Intimate Partner Violence Outcomes Research Articles

Intimate Partner Violence and Psychological Maladjustment: Examining the Role of Institutional Betrayal Among Survivors.

Research has found that a majority of individuals, irrespective of gender, experienced their first intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Indeed, researchers have found that college students' experiences of IPV are comparable if not higher than that of the general population. IPV victimization also places individuals at a higher risk for developing psychological conditions. In addition, when IPV experiences occur on college campuses, there are a variety of institutional factors that may impact the outcome of the traumatic event for the survivor. The present study seeks to examine whether institutional betrayal moderates the relationship between IPV and different psychological outcomes (i.e., depression, posttraumatic stress, anxiety). The study analyzed survey responses from a sample of 316 undergraduate students attending a Midwestern University. Three separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each of the maladaptive psychological outcomes. Results showed that institutional betrayal was positively correlated with depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Interestingly, institutional betrayal was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and anxiety symptoms when controlling for the effects of physical violence, sexual violence, and psychological aggression. The present study highlights the significance of the impact of institutional betrayal, independent of interpersonal betrayal, on mental health.

Can mental health treatments help prevent or reduce intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review

BackgroundEpidemiological research suggests an interrelationship between mental health problems and the (re)occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, little is known about the impact of mental health treatments on IPV victimization or perpetration, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to identify prospective, controlled studies of mental health treatments in LMIC. We defined ‘mental health treatment’ as an intervention for individuals experiencing mental ill health (including substance misuse) including a substantial psychosocial or pharmacological component. Studies had to measure a mental health and IPV outcome. We searched across multi-disciplinary databases using a structured search strategy. Screening of title/abstracts and full-text eligibility assessments were conducted by two researchers independently, data were extracted using a piloted spreadsheet, and a narrative synthesis was generated.ResultsWe identified seven studies reported in 11 papers conducted in five middle-income countries. With the exception of blinding, studies overall showed acceptable levels of risk of bias. Four of the seven studies focused on dedicated mental health treatments in various populations, including: common mental disorders in earthquake survivors; depression in primary care; alcohol misuse in men; and alcohol misuse in female adult sex workers. The dedicated mental health treatments targeting depression or alcohol misuse consistently reduced levels of these outcomes. The two studies targeting depression also reduced short-term IPV, but no IPV benefits were identified in the two alcohol-focused studies. The other three studies evaluated integrated interventions, in which a focus on substance misuse was part of efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS and violence against particularly vulnerable women. In contrast to the dedicated mental health interventions, the integrated interventions did not consistently reduce mental ill health or alcohol misuse compared to control conditions.ConclusionsToo few studies have been conducted to judge whether mental health treatments may provide a beneficial strategy to prevent or reduce IPV in LMIC. Key future research questions include: whether promising initial evidence on the effects of depression interventions on reducing IPV hold more broadly, the required intensity of mental health components in integrated interventions, and the identification of mechanisms of IPV that are amenable to mental health intervention.

Intimate Partner Violence and Health: The Roles of Social Support and Communal Mastery in Five American Indian Communities.

Elevated rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been documented among American Indian (AI) populations and multiple negative health outcomes are associated with IPV among the general population. The aims of this study were to examine associations between IPV and health outcomes among AI women and men (N = 192) in five reservations in the upper Midwest and test for possible moderating roles of social support and communal mastery. Data were from quantitative survey results from the Gathering for Health study, a community-based participatory research project investigating the impact of stress on health among AI adults living with type 2 diabetes. Computer-assisted surveys measured IPV with current or most recent partner, depressive symptoms, adverse physical health conditions frequently co-occurring with type 2 diabetes, drug abuse, and self-reported levels of social support and communal mastery. Forty-eight percent of women and 43% of men reported IPV in their current or most recent relationship. Higher IPV scores were positively associated with depressive symptoms, physical health, and drug abuse and negatively associated with social support and communal mastery. Social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms and drug abuse, and communal mastery and depressive symptoms were inversely correlated. Ordinary least squares regression analyses demonstrated positive relationships between IPV and all three adverse health outcomes, but communal mastery was not significantly related to any of the outcomes in multivariate models. Social support moderated the effects of IPV on depressive symptoms only and communal mastery demonstrated no moderating effect. Findings suggest that social support may be protective against negative health outcomes among this population and corroborate previous scientific literature on the negative health outcomes specifically related to IPV. Interventions seeking to increase social support may be an area in which to focus IPV preventive and treatment efforts.

