Outcome In Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Research Articles

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes In Patients With Premorbid Psychiatric Illness.

Individuals with psychiatric illnesses (PI) have increased rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nonetheless, the influence of underlying PI on TBI outcomes is poorly understood. We analyzed the medical records of 633 adult-severe TBI (sTBI) patients admitted to our institution between 2010-2021. We identified patients with premorbid PI (Psych(+) group, n=129) and a subset with only a substance use disorder (SUD(+) group, n=60) and compared them to patients without PI (Psych(-) group, n=480). Outcome measures included discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), length of stay (LOS), in-hospital survival, and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E). The Psych(+) group had increased in-hospital survival (69.8% v. 55.0%, P=0.003) and fewer patients with severe (3-8) discharge-GCS (28.7% v. 46.0%, P<0.001). The SUD(+) group had increased in-hospital survival (70.0% v. 55.0%, P=0.028) and fewer patients with severe discharge-GCS (28.3% v. 46.0%, P=0.009). However, the Psych(+) (21.0 v. 10.0 days, P<0.001) and SUD(+) (16.0 v. 10.0 days, P=0.011) groups had longer LOS. The Psych(+) group had a higher mean GOS-E at discharge (2.7 v. 2.4, P=0.004), six-months (3.8 v. 3.0, P=0.006) and one-year (3.4 v. 2.3, P=0.027). The SUD(+) group also had a higher mean GOS-E at discharge (2.8 v. 2.4, P=0.034), six months (3.8 v. 3.0, P=0.035), and one year (3.5 v. 2.3, P=0.008). Additionally, there were no significant differences in injury severity or CT scan findings. Individuals with PI and SUD appeared to have better outcomes but more complicated hospital stays following sTBI. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms underlying these outcomes.

Severe traumatic brain injury and acute kidney injury patients: factors associated with in-hospital mortality and unfavorable outcomes

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the occurrence of AKI, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality and unfavorable outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and acute kidney injury (AKI) severity. Method A retrospective cohort study which analyzed data with severe TBI between 2013 and 2017. We examined demographic and clinical information, and outcome by in-hospital mortality, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale six months after TBI. We associated factors to in-hospital mortality and unfavorable outcome in severe TBI and AKI with an association test. Results A total of 219 patients were selected, 39.3% had an AKI, and several factors associated with AKI occurrence after severe TBI. Stage 2 or 3 of AKI (OR 12.489; 95% CI = 4.45–37.94) were independent risk for both outcomes in multivariable models, severity injury by the New Trauma Injury Severity Score (OR 0.97; 95% CI = 0.96–0.99) for mortality, and the New Injury Severity Score (OR1.07; 95% CI = 1.04–1.10) and Trauma and Injury Severity Score (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.965–0.997) for unfavorable outcome. Conclusion The findings of our study confirmed that AKI severity and severity of injury was also related to increased mortality and unfavorable outcome after severe TBI.

The value of computed tomography angiography in predicting the surgical effect and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury

It is difficult to predict the surgical effect and outcome of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) before surgery. This study aims to approve an evaluation method of computed tomography angiography (CTA) to predict the effect of surgery and outcome in severe TBI. Between January 2010 and January 2020, we retrospectively reviewed 358 severe TBI patients who underwent CTA at admission and reexamination. CTA data were evaluated for the presence of cerebrovascular changes, including cerebrovascular shift (CS), cerebral vasospasm (CVS), large artery occlusion (LAO), and deep venous system occlusion (DVSO). Medical records were reviewed for baseline clinical characteristics and the relationship between CTA changes and outcomes. Cerebrovascular changes were identified in 247 (69.0%) of 358 severe TBI patients; only 25 (10.12%) of them had poor outcomes, and 162 (65.6%) patients had a good recovery. Eighty-three (23.18%) patients were diagnosed with CVS, 10 (12.05%) had a good outcome, 57 (68.67%) had severe disability and 16 (19.28%) had a poor outcome. There were twenty-six (7.3%) patients who had LAO and thirty-one (8.7%) patients who had DVSO; no patients had good recovery regardless of whether they had the operation or not. Cerebrovascular injuries and changes are frequent after severe TBI and correlate closely with prognosis. CTA is an important tool in evaluating the severity, predicting the operation effect and prognosis, and guiding therapy for severe TBI. Well-designed, multicenter, randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the value of CTA for severe TBI in the future.

