Outer City Area Research Articles

Changes in Wuhan’s Carbon Stocks and Their Spatial Distributions in 2050 under Multiple Projection Scenarios

Urbanization in the 21st century has reshaped carbon stock distributions through the expansion of cities. By using the PLUS and InVEST models, this study predicts land use and carbon stocks in Wuhan in 2050 using three future scenarios. Employing local Moran’s I, we analyze carbon stock clustering under these scenarios, and the Getis–Ord Gi* statistic identifies regions with significantly higher and lower carbon-stock changes between 2020 and 2050. The results reveal a 2.5 Tg decline in Wuhan’s carbon stock from 2000 to 2020, concentrated from the central to the outer city areas along the Yangtze River. By 2050, the ecological conservation scenario produced the highest carbon stock prediction, 77.48 Tg, while the economic development scenario produced the lowest, 76.4 Tg. High-carbon stock-change areas cluster in the north and south, contrasting with low-change area concentrations in the center. This research provides practical insights that support Wuhan’s sustainable development and carbon neutrality goals.

How does heterogeneity in dwelling type preferences relate to housing and built environment characteristics?

ABSTRACT Understanding housing preferences is critical for successful compact city development. However, there is limited research on understanding preference heterogeneity in dwelling type choices. Using the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this paper identifies the key housing and built environment characteristics associated with changes in dwelling type choice from detached houses to high-density. A latent class choice model captures the heterogeneity of dwelling type preferences within a traditionally low-density city, Brisbane, Australia. Findings reveal six household classes with distinct dwelling preferences: Class 1 (senior households without children with other family members) and Class 2 (couple families with children) in inner-city areas, Class 3 (high-income young households) and Class 4 (low-income households without children) in middle-city areas, Class 5 (low-income families with children) and Class 6 (middle-income young families without children) in outer-city areas. Residential environments with better access to educational facilities encourage Classes 3 and 6 to change to high-density living. Greater land use diversity encourages Classes 2, 3, and 6 to move towards high-density living. The findings can be used to design and improve high-density housing for targeted population groups across inner-, middle- and outer-city areas.

Parking in inner versus outer city spaces: Spatiotemporal patterns of parking problems and their associations with built environment features in Brisbane, Australia

The prevalence of parking problems has increasingly challenged urban planners in transport planning and become a crucial consideration in achieving sustainable city goals. Current studies focus on parking in inner city areas, giving less attention to issues in outer city areas that have different neighbourhood features. This study examines the differences in parking problems between inner and outer city spaces and reveals the nexus between built environment features and the prevalence of parking problems. We utilised a large-scale administrative dataset of civil complaints from Brisbane City Council, Australia and retrieved 162,986 parking-related complaints in 2014–2017 to account for parking problems. We examined its spatiotemporal patterns across the inner, middle and outer city rings, and how these patterns vary by problem types and calendar events, and associate with the built environment features. Our results show that parking problems are more concentrated in the inner city ring, with only some sporadically distributed local clustering in the outer city areas. On holidays and weekends, parking problems are relatively more obvious in the outer city than the inner and middle city rings. Furthermore, more problems are reported in areas where land uses are less mixed, land parcels are smaller, and on vacant land or areas with larger green space coverage, especially in industrial areas or areas near transport hubs and junctions. Our findings provide evidence for the need to consider parking policies beyond inner city conditions and to implement more sustainability-oriented initiatives on transport, mobility and liveability across all urban spaces.