The psychometric properties of an intimate partner violence education outcome measure

BackgroundThe need for increased education on intimate partner violence (IPV) for healthcare practitioners has been well established. Most Australian healthcare practitioners are educated at university, where educational interventions could be delivered to students. Specific IPV outcome measurement instruments demonstrating sound psychometric properties would enable accurate evaluation of educational interventions to ensure effectiveness. MethodsThe psychometric properties of the Modified Physician REadiness to Manage Intimate partner violence Scale (Modified PREMIS) were measured when delivered to a cohort of Australian paramedic and nursing students, performing principal component analysis, and evaluating dimensionality, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. ResultsIn total, 260 responses were received, participants were primarily paramedicine students (85.0%) with the remainder double degree nursing and paramedicine students (15.0%). Actual and Perceived Knowledge and Perceived Preparation subscales demonstrated variable validity and reliability. Principal component analysis of opinion items revealed a 5-factor solution, with identified subscales demonstrating mostly low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.47 and 0.80). Correlations between subscales demonstrated few significant correlations above r = 0.3 which may indicate problems with construct validity. Medium to high test-retest reliability was found for subscales with spearman's rho values between 0.63 and 0.88. ConclusionsThe scale did not demonstrate robust psychometric properties and some items may not be appropriate for use with Australian healthcare student cohorts. Pending revisions and subsequent psychometric appraisal the instrument should be used with caution; however an updated instrument may contribute as a valuable tool for IPV educational research and this paper provides several findings which may be of use when revising the scale.

Disability, sexual orientation, and the mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence: A comparative study of women in the U.S.

BackgroundResearch on disabled non-heterosexual women's post-intimate partner violence mental health outcomes—such as anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol use—is lacking. ObjectiveTo examine the impact of the intersection of disability and sexual orientation on women's post-intimate partner violence mental health outcomes: including difficulty sleeping, missing school or work, or reporting some post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology and a self-reported subjective measure of overall wellbeing. MethodsData come from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2010). A series of chi-square analyses were conducted (applying standardized sample weights and adjusting standard errors for both clustering and stratification for survey data). ResultsBisexual women are significantly more likely than straight women to report being disabled prior to victimization, but all disabled women—regardless of sexual orientation—are equivalently likely to rate their mental health as poor and/or actively experience difficulty sleeping, difficulty going to work or school, and/or PTSD. ConclusionsAligned with previous work, this study finds that bisexual women are significantly more likely than straight women to be disabled prior to experiencing all forms of intimate partner violence; and that disabled women, generally, are significantly more likely than not-disabled women to experience the negative mental health consequences of that violence. However, contrary to previous work, there are no sexual orientation disparities in said mental health outcomes among disabled women. Clinically, it is important for health care providers to be aware of the significant impact of intimate partner violence on the disabled women they regularly provide care to.

Associations between intimate partner violence and reproductive and maternal health outcomes in Bihar, India: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBihar, India has higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal and infant mortality relative to India as a whole. This study assesses whether IPV is associated with poor reproductive and maternal health outcomes, as well as whether poverty exacerbates any observed associations, among women who gave birth in the preceding 23 months in Bihar, India.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of data from a representative household sample of mothers of children 0–23 months old in Bihar, India (N = 13,803) was conducted. Associations between lifetime IPV (physical and/or sexual violence) and poor reproductive health outcomes ever (miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion) as well as maternal complications for the index pregnancy (early and/or prolonged labor complications, other complications during pregnancy or delivery) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for demographics and fertility history of the mother. Models were then stratified by wealth index to determine whether observed associations were stronger for poorer versus wealthier women.ResultsIPV was reported by 45% of women in the sample. A history of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion was reported by 8.7, 4.6, and 1.3% of the sample, respectively. More than one in 10 women (10.7%) reported labor complications during the last pregnancy, and 16.3% reported other complications during pregnancy or delivery. Adjusted regressions revealed significant associations between IPV and miscarriage (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11–1.65) and stillbirth (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02–1.82) ever, as well as with labor complications (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04–1.54) and other pregnancy/delivery complications (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.42–1.99). Women in the poorest quartile (Quartile 1) saw no associations between IPV and miscarriage (Quartile 1 AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.67–1.45) or stillbirth (Quartile 1 AOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.69–1.98), whereas women in the higher wealth quartile (Quartile 3) did see associations between IPV and miscarriage (Quartile 3 AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.25) and stillbirth (Quartile 3 AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.08).DiscussionIPV is highly prevalent in Bihar and is associated with increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and maternal health complications. Associations between IPV and miscarriage and stillbirth do not hold true for the poorest women, possibly because other risks attached to poverty and deprivation may be greater contributors.

