Outdoor Clothing Research Articles

Research on Chinese Influence on Western Fashion Based on Fashion Magazine from 1970 to 1979

The decade of 1970s was a peak of Chinese influence on Western fashion. This article was intended to reveal the categories and design characteristics of Chinese-influenced clothing with classified statistical method based on collecting a total of 295 sets of designs presented during 1970-1979 from four fashion magazines. The underlying reasons for the popularity of Chinese-influenced clothing on western fashion were also analyzed and summarized. The research results showed that the Chinese-influenced clothing included three categories: outdoor daily clothes, indoor home wears and evening dresses, presenting neutral, romantic and luxury respectively. The popularity of Chinese-influenced clothing was mainly a result of some national and international factors, including anti-fashion aesthetics in the western society, the normalization of Sino-American relation and the development of Hong Kong trade.

아웃도어 의류 광고사진 속 모델 성별에 따른 여대생들의 광고태도, 브랜드 태도, 브랜드 이미지, 구매의도의 관계 사례분석

아웃도어 의류 광고사진 속 모델 성별에 따른 여대생들의 광고태도, 브랜드 태도, 브랜드 이미지, 구매의도의 관계 사례분석

A facile approach for fabricating silica dioxide/reduced graphene oxide coated cotton fabrics with multifunctional properties

In this study, cotton fabrics were coated with silica (SiO2)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites to obtain the asymmetric wettability (i.e., two surfaces present different wetting properties), excellent air permeating and thermal insulating properties. The coating process was conducted in three steps, i.e., preparing SiO2/GO nanocomposite inks with different SiO2 weight ratios, coating the SiO2/GO inks on cotton fabrics by spray coating and getting the SiO2/RGO fabrics using hot pressing method at a temperature of 180 °C. Morphology, chemical structures, thermal stability, wettability, air permeating and thermal insulating properties of the SiO2/RGO coated fabrics were measured. Results indicated that the SiO2 nanoparticles were evenly distributed on the surface of the fabric and enhanced its roughness, and RGO reduced its surface energy. SiO2/RGO fabric with SiO2 weight ratio of 20% showed larger water contact angle (i.e., 151.4°) than both the uncoated and coated fabrics with other SiO2 weight ratios. Besides, it had excellent stability of hydrophobicity, which could maintain the spherical shape of water droplets for 80 min in air (20 °C and 65% RH). SiO2/RGO coated fabrics also exhibited better thermal insulation performance than that of the uncoated fabrics, and the SiO2/RGO coating did not impact the air permeability of the cotton fabrics. The study provides a fast and simple spray coating method for developing fabrics with multifunctional properties, which can be used in the development of functional clothing such as winter outdoor clothing that is waterproof and provides better thermal insulation while maintaining breathability.

Associations Between Personal Protective Measures and Self-Reported Tick-Borne Disease Diagnosis in Indiana Residents.

Several personal protective measures (PPMs) are recommended to prevent tick-borne diseases (TBD). We aimed to quantify the strength of seven PPMs and self-reported TBD diagnosis associations and to understand what variables modify these associations. In June-July 2018, with a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed a sample of adult Indiana state residents. Overall, 2927 participants were eligible for this analysis. All data were self-reported. We used the double robust approach of stabilized inverse probability weighting and propensity score adjustment to obtain ORs. Approximately 5% of participants (n = 142) self-reported TBD diagnosis. Practicing different PPMs ranged from 48% for treating outdoor clothing with special bug-spray to 83% for walking on established trails. Using insect repellent on exposed skin was protective against TBD diagnosis [OR (95% CI): 0.55 (0.35, 0.88)]. A thorough body/clothes check after being outdoors was also protective against TBD diagnosis [OR (95% CI): 0.40 (0.25, 0.67)]. In stratified analyses, TBD knowledge, safety worry because of ticks, avoiding outdoors because of ticks, and pet TBD risk modified the associations between different PPMs and self-reported TBD diagnosis. In the state of Indiana, thorough body/clothes check after being outdoors and use of insect repellent on exposed skin might be strongly effective in preventing TBD. The protective effect of different PPMs might be stronger among people with high TBD knowledge, high safety worry because of ticks, high avoidance of being outdoors because of ticks, and low pet TBD risk. These results might be useful in the design of intervention programs.

