Objective: Although fertility rates are higher in African-American women (AA) than in Caucasian women (C), the effect of ethnic origin on the outcome of infertility treatment is uncertain. Recent studies examining the relationship between race and the outcome of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) are conflicting, with reports suggesting that success rates are higher (Sharara et al., 2000) or lower (Nichols et al., 2001) in AA women. However, previous studies failed to control for patient characteristics that may influence ART outcome. The objective of this study was to compare ART outcomes of African-American and Caucasian women Design: Retrospective, case-controlled study. Materials/Methods: African American women who underwent ART between 1995 and 2001 at the University of Alabama IVF Program were matched to Caucasian controls with respect to age, date of ART procedure, parity and primary infertility diagnosis. Additional diagnostic and demographic data were recorded for further analysis. Comparisons of the rates of pregnancy and live birth were made using contingency table testing or t-testing as appropriate. Results: A total of 41 AA women completed an ART cycle; these women were matched to 87 C controls. The mean patient age was 34.3 years in the AA group, with tubal damage as the primary infertility diagnosis in 76%; 36% of AA women had delivered a term or preterm infant in the past. As expected, the control group had similar characteristics. However, AA patients were more obese (BMI’s AA: 28.7, C: 25.4; p = 0.0032) and had a higher prevalence of uterine fibroids (AA: 31.7%, C: 6.9%; p = 0.0002). There were no differences in the numbers of eggs (AA: 14.5, C: 15.3; p = 0.62) or embryos (AA: 8.05, C: 8.88; p = 0.41) obtained, or in the number of embryos transferred (AA: 3.98, C: 4.24; p = 0.30). There were no significant differences in the proportions of women with a positive pregnancy test (AA: 41.5%, C: 39.1%; p = 0.80), clinical pregnancy (AA: 31.7%, C: 36.8%; p = 0.57), or live birth (AA: 22.0%, C: 29.9%; p = 0.35) after ART treatment Conclusions: After controlling for patient age, parity, and infertility diagnosis, the success of ART treatment in African-American women appears to be comparable to that of Caucasian women. Supported by: None.