Tourism Development and the Local Businesses in Amritsar

Introduction. Taking into consideration the possibilities of growth and returns the tourism sector provides to the state of Punjab, of recent the Government of Punjab and the Amritsar city administration have made huge effort in expanding this sector by tapping and promoting various sites and activities for tourist absorption. This study delivers reasons for tourism development in Amritsar and proposes possible information for stakeholders to ensure the suitable tourism planning and management, especially contributing towards the local community. Materials and Methods. Prominent categories of business operators i.e., restaurant owners, traditional shopkeepers, employees from the hospitality sector which included hotels, guest houses, hostels and lastly travel agency owners were interviewed for this study. This sample of 120 respondents was drawn from the inner and outer city areas of Amritsar city of Punjab (India). Results. Tourism is emerging as a ‘saviour economy’ for Amritsar, as a major part of Amritsar’s economy directly and indirectly is dependent on this sector. Business community in Amritsar largely perceives the impacts of tourism development positively. However, respondents felt that the business in Amritsar is also getting negatively affected due to mono–centric development, overflow of tourists and expansionist tourism-centric policies. Tourism development policy can perform better by taking local economies into consideration and increasing participation of local communities in tourism development. This way tourism can create an undeniably positive impact on local communities and local businesses. Discussion and Conclusion. As the current development model of the city is tourism centric, there is an insufficiency in growth of allied sectors as well as in development programmes and a miscoordination is there between different significant stakeholders. This study will be useful to various stakeholders like development authorities, planners, and scholars etc who are interested in addressing the developmental issues being faced by tourist cities. The usefulness of this study lies in the fact that it demonstrates how tourism can be used as a tool for regional development by gaining resident support.

How to Find Vacant Green Space in the Process of Urban Park Planning: Case Study in Ningbo (China).

Nature-based recreation in urban areas is essential for the well-being of citizens. Park green space (PGS) is a necessary urban infrastructure and a critical step of urban planning and policy-making. The existing research on PGS only focuses on service allocation problems existing in the current urban development, ignoring changes in residential communities accessibility. This research provides new ideas to evaluate PGS. Based on parks and residential communities’ data, we adopt an improved Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method to evaluate PGS accessibility in Ningbo (China) and its matching with different levels of residential areas. We present a case study in Ningbo, and discuss its implications for PGS management. This study contains two elements: (a) Compare the current and initial PGS accessibility of each community to accurately identify the communities with PGS vacancies. (b) Analyze and discuss the association between community accessibility and residential house prices. Compare the PGS coverage ratios of communities at different levels to determine the equity of PGS planning in Ningbo. We found that the level of PGS allocation in the central area of Ningbo is high. Obviously, high-value clusters are formed in Sanjiangkou, Zhenhai New Town, Southern and Eastern Yinzhou. The accessibility level in the middle area of Yinzhou is low, and there are super high accessibility residential communities in the outer city area. There is an exact period of green space vacancy in the middle and the outer area. The residential areas with ultra-high accessibility did not configure PGS services at the beginning of their construction. There is no noticeable difference in PGS accessibility of residential communities of different levels at present, but 149 low- and middle-income residential communities lack green space service when the construction was completed. High-end residential communities have priority on enjoying park green space services. Our study suggests that PGS accessibility should be studied temporally and spatially for each residential community. The Ningbo government should strengthen the balanced construction of green space in parks and guarantee green space services for low-end residential communities to improve green space equity.

When is the gift given? Organ donation, social representations, and an opportunity to register

AbstractThe gift of life doctrine underpins Australia's approach to organ donation: in legislation, clinical practice, community awareness campaigns, and educational activities. In this paper, we present an approach that situates an understanding of organ donation within a social representation framework as a system of values, ideas, and practices. In cadaveric donation, the final giving‐of‐the‐gift can never be by the donor, leading us to ask where the potential donor's decision to give the gift really lies. We present research from three studies that explored the relationship between what was socially understood about organ donation and the registration of donation intent. Drawing from three socially and culturally diverse populations, we asked people working in a corporate city institution and those attending two football matches in the outer city area to complete a word‐association task and Likert‐scale belief questions about organ donation—followed by an opportunity to register immediately on the Australian Organ Donor Register. Driven by the interdependent themata of life/death and self/other, the gift of life doctrine is inextricably linked with the loss of life emerging as both positive and negative beliefs allowing their relationship to actual registration behaviour to be observed. Our findings suggest that in many instances, the potential donor's genuine desire to give the gift lies in the tension between positive and negative beliefs, manifesting as a consent registration when the positive beliefs about donation prevail and an immediate opportunity to register is available.