Research on Thermal Insulation Characteristic of Multilayer Clothing

Winter outdoor clothing is aimed at protecting human being against harsh environmental conditions, especially against cold. Thermal insulating properties of a textile material plays significant role in protective clothing. Thermal protective clothing usually is a multilayer construction composed of three layers -Base layer, Insulating material, Outer layer. The previously available jacket insulating layer is always filled with down feather which cause harm to the wearer. This study concentrates on replacing the middle layer with ecofriendly natural Fiber-Kapok. Thickness, thermal conductivity, Air permeability, and wickability properties of fiber and fabric is determined. The layers are been bonded with Needle punching and thermal bonding technique. The effect of Multilayer clothing in cold weather is been tested and analyzed using different proportions of natural ecofriendly-kapok fiber.

Exploratory Analysis of Treading Water Coordination and the Influence of Task and Environmental Constraints.

The radical embodied cognition approach to behavior requires emphasis upon how humans adapt their motor skills in response to changes in constraint. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify how the typical coordination patterns used to tread water were influenced by constraints representative of open water environments. Twenty-three participants were measured while treading water (TW) in a swimming flume in four conditions: (1) in still water, wearing a bathing suit (baseline); (2) wearing typical outdoor clothing (clothed); (3) with an additional cognitive task imposed (dual task); and (4) against a changing current (flow). Mixed methods kinematic analysis revealed four different TW coordination patterns were used across the conditions. The four TW patterns used represent a hierarchy of expertise in terms of the capacity to generate continuous lift forces, where pattern 1 (the lowest skill level) involved predominantly pushing and kicking limb movements (N = 1); pattern 2 was a movement pattern consisting of legs pushing/kicking and arms sculling (N = 7); pattern 3 was synchronous sculling of all four limbs (N = 6); and pattern 4 was the “eggbeater kick” (the highest skill level), with asynchronous sculling movements of the legs (N = 9). The four TW patterns were generally robust to the modified constraints. The higher skilled patterns (i.e., patterns 3 and 4) appeared to be the most stable coordination patterns. These results suggest that learning to perform more complex patterns to tread water might be an asset to survive in life-threatening situations.

Investigation of sewing and water repellent performance of outdoor clothing

PurposeDurability of textile materials under wet conditions has become very important in recent years. The water repellency performance of fabrics should be maintained in the seam areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of water repellent agents and sewing threads on the seam and water repellency performance properties of woven fabrics.Design/methodology/approach100 percent polyester woven fabrics were treated with three different water repellent finishing agents (silicone, fluorocarbons with 6 and 8 carbons) and then sewn with different sewing threads (unfinished/water repellent finished polyester/cotton corespun and polyamide filament). Afterwards, mechanical properties, seam performance and water repellency properties of these materials were measured.FindingsThe effect of finishing which was statistically significant on seam strength only in warp direction was significant on seam elongation and efficiency in both warp and weft directions. Seam strength, seam efficiency, seam slippage and seam pucker of fabrics sewn with polyamide threads were higher than others. The fluorocarbons applied to the fabrics gave higher water repellency values than silicones. In addition, as the chain length increased in fluorocarbons, water repellency performance increased. Sewing process reduced water resistance of fabrics; however, water repellent finish applied to the threads increased water resistance of fabrics.Originality/valueAs a result of the literature review, it was seen that water repellency property of a wear were studied in only seamless areas of fabrics. Originality of this study is that the water repellency properties are also analyzed in the seam areas of the fabrics and evaluated together with the seam performance characteristics.

Polymer Brushes Tethered ZnO Crystal on Cotton Fiber and the Application on Durable and Washable UV Protective Clothing

AbstractTo improve the durability and washability of ultraviolet (UV) protective fabrics, grafted polymer brushes are introduced as platforms for in situ growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure on modified cotton fibers, using the electroless deposition approach. Hollow cotton fiber acts as a microreactor for ZnO deposited on both inner and outer surfaces. More importantly, adjusting the reaction in a microenvironment enables effective control of the morphology of ZnO crystals and the functionalized fabric shows durable UV blocking properties. Unlike other finishing processes, the functional ZnO nanocrystals are grown not only on the surface of the fibers but also inside of the hollow cotton fibers, but with a different morphology. This unique property, postmodification allows the functional fabrics to show good antifriction capability, washability, and durability. The combination of zinc oxide and textiles brings out new features for plain cloth, and the final product can be applied to outdoor clothing, protective suits, tents, and curtains, etc.