Using metabolomics to predict severe traumatic brain injury outcome (GOSE) at 3 and 12 months

BackgroundPrognostication is very important to clinicians and families during the early management of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI), however, there are no gold standard biomarkers to determine prognosis in sTBI. As has been demonstrated in several diseases, early measurement of serum metabolomic profiles can be used as sensitive and specific biomarkers to predict outcomes.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 59 adults with sTBI (Glasgow coma scale, GCS ≤ 8) in a multicenter Canadian TBI (CanTBI) study. Serum samples were drawn for metabolomic profiling on the 1st and 4th days following injury. The Glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE) was collected at 3- and 12-months post-injury. Targeted direct infusion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (DI/LC–MS/MS) and untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) were used to profile serum metabolites. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the association between serum metabolomics and GOSE, dichotomized into favorable (GOSE 5–8) and unfavorable (GOSE 1–4), outcomes.ResultsSerum metabolic profiles on days 1 and 4 post-injury were highly predictive (Q2 > 0.4–0.5) and highly accurate (AUC > 0.99) to predict GOSE outcome at 3- and 12-months post-injury and mortality at 3 months. The metabolic profiles on day 4 were more predictive (Q2 > 0.55) than those measured on day 1 post-injury. Unfavorable outcomes were associated with considerable metabolite changes from day 1 to day 4 compared to favorable outcomes. Increased lysophosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, energy-related metabolites (glucose, lactate), aromatic amino acids, and glutamate were associated with poor outcomes and mortality.DiscussionMetabolomic profiles were strongly associated with the prognosis of GOSE outcome at 3 and 12 months and mortality following sTBI in adults. The metabolic phenotypes on day 4 post-injury were more predictive and significant for predicting the sTBI outcome compared to the day 1 sample. This may reflect the larger contribution of secondary brain injury (day 4) to sTBI outcome. Patients with unfavorable outcomes demonstrated more metabolite changes from day 1 to day 4 post-injury. These findings highlighted increased concentration of neurobiomarkers such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and tyrosine, decreased concentrations of ketone bodies, and decreased urea cycle metabolites on day 4 presenting potential metabolites to predict the outcome. The current findings strongly support the use of serum metabolomics, that are shown to be better than clinical data, in determining prognosis in adults with sTBI in the early days post-injury. Our findings, however, require validation in a larger cohort of adults with sTBI to be used for clinical practice.

The Effect of Curcumin on the Recovery of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Aim: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the critical causes of death in trauma patients. In this study, the effect of nanocurcumin on the outcome of severe TBI was investigated for the first time in humans. Methods and Materials/Patients: This randomized, double-blind, and paralleled controlled study included 128 patients aged from 18 to 70 years with severe brain trauma. Patients were randomly assigned to control group (standard care treatment+placebo) and intervention group (standard care treatment+oral nanocurcumin). Changes in the level of consciousness, cerebral edema, kidney function, liver enzymes, sodium and potassium electrolytes, and brain function were followed up and compared until 6 months after discharge. Results: The Mean±SD in the intervention (14.44±31.86 years) and control patients (14.86±33.34 years) had no significant difference (P=0.543). Both groups were similar in terms of gender (P=0.669). The average level of consciousness in the intervention group increased by about 3 units (P=0.004) and more than 2 units (P=0.002) at discharge compared with the control group. By comparing the optimal performance of patients in the first (P=0.389) trimester and second (P=0.309) trimester after discharge, no significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups. The amount of brain edema caused by severe brain trauma on the seventh day of treatment in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group (P=0.038). Conclusion: Administrating oral nanocurcumin supplement in patients with severe brain trauma along with their routine treatment is effective in improving brain edema and their level of consciousness without causing coagulation, and liver and kidney complications. These findings are not only statistically significant but also clinically vital.

Predicting Functional Outcomes in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: The objective of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the role of serum S100B, along with other clinical and imaging parameters, in predicting functional outcome in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methodology: We included 23 patients with severe TBI admitted within 48 h of injury. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pupil reactivity, and Marshall's computerized tomography grade were assessed at admission and serum levels of S100B were estimated at 48 h and 21 days post injury. ROC curve was generated to determine the cutoff value for S100B levels. Clinical data were analyzed to study their association in predicting the functional outcome as assessed by the Glasgow coma scale (GOS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) at 6 months. Results: S100B levels above 1.37 μg/L at 48 h significantly predicted poor outcomes at 6 months as assessed by GOS (sensitivity of 64%, specificity of 83%, and likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.76), FIM (sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 85%, and LR of 5.0), and 3MS (sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 83%, and LR of 3.53). On linear regression analyses, GCS motor score at 96 h and S100B levels were independent predictors of GOS, FIM, and 3MS. The positive predictive value for poor outcome (GOS ≤3 or FIM &lt;72 or 3MS &lt;75) was 100% when S100B levels at 48 h ≥1.37 μg/L were combined with GCS motor scores at 96 h ≤3. Conclusion: S100B levels at 48 h post injury and GCS motor score at 96 h were significant predictors of long-term functional outcome in severe TBI.