Metro-induced gentrification: A 17-year experience in Taipei

The present study explores the relationship between metro systems and gentrification. Three hypotheses are proposed as follows: access to metro stations induces gentrification, metro-induced gentrification occurs in both inner and outer city areas, and metro-induced gentrification differs between the inner and outer city areas. The present study tested these hypotheses by using population migration, college graduates, increased floor area, and house price as gentrification outcomes. Panel data and traditional linear regression analyses were conducted between 1996 and 2013 in Taipei City, Taiwan. Empirical evidence generally supports the hypotheses. Particularly, metro-induced gentrification revealed by highly educated residents and real-estate development was significantly stronger in the outer city areas, whereas metro-induced gentrification revealed by house prices was significantly stronger in the inner city areas. The current results broaden the understanding on the manner in which infrastructure investments were related to gentrification in an emerging city and imply that the local government should adopt sufficient means to deal with metro-induced gentrification when upgrading public transport systems.

Passato/presente: recupero e valorizzazione dell'ex ospedale psichiatrico Paolo Pini a Milano

The former Paolo Pini hospital in Milan, built between 1921 and 1924 at Affori, is a paradigmatic interpretation of the design of a modern psychiatric hospital, in which the rules governing the spatial distribution of the pavilions consisted of a selfreferencing morphological model, based on the scientific and spatial assumptions of separating patients, by gender, disease and treatment and of isolating them from the surrounding environment. Following the process of abandonment and reuse imposed by the 1978 ‘Basaglia Reform’, today the former hospital is an emblematic example of the delinking of architectural features and their meaning, which occurred with the change of the original uses and the informal growth of the outer city area. The architectural integration of the rigid morphological layout and the redesign of its borders are able today to give rise to a new formal and organisational order designed to enhance the identity of the place.

Job Switching Of Garment Workers Decreasing Productivity: An Analytical Research

Frequent job changing or migration creates huge problems in production and management in the readymade garments sector of Bangladesh. Job changing or migration is very common character for professions but frequently change make the system interrupted. Garments workers change their jobs for higher salary, bad environment, transportation, housing and related others problems related with their working stations. From the research it was revealed that lots of job opportunities for the garments workers makes them easy to find out the better option, though their working environment almost same in everywhere excepting some special cases. Mainly the workers change their jobs for higher salaries, increasing house rent where the female for good environment, good communication and harassment free working condition. Three areas of Dhaka district have been selected for this study where two areas from Dhaka city and another one is outer side of Dhaka city. The comparative study has come here regarding their job change from city to outer city area. Workers job changing for higher salary and good environment is almost common to everywhere but for increasing house rent and communication, the workers of city area change their jobs normally.

Reappraising the Role of Suburban Workplaces in Darwin’s Creative Economy

Traditionally, suburbs have been conceived as dormitory – in binary opposition to the inner-city (Powell). Supporting this stereotypical view have been gendered binaries between inner and outer city areas; densely populated vs. sprawl; gentrified terraces and apartment culture vs. new estates and first home buyers; zones of (male) production and creativity against (female) sedate, consumer territory. These binaries have for over a decade been thoroughly criticised by urban researchers, who have traced such representations and demonstrated how they are discriminatory and incorrect (see Powell; Mee; Dowling and Mee). And yet, such binaries persist in popular media commentaries and even in academic research (Gibson and Brennan-Horley). In creative city research, inner-city areas have been bestowed with the supposed correct mix of conditions that may lead to successful creative ventures. In part, this discursive positioning has been borne out of prior attempts to mapthe location of creativity in the city

Locating public libraries in a multicultural city: A spatial mismatch?

Locating public libraries in a multicultural city: A spatial mismatch?

Goodbye Pram City: Beyond Inner/Outer Zone Binaries in Creative City Research

In the lead up to the 2004 election, federal member for Lindsay, Jackie Kelly, infamously argued that Penrith, the main locality in her electorate, was a ‘pram city’, and did not need improved funding for its university. The image of place invoked essentialist understandings of suburban residents: outer areas were meant to be working class and anti-intellectual; a commuter belt, where students weren't welcome, where men travelled from to work in factories and offices, and women looked after children. This hotly contested invocation built on pre-existing imaginary geographies of the city that construct binaries between inner and outer city areas: densely populated vs. sprawl; gentrified terraces vs. new estates; zones of production and creativity vs. sedate, consumer territory. Although such binaries have been long debunked by researchers, we argue in this article that lurking behind recent urban research (particularly the flood of work on creativity and the creative class) has been an unconscious reproduction of such binaries. Though certainly not expressed in Kelly's regressive terminology, emphasis has been placed on inner metropolitan, gentrified zones of cities, where industries like film, music and advertising have tended to locate. Middle and outer ring suburbs (as well as rural areas) are largely ignored, implied to be ‘uncreative’ zones—places of domestic consumption rather than sites of innovation, the arts and creativity. This article deconstructs these binaries. It critiques indexing measures that portray suburbs as ‘lagging’ and ‘uncreative’, and draws instead on longitudinal research on creative industries in Sydney to reveal a more complex story of social change and sectoral differentiation, of concentration, dispersal and relational networks.