Highly fluorinated chemicals in functional textiles can be replaced by re-evaluating liquid repellency and end-user requirements

Ongoing regulation of, and concerns regarding, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (also popularly known as “highly fluorinated chemicals”), has driven the textile market to search for sustainable alternative chemistries that can provide similar liquid repellency to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in performance textiles. This paper aims to inform the potential substitution of fluorochemicals with more environmentally friendly durable water repellents, taking a case-by-case approach and evaluating protection needs for consumer outdoor clothing and medical protective clothing separately. Recently developed non-fluorinated durable water repellents, some based on green chemistry principles, were evaluated in an in-depth assessment for their functionality against fluorinated short-chain alternatives (with hydro-and oleophobic moieties of carbon chain length of six or less). Repellency towards water and non-polar liquids was evaluated with established standard test methods and by measuring the roll-off angle of liquid droplets with a novel sample holder setup. This improved method allowed an enhanced mechanistic understanding of the droplets’ roll-off processes on woven textiles. The best non-fluorinated alternatives demonstrated high water repellency equal to fluorinated side-chain polymers with 'short' fluorinated carbon chains ≤6 carbons, and should be considered as suitable substitutes for consumer outdoor clothing. These results are supported by a survey of end-use requirements indicating water repellency and durability were the most important purchasing criteria. For polar liquids, with lower surface tensions, the repellency provided by non-fluorinated alternatives was clearly reduced, although they had a moderate repellency towards liquids with intermediate polarity (e.g. red wine or synthetic blood). Only fluorinated side-chain polymers with 'short' fluorinated carbon chains ≤6 carbons were seen to provide sufficient protection to polar liquids with very low surface tension (olive oil or gastric fluid). Since occupational protective clothing (e.g. medical clothing) often must provide protection against liquid of a wider range of polarities (e.g. in the case of medical clothing, to bodily fluids and protect the wearer from the transmission of diseases), current non-fluorinated DWRs do not provide sufficient liquid repellency. This implies that innovations in textile technology are still needed to substitute PFASs in some types of occupational protective clothing and other end uses where oil and stain repellency is essential.

Development of methods for the digital representation of the thermal wearing comfort of outdoor clothing

A multi-model pore system, which includes the micro, meso, macro and mega pores, develops between fibers, yarns, fabrics or multilayer fabrics and human body respectively during wearing clothes. This multimodel pore system significantly affects thermodynamic processes of human and consequently the thermal wearing comfort of outdoor and protective clothing. The objectives of the research are to analyze this effect and to develop application-oriented principles and processes for the holistic simulation of outdoor clothing according to geometrical, textile-physical, and thermal parameters. To achieve the required aim clothing samples for five selected test persons are developed and sewed and the textile materials are comprehensively characterized. The size distribution of the mega pores are identified by the fit simulation and the wear trials are conducted in climate chamber to analyze the heat transfer between body and clothing system. In this paper the thermal simulation of the jacket and test person1 is presented. This innovative approach will give the opportunity to analyze the effect of body shape, design of clothing, environmental conditions and level of activity of human.

광에너지 하베스팅 아웃도어 의류 및 패션제품의 상품기획 및 디자인 방향 연구

광에너지 하베스팅 아웃도어 의류 및 패션제품의 상품기획 및 디자인 방향 연구

One-pot fabrication of superhydrophobic and flame-retardant coatings on cotton fabrics via sol-gel reaction

Waterproof and flame-retardant fabrics are widely utilized in many fields, such as automotive interiors, indoor decorations, outdoor clothing and tents. Herein, a facile one-pot sol-gel approach was developed to construct superhydrophobic and flame-retardant (SFR) coatings on cotton fabrics. The cotton fabric was activated by O2 plasma and then immersed into the ethanol suspension containing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HPDMS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The hydrogen bonding interaction between APP and cellulose motivated the APP to attach to the cotton fibers during the initial stirring process. After the addition of ammonia, the in situ sol-gel reaction of TEOS and HPDMS was initiated to generate polydimethylsiloxane-silica hybrid (PDMS-silica). The micro-nano structured composite coating on cotton fabric was successfully fabricated by the PDMS-silica and APP. The SFR cotton fabric showed outstanding durability and self-cleaning ability with a water contact angle (WCA) above 160°. When exposed to fire, the SFR cotton fabric quickly charred to extinguish the fire by generating a dense intumescent char layer under the physical barrier effect of PDMS-silica and the intumescent flame-retardant effect of APP. This one-pot approach for fabricating SFR cotton fabric is simple, cost-effective and timesaving, demonstrating significant advantages in practical production.