Intimate Partner Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Public Health Issue

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) remains at epidemic proportions in the United States. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) as an outcome of IPV is now being investigated by researchers, particularly long-term sequelae. This review addresses underreporting and lack of treatment, and the physical and psychological impact for victims of IPV who have received a TBI. Recent research has begun to investigate professional sports players who experience repeated concussions and their at-risk status for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Women who are in abusive relationships for long periods of time may also incur repeated blows to the head. Researching the at-risk status for CTE is a much needed line of inquiry for this underserved population.

Maternal outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) During Pregnancy in India

Background: Pregnancy is a very challenging period, especially so if the pregnant woman is exposed to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during her pregnancy. The health of the mother during pregnancy is very important because the health of the fetus depends largely on that. IPV during pregnancy can cause several maternal health problems and issues that could be deleterious to health of the fetus. IPV during pregnancy is present but not reported as frequently and seems to receive less attention in the perinatal care when compared to other health conditions that occur during pregnancy. Objective: To analyze objectively the maternal outcomes of pregnant women who had experienced Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during their pregnancy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was made in the following databases like PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Proquest and Science Direct for retrieving the related studies. Data were analyzed according to the objective. Narrative analysis was adopted to write this review. Results: The study found that IPV experienced during pregnancy affects the physical, reproductive health, mental health as well the health seeking behavior of the pregnant woman. Conclusion: It is pertinent to have proper screening mechanisms for IPV, which are functioning in the antenatal clinics. Availability of health care providers who are sensitive to the issues these women face and are able to screen IPV effectively is the need of the hour.

Perinatal Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review Protocol

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth is a crucial developmental phase in the life of a woman and her newborn(s). It becomes increasingly challenging if the pregnant woman is exposed to any Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or domestic violence during this period. Neonatal outcomes depend largely on the mother’s health and wellbeing. Though IPV could be present even during pregnancy, it is not reported especially in a patriarchal culture. It also seems to be neglected in the perinatal health care by the health care professionals. It is pertinent for health care professionals to be aware of this during pregnancy, so that the mother and her newborn do not face any adverse outcomes.Objective: To identify the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women (who had experienced Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during their pregnancy) and their newborns.Method: A comprehensive literature search will be made in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Proquest, IndMed and ScienceDirect for retrieving the related studies. This systematic review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- nalyses (PRISMA) statement. A search strategy will be formulated. Data will be collected and analyzed according to the objective. Data extraction and data evaluation for its quality will be done. This review will include observational/analytical studies like cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies and prevalence surveys. Narrative reviews, dissertations, case-reports, letters to the editor will be excluded.Conclusion: Though there is a growing evidence suggesting that IPV can cause serious consequences, it is unclear as to what are the specific perinatal outcomes that may affect a woman when she suffers from IPV during the period of her pregnancy. The proposed study would help in adding to the existing evidence.

Dating Violence Against HIV-Infected Youth in South Africa: Associations With Sexual Risk Behavior, Medication Adherence, and Mental Health.

