. X). On the west and south-west natural and artificial watercourses took the place of the ditch; the Tigris skirted the conglomerate terrace on which the west wall and the citadel were founded, while the Zab canal, dug by Assurnaṣir-pal II to water the plain below the city, probably approached the south wall some distance east of the citadel and followed it westwards to an outfall on the Tigris. At the south-east corner a more complex system was developed to frustrate, or over-awe, potential enemies approaching along the great highway from Erbil, Kirkuk and the Kurdish highlands, which crossed the Upper Zab near Tell Abu Sheetha and thence probably followed the modern motor track through Abbas Rejeib to the citadel. This track now passes the bitumen wells in the valley east of the city, and crosses the city wall in the angle of a great reentrant which clearly marks the site of the heavily defended Erbil Gate ( Iraq XX, Pt. 2, Pl. XIV). Some 350 m. south of this gate stands the corner tower, represented by the eastern mound of a pair now known as Tulul al Azar, which measures about 100 by 80 m. overall and stands 20 m. above the level of the plain.

Food Production Strategy and the Protein-Feed Balance

THE strongest military defense is one in depth. So it is in the grand strategy of food production in this period of emergency. The vigor with which we forge each line of our food defenses will determine our final success. No phase of the ramified problem should be neglected. But just as military strategy must be changed to take account of new weapons and new conditions, so must new approaches be sought in agriculture. At the outset of World War II, American agriculture had a vast reserve of underutilized resources and capacity, including new technology that had not yet been exploited. Aggregate farm production expanded remarkably to meet our needs and resources were adjusted to achieve phenomenal increases in specific commodities that were especially needed. Possibilities were studied of using scarce resources more effectively to produce more food by adjusting the production pattern toward plants and animals that produce more nutrients per unit of resources.1 But most of the wartime expansion came through cashing in on the reserve capacities that had accumulated in the prewar period. More complete application of known technology, fuller use of underutilized resources, together with shifts in acreage and livestock production required to meet specific needs were the prime movers. Favorable weather conditions also helped. Similar measures can be applied again, but it is very doubtful whether a corresponding expansion from present levels could be obtained, at least in anything like the same time. Like the rest of the national economy, agriculture has been operating at more nearly full capacity. We have adopted improved practices as they have come along. The Nation does not have the unused reserves that existed in 1940. There are still important opportunities, but they must be pursued jointly with other approaches. Emphasis must be placed on a combination of things rather than the power pack of any single approach. The keynote must be better management of resources and a defense in depth on at least three major levels. A basic inner core or final level in case the outer defenses are pierced and needs are urgent, lies in the fact that the Nation's food supply, measured in nutrients, can at any time be enormously expanded from the same basic resources by shifting food production and consumption patterns to include more plant and less livestock products. From seven to 10 times as much food energy can be obtained from

The Outer Defences Smashed

The Outer Defences Smashed

Ancient Remains at Birnam, Perthshire

Duncan's Camp is a fort which occupies Duncan's Hill. The camp is roughly oval and it main axis running north-south is eighty yards in length. There are artificial defences on the north side while the others are naturally steep. On the upper surface of a large bench of undisturbed rock at Birnam Hill which slopes slightly towards the west is a group of twenty cup-marks, most of which are well formed and deeply cut. A detached mass nearby has three cup marks. Rohallion Castle lies in a hollow on the hillside completely dominated by a rocky eminence less than 100 yards\r\naway and its dimensions are very much smaller than is customary in ancient Scottish defensive buildings. It consists of a central block, oblong on plan with round towers at two diagonally opposite corners, and a series of outer defences.

XIII.—Excavations about the Site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1909

In submitting to the Society our twentieth and final report on the excavation of Calleva Atvebatuni, it may be pointed out that for the first time our work during the past season has lain altogether outside the Roman town. We were able in 1908 to bring to an end the excavation of the whole of the 100 acres within the wall, but, as was then foreshadowed, there still remained to be examined the outer defences and the ditch encircling the wall itself. This formed the work of 1909.