Evaluation of climatic zones and field study on thermal comfort for underground engineering in China during summer

The researches on thermal comfort for underground engineering are lacking in China. In this paper, ground temperature (Tg), ventilating sensible heat ratio (VSHR) of fresh air in 249 cities of different areas were calculated, and four climatic zones including Cold, Dry, Humid, Hot&Humid were established. Through field surveys from June 1 to September 30 during the period 2007–2015, larger amounts of measured data and 5862 effective questionnaires were obtained in non-air conditioned defense basement in the four climatic zones. Results showed that the mean thermal sensation (MTS) values did not agree with the values of PMV model. At the same operative temperature of 27 ℃, the values of MTS were 0.53, 0.47, 0.32 and 0.0 in Cold, Dry, Humid and Hot&Humid climatic zone, respectively. When Top was more than 26 ℃, more than 84% of the occupants expect ‘no change’ in the four climatic zones, especially 91% in Hot&Humid zone. When relative humidity (RH) was more than 80%, most of the occupants’ thermal acceptability (TA) was less than −0.3. In addition, by using multiple regression techniques, the neutral temperature models were derived using the parameters of average outdoor temperature, Tg, RH and clothing value for different climatic zones.

Limits of thermal adaptation in cities: outdoor heat-activity dynamics in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide

ABSTRACTOutdoor thermal discomfort discourages outdoor living at the cost of increased demand for indoor air-conditioning. The resulted waste heat from air-conditioning makes a feedback loop with increased outdoor heat stress. Local and seasonal climate expectations, comfort perceptions, demographic specifications, activity choices and socio-cultural norms can affect the adaptation of public life to outdoor heat stress. This paper explores limits of outdoor thermal adaptation in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Outdoor activity observation and microclimate measurement were conducted in 10 selected public spaces between February 2013 and March 2014. Results indicate that before the outdoor thermal environment of UTCI = 22–34°C, there is no significant decline in outdoor living and people adapted their outdoor activities, clothing and activity rate to achieve thermal comfort. Beyond this neutral thermal threshold, outdoor thermal adaptation shifted towards dismissal of optional and social activities and modification of necessary activities. Space configurations, local climate expectations and flexible activity choices may extend outdoor thermal adaptation by the critical zero-activity thresholds of 48°C. Thereafter, outdoor activity prevention can become the dominant thermal adaptation strategy. Localized limits of outdoor thermal adaptation are to be addressed to facilitate more liveable and healthy cities in the context of climate change.

Superhydrophobic Paper from Nanostructured Fluorinated Cellulose Esters.

The development of economically and ecologically viable strategies for superhydrophobization offers a vast variety of interesting applications in self-cleaning surfaces. Examples include packaging materials, textiles, outdoor clothing, and microfluidic devices. In this work, we produced superhydrophobic paper by spin-coating a dispersion of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters. Modification of cellulose nanocrystals was accomplished using 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorononanoyl chloride and 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluoroundecanoyl chloride, which are well-known for their ability to reduce surface energy. A stable dispersion of nanospherical fluorinated cellulose ester was obtained by using the nanoprecipitation technique. The hydrophobized fluorinated cellulose esters were characterized by both solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Further, we investigated the size, shape, and structure morphology of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements.