As perinatal HIV-infected youth become sexually active, the potential for onward transmission becomes an increasing concern. In other populations, intimate partner violence (IPV) is a risk factor for HIV acquisition. We build on this critical work by studying the role of IPV in facilitating onward transmission among HIV-infected youth-an important step toward effective intervention. Soweto, South Africa. Self-report surveys were completed by 129 perinatal HIV-infected female youth (aged 13-24 years). We calculated the IPV prevalence and used logistic models to capture the association between IPV and health outcomes known to facilitate onward HIV transmission (eg, risky sex, poor medication adherence, depression, and substance abuse). A fifth of perinatal HIV-infected participants reported physical and/or sexual IPV in the past year; one-third reported lifetime IPV. Childhood adversity was common and positively associated with IPV. Past-year physical and/or sexual IPV was positively correlated with high-risk sex [odds ratio (OR) = 8.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.78 to 28.90], pregnancy (OR = 6.56; 95% CI: 1.91 to 22.54), poor medication adherence to antiretroviral therapy (OR = 5.37; 95% CI: 1.37 to 21.08), depression (OR = 4.25; 95% CI: 1.64 to 11.00), and substance abuse (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 1.42 to 11.86). Neither past-year nor lifetime IPV was associated with viral load or HIV status disclosure to a partner. We find that IPV may increase risk for onward HIV transmission in perinatal HIV-infected youth by both increasing engagement in risky sexual behaviors and lowering medication adherence. HIV clinics should consider integrating primary IPV prevention interventions, instituting routine IPV screening, and collocating services for victims of violence.

Is There a Cumulative Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence in Emerging Adulthood?

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to cumulatively predict a range of poor physical and mental health outcomes across adulthood. The cumulative effect of ACEs on intimate partner violence (IPV) in emerging adulthood has not been previously explored. The current study examined the individual and cumulative associations between nine ACEs (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, witnessing domestic violence, living with a mentally ill, substance abusing, or incarcerated household member) and IPV in a diverse sample of college students (N = 284; Mage = 20.05 years old [SD = 2.5], 32% male, 37% Caucasian, 30% Asian, 33% other, and 27% Hispanic) from an urban, public college in the Northeast of the United States. Participants reported ACEs (measured by the Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey) and IPV perpetration and victimization (measured with the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale-2) of physical and psychological aggression in an online study that took place from 2015 to 2016. Bivariate and multivariate associations between ACEs, cumulative ACEs (assessed by the sum of adverse experiences), and IPV outcomes were assessed, while controlling for demographics and socioeconomic status. No cumulative associations were observed between ACEs and any of the IPV subscales in multivariate regressions, while witnessing domestic violence was significantly associated with perpetration and victimization of physical aggression and injury, and household member incarceration and physical abuse were associated with physical aggression perpetration. Adverse childhood events do not seem to associate cumulatively with IPV in emerging adulthood and the contributions of individual childhood experiences appear to be more relevant for IPV outcomes. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Incremental prediction of intimate partner violence: An examination of three risk measures.

Improvements in the risk prediction of domestic violence against intimate partners have the potential to inform policing practices in the prevention of further victimization. The present study examined the incremental predictive validity of 3 measures of risk for intimate partner violence (IPV)-Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA), Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), and the Family Violence Investigative Report (FVIR)-for IPV, general violence, and general recidivism outcomes. The sample featured 289 men and women who were reported to police for IPV and followed up approximately 3 years post release. Archival ratings of the 3 measures demonstrated that SARA scores showed incremental validity for IPV recidivism, ODARA scores incrementally predicted general violence, and both tools incrementally predicted general recidivism. The FVIR did not incrementally predict any outcomes. Fine grained analyses demonstrated that the Psychosocial Adjustment domain of the SARA contributed most uniquely to the prediction of IPV. Survival analysis supported the use of the SARA and ODARA in tandem for appraising risk for IPV or general criminal recidivism. Calibration analyses using logistic regression modeling also demonstrated 3-year recidivism estimates for SARA and ODARA scores. Implications for the use of multiple tools in clinical practice are discussed, particularly for combining the SARA and ODARA measures to augment IPV risk assessment and management. (PsycINFO Database Record

On the linkage between sexual violence victimization and intimate partner violence outcomes among male and female college students

PurposeA robust literature exists documenting the association between child maltreatment and later life adverse outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between sexual abuse victimization and later life intimate partner violence (IPV) outcomes among male and female college students, which has been less frequently evaluated despite this wealth of evidence.Design/methodology/approachRelying on data from 4,162 male and female college students, the current study provides a multivariate analysis of the linkage between sexual abuse victimization and intimate partner victimization, perpetration, and being an IPV victim-offender.FindingsResults reveal a statistically significant association between sexual abuse victimization and being an IPV victim, offender, or victim-offender in young adulthood. In addition, these findings are still observed once a host of risk and the demographic factors are incorporated into the model for females, but not for males.Originality/valueThis study highlights the importance of sexual violence and IPV prevention and intervention strategies for college-aged youth.