Variability of total exposure to PM 2.5 related to indoor and outdoor pollution sources : Krakow study in pregnant women

The study is a part of an ongoing prospective cohort study on the relationship between the exposure to environmental factors during pregnancy and birth outcomes and health of newborns. We have measured personal PM 2.5 level in the group of 407 non-smoking pregnant women during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. On average, the participants from the city center were exposed to higher exposure than those from the outer city area (GM = 42.0 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 36.8–48.0 vs. 35.8 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 33.5–38.2 μg/m 3). More than 20% of study subjects were affected by high level of PM 2.5 pollution (above 65 μg/m 3). PM 2.5 concentrations were higher during the heating season (GM = 43.4 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 40.1–46.9 μg/m 3) compared to non-heating season (GM = 29.8 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 27.5–32.2 μg/m 3). Out of all potential outdoor air pollution sources (high traffic density, bus depot, waste incinerator, industry etc.) considered in the bivariate analysis, only the proximity of industrial plant showed significant impact on the personal exposure (GM = 54.3 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 39.4–74.8 μg/m 3) compared with corresponding figure for those who did not declare living near the industrial premises (GM = 36.2 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 34.1–38.4 μg/m 3). The subjects declaring high exposure to ETS (> 10 cigarettes daily) have shown very high level of personal exposure (GM = 88.8 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 73.9–106.7 μg/m 3) compared with lower ETS exposure (≤ 10 cigarettes) (GM = 46.3 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 40.0–53.5 μg/m 3) and no-ETS exposure group (GM = 33.9 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 31.8–36.1 μg/m 3). The contribution of the background ambient PM 10 level was very strong determinant of the total personal exposure to PM 2.5 and it explained about 31% of variance between the subjects followed by environmental tobacco smoke (10%), home heating by coal/wood stoves (2%), other types of heating (2%) and the industrial plant localization in the proximity of household (1%).

Environmental health in minority and other underserved populations: Benign methods for identifying lead hazards at day care centres of New Orleans

This study tests the hypothesis that exterior sources of lead dust are more important than interior sources in the route of exposure of children. Benign field methods were used to distinguish between potential and actual lead exposure problems. Utilising hand wipe and surface wipe techniques, hand and environmental samples were obtained from selected day care centres at different locations within New Orleans. Previous research has shown that soil lead is determined by location within the city. Private and public day care centres were selected from inner and outer city areas to estimate the extent of hand lead exposure. To measure and identify the extent of environmental lead exposure, hand wipes were taken before and after playing outdoors. Results of preliminary findings show that outdoor lead dust is a more potent contaminant of hands than indoor lead dust. An association was found between the amount of lead on children's hands after playing outdoors and the lead content in the exterior dust and soil. Although two girls out of forty children had exceptionally high hand lead quantities after playing outdoors, in general, boys have higher hand lead levels than girls. The private inner-city day care centre had a severe contamination problem in its outdoor play area. By contrast, the outdoor play area of the public inner city day care centre is of such a high quality that the quantity of lead dust is independent of location in the city.

The Inner City Employment Problem in Great Britain, 1952-76: a Shift-Share Approach

Employment data for 1952, 1963, 1968, 1973 and 1976 for the British conurbations are analysed to demonstrate the extent of job loss in the inner city areas and the growth of the outer city areas. Shift-share analysis is used at a 116-sector level of disaggregation to identify the structural and residual components of this employment change. It is clear that the inner cities consistently have a positive structural component so that their poor employment performance cannot be attributed to sectoral mix. The outer areas generally had a less favourable structure so that their positive residual components reflect a 'better than average performance'. This disparity between inner and outer city areas cannot be explained by short distance relocation. Most industries appear to be affected by the inner city problems as measured by the residual component.