Development of breathable Janus superhydrophobic polyester fabrics using alkaline hydrolysis and blade coating

Alkaline hydrolysis is a common finishing method that is used to give polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) a more natural touch and improved luster via chemical or physical changes in the fibers. However, its potential as a tool for surface modification in the development of single-sided superhydrophobic materials has not been studied yet. In this research, Janus superhydrophobic PET fabrics with asymmetric wetting properties (one side of the PET surface was rendered superhydrophobic while the other side was simply hydrophobic) were fabricated in two steps. Fine roughness was first achieved on the surface of PET fabrics by alkaline hydrolysis. Subsequently, optimized foam-coating emulsions were applied on only one surface of the alkaline-hydrolyzed PET. Alkaline treatment time, solution temperature, and viscosity of the foam-coating emulsions were varied to find optimal conditions in terms of structural changes, mechanical properties, superhydrophobicity, and absorption ability. The specimen treated with an aqueous solution of 8% sodium hydroxide at 70℃ for 60 min and coated with the mixture of the fluoro-emulsion and thickener in the volume ratio of 40:2 was determined to be the optimal conditions for the Janus superhydrophobic property. This sample showed a contact angle of 162.8° and a shedding angle of 5.6° on one side, whereas it completely permitted the percolation of water drops on the other side within 109 s. The mechanical properties of the developed Janus PET under the optimal conditions did not decrease significantly; its weight and tensile strength were found to have decreased by 3.3% and 19.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the single-sided superhydrophobic specimen demonstrated higher moisture transmissibility than the double-sided coated PET under the same alkaline treatment conditions. The method developed herein eliminates the requirement for an additional process to deliver nanoscale surface roughness and has the potential to produce waterproof–breathable PET fabrics for outdoor clothing.

Durable UV-protective cotton fabric by deposition of multilayer TiO2 nanoparticles films on the surface

Durable ultraviolet (UV)-protective cotton fabric has great application potential in outdoor cotton clothing. In this study, oppositely charged TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited onto cotton fabric through the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, resulting in multilayer films with UV-protective properties. The mechanism of the technology has been investigated through characterization of the structure and properties using different techniques including FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and a scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum. The results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles distributed uniformly on the surface of cotton fibers. The TGA results indicated that the TiO2 nanoparticles deposit on cotton fabrics had little effect on the thermal stability of cotton fabrics. The tensile strength and air permeability of the cotton samples were tested by a universal material testing machine and automatic ventilation instrument. The UV protection property of cotton fabric after assembled multilayer films was measured by an ultraviolet transmittance analyzer, and the laundering experiments were carried out to determine the durability of TiO2 nanoparticles on cotton fabric. The results showed that the UV protection property of cotton fabrics after assembled TiO2 nanoparticles was still maintained at a high level after five launderings.

A Fast Test System to Evaluate the Physical Protection Potential of Textiles against Blood-Sucking Insects

Blood-sucking insects can cause severe health damage in humans and animals for example by causing allergic reactions or by the propagation of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Textiles are widely used for insect protection with bednets, curtains or outdoor clothing. The main approach is functionalization of the textiles with insect repellents like DEET or insecticides like permethrin. Instead of or in addition to these chemical measures the mechanical protection potential of the fabric itself has to be considered for preventing insect bites and stings effectively. Densely woven fabrics or spacer fabrics can serve as a chemical-free protection system. To compare the physical protection potential of different textiles against the mouthparts and stings of blood-sucking insects, we developed an easy and reliable test system which can be used in textile research institutes and companies. The system is mobile and can also be applied on wet textiles. We here describe the construction and validation of our new test system.

Raziskava prešitih tkanin za vrhnja oblačila za nošenje na prostem

Raziskava prešitih tkanin za vrhnja oblačila za nošenje na prostem

Influence of seam types on seam quality of outdoor clothing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a rational and complete design scheme of seam type of outdoor clothing, so as to improve the seam efficiency and appearance of outdoor clothing, as well as to provide an optimal seam base for the subsequent pressure adhesive process.Design/methodology/approachFour types of common outdoor fabrics and four seam types were selected. Seam strength and thickness were measured. Seam efficiency and seam thickness strain were calculated to evaluate seam quality. Multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of seam type essential factors on seam strength.FindingsAmong the component factors of seam type, based on two stitches, seam strength was significantly affected by stitch distance, followed by fabric layer on the seam side. The increase of stitch and the interaction among fabrics can effectively improve the seam efficiency. The methods are as follows: the increase of stitches, stitch distance shortening, the increase of fabric layers, etc. The change of seam type had no significant influence on seam thickness strain. A seam-type design scheme of outdoor clothing with good mechanical and appearance properties was designed by choosing the seam types FX1, FX2 and FX4.Originality/valueThis paper designed a practical scheme of seam-type design of outdoor clothing, which has been applied in the industrial production process. It is important for guiding the improvement of seam quality and the production efficiency of outdoor clothing.