Longitudinal Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization in Latino Emerging Adults.

Despite the prevalence of intimate partner violence in emerging adulthood, literature focused on this life stage among Latinos remains limited. This longitudinal study examined acculturation; traditional gender role attitudes; use of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco; and depressive symptoms in 10th grade as predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization among Latino emerging adults (N = 823; 58% female). Average age of participants was 15.5 years in 10th grade and 22.7 years in emerging adulthood. The results indicate important gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes for Latino emerging adults. Higher U.S. acculturation predicted physical intimate partner violence perpetration among young men. More traditional gender role attitudes were significantly associated with psychological and physical intimate partner violence perpetration among male Latino emerging adults. Among Latinas, alcohol use in 10th grade predicted psychological perpetration and victimization in emerging adulthood. The findings have implications for developing gender- and ethnic-relevant prevention interventions focused on intimate partner violence among Latino adolescents and emerging adults.

Exploring opportunities for coordinated responses to intimate partner violence and child maltreatment in low and middle income countries: a scoping review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (CM) by a parent or caregiver are prevalent and overlapping issues with damaging consequences for those affected. This scoping review aimed to identify opportunities for greater coordination between IPV and CM programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Nine bibliographic databases were searched and grey literature was identified through the scoping review team. Eligible studies were published in English; described primary prevention programmes in LMIC that addressed IPV and CM, or addressed one form of violence, but reported outcomes for the other; reported IPV and CM outcomes; and evaluated with any study design. Six studies were identified published between 2013 and 2016 (four randomised controlled trials, one pre-post non-randomised study and one qualitative study). Programmes were based in South Africa (2), Uganda, (2), Liberia (1) and Thailand (1). All except one were delivered within parenting programmes. The emphasis on gender norms varied between programmes. Some parenting programmes addressed gender inequity indirectly by promoting joint decision-making and open communication between caregivers. Conclusions are tentative due to the small evidence base and methodological weaknesses. More robust evaluations are needed. Improved coherence between IPV and CM programmes requires equal attention to the needs of women and children, and the involvement of fathers when it is safe to do so.

Prevalence and Predictors of Bidirectional Violence in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Residing at Shelters.

There has been a long-standing debate regarding whether or not there is gender symmetry in intimate partner violence (IPV); however, shelter samples have been understudied thus far. This study investigates the prevalence and predictors of IPV perpetration in a sample of 227 women in battered women's shelters. Participants were asked to complete a number of measures assessing demographics, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) diagnoses, traumatic life events, and perpetration and victimization of IPV. Although the vast majority of women in this sample (93%) report perpetrating some form of IPV, few women endorsed violence that was not mutual (5.3%). Furthermore, for every type of IPV assessed, women were victimized significantly more than they perpetrated. Results also indicate that women's perpetration of IPV, and predictors of such perpetration, varied across type, severity, and measurement of violence. However, most IPV outcome variables were predicted by women's experience of victimization. Taken as a whole, these results support the assertion that context matters when examining the relative rates of perpetration as well as its predictors.

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CD4+ T-CELL ACTIVATION AMONG HIV-NEGATIVE HIGH-RISK WOMEN.

Background:Biological pathways mediating the link between intimate partner violence (IPV) and increased HIV risk remain unexplored. We hypothesized that IPV-induced stress negatively affects HIV systemic immune defenses and aimed to evaluate whether IPV was associated with immune profiles linked to HIV susceptibility: CD4 activation and diminished regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequency.Methods:Seventy-five HIV-negative high-risk women were surveyed regarding their IPV experience. They provided blood, urine, and (if present) genital ulcer samples for cortisol, immune assays, and STI testing. Using flow cytometry, we assessed activated CD4+ T-cell (%HLA-DR+/ CD38+) and Treg (%CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) frequencies and phenotyping. Nonparametric tests evaluated the association between IPV and immune outcomes. Multivariate regression explored confounding and moderation of the IPV-CD4 activation pathway.Results:Lifetime IPV was associated with increased CD4+ activation (r = 0.331, P = 0.004), a shift in CD4+ phenotype from naïve to effector memory (r = 0.343, P = 0.003), and a decrease in naive (%HLA-DR+/CD45RA-) Treg frequency (r = -0.337, P = 0.003). Experiencing IPV over the past year had similar trends. After controlling for sexual IPV, lifetime physical and psychological abuse remained significantly associated with CD4+ activation (P = 0.004 and P = 0.033, respectively). After controlling for race (the only covariate linked to activation), the lifetime IPV-CD4 activation association remained significant (P = 0.012). Alcohol use and depression were identified as potential pathway moderators.Conclusion:Our data is the first to suggest an immune link between IPV and HIV, and may help explain differences at the individual level in HIV susceptibility and response to biological HIV prevention strategies. The association of psychological and physical abuse with CD4 activation independent of sexual abuse further supports the existence of a stress-induced immune pathway.

Cyber Victimization, Psychological Intimate Partner Violence, and Problematic Mental Health Outcomes Among First-Year College Students.

Both cyber victimization and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) have been associated with negative mental health outcomes among adolescents and young adults. The present study examined relations among cyber victimization, psychological IPV, and mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior) among first-year college students. Consistent with polyvictimization theory, we hypothesized that cyber victimization and psychological IPV would be related to each other. We also hypothesized that each would uniquely contribute to depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior, after accounting for the other. Participants (N = 342, M age = 18.33 years; 50% male) completed questionnaires during a single lab visit. Results indicated that cyber victimization and psychological IPV were related to each other, and both contributed uniquely to depressive symptoms, but only cyber victimization contributed uniquely to antisocial behavior. Exploratory analyses indicated that experiencing both cyber victimization and psychological IPV was necessary for increased depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior. This study is the first to establish a unique relation between cyber victimization and mental health problems, after accounting for psychological IPV. The findings also suggest a need to consider multiple forms of victimization when considering relations between specific types of victimization and mental health problems.

College Campus Community Readiness to Address Intimate Partner Violence Among LGBTQ+ Young Adults: A Conceptual and Empirical Examination.

This paper provides an overview of a conceptual model that integrates theories of social ecology, minority stress, and community readiness to better understand risk for and outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) among LGBTQ+ college students. Additionally, online survey data was collected from a sample of 202 LGBTQ+ students enrolled in 119 colleges across the United States to provide preliminary data on some aspects of the proposed model. Results suggested that students generally thought their campuses were low in readiness to address IPV; that is, students felt that their campuses could do more to address IPV and provide IPV services specific to LGBTQ+ college students. Perceptions of greater campus readiness to address IPV among LGBTQ+ college students was significantly and positively related to a more favorable LGBTQ+ campus climate and a greater sense of campus community. Additionally, IPV victims were more likely to perceive higher levels of campus community readiness than non-IPV victims. There was no association between IPV perpetration and perceptions of campus community readiness. Greater sense of community was marginally and inversely related to IPV victimization and perpetration. Sense of community and LGBTQ+ campus climate also varied to some extent as a function of region of the country and type of institution. Implications for further development and refinement of the conceptual model, as well as future research applying this model to better understand IPV among sexual minority students are discussed.

Employment Maintenance and Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem in the United States. Negative outcomes of IPV affect women's attainment and maintenance of employment. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical framework that described and explained the process by which women who have experienced IPV attain and maintain employment. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze interviews of 34 women who had experienced IPV. Analysis suggested that women who had experienced IPV could attain employment; however, they had difficulty maintaining employment. Entanglement of work and IPV was experienced by all 34 participants because of the perpetrator controlling their appearance, sabotaging their work, interfering with their work, or controlling their finances. Some women described ways in which they disentangled work from IPV through a dynamic unraveling process, with periods of re-entanglement, resulting in job security and satisfaction.