Поетапна модель прогнозу результатів тяжкої черепно-мозкової травми

Для оптимізації прогнозування тяжкості перебігу та виходів тяжкої черепно-мозкової травми (ТЧМТ) з метою оптимізації лікування обстежено 280 потерпілих чоловічої статі віком від 20 до 60 років з вихідним рівнем порушення свідомості не більше 8 балів за шкалою коми Глазго. Оцінювали 208 клінічних і лабораторно-біохімічних ознак. Було виявлено статистично значимі параметри, що виступали у ролі біохімічних маркерів результату ТЧМТ: прогестерон та серотонін — в 1-шу добу після ТЧМТ, метгемоглобін — в 3-тю добу, оксигемоглобін — на 5-ту добу, базис-ексцес, лактат, гістамін і серотонін — на 7-му, оксі- і метгемоглобін — на 10-ту, лактат, ДОФА — на 14-ту.Прогнозування результатів ТЧМТ проводилося методом математичного моделювання на 1-шу, 3-тю, 5-ту, 7-му, 10-ту і 14-ту добу після травми. У модель прогнозу увійшли вік, тяжкість структурного і функціонального ушкодження головного мозку і найбільш прогностично значимі біохімічні маркери. Модель мала вид лінійної дискримінантної функції (ЛДФ), що розраховувалася для кожної групи хворих (тих, що вижили — ЛДФ1 і тих, що померли — ЛДФ2). Модель мала високу прогностичну якість на всіх етапах спостереження.

Цільовий температурний менеджмент у комплексі інтенсивної терапії важкої черепно-мозкової травми

Актуальність. Гіпертермія викликає церебральне пошкодження і погіршує неврологічне відновлення при важкій черепно-мозковій травмі (ЧМТ). Метою роботи було вивчення неврологічних наслідків у пацієнтів з тяжкою ЧМТ та рефрактерною к фармакологічній корекції гіпертермією при використанні цільового температурного менеджменту з залученням езофагеального охолоджувального пристрою в комплексі інтенсивної терапії порівняно з групою контролю. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 20 пацієнтів віком від 23 до 54 років із діагнозом «важка ЧМТ». Пацієнти були розподілені на 2 групи: пацієнтам I групи (n = 10) здійснювався стандартний комплекс інтенсивної терапії, що базується на міжнародних рекомендаціях щодо менеджменту важкої ЧМТ (2007, 2016 рр.); у II групі (n = 10) у стандартний комплекс інтенсивної терапії було включено цільовий температурний менеджмент (ЦТМ) за допомогою гіпотерма «Blanketrol II» (CSZ, США) і езофагеального пристрою для охолодження (Esophageal Cooling Device, ACT, США) з метою досягнення нормотермії у діапазоні 36,5–37 °С. У всіх пацієнтів оцінювався неврологічний статус за шкалою коми Глазго на наступних етапах: початково, на 5-ту, 10-ту добу та на момент виписки з лікувального закладу. Наслідки перенесеної ЧМТ визначалися за шкалою СРС (Сerebral Performance Categories), з оцінкою максимального балу при знаходженні у відділенні реанімації та інтенсивної терапії (ВРІТ) та на момент виписки з лікувального закладу. Результати. Аналіз динаміки неврологічного відновлення при виписці з лікувального закладу виявив достовірне поліпшення в групі пацієнтів із застосуванням ЦТМ, що знайшло відображення у середньому значенні за шкалою коми Глазго 13,50 ± 1,36 бала порівняно з 11,5 ± 1,8 бала в контрольній групі (p &lt; 0,05). При аналізі кращих значень за шкалою СРС в період знаходження пацієнтів в умовах ВРІТ добре неврологічне відновлення, що відповідало СРС 1–2, було отримано у 20 та 50 %, погане на рівні СРС 3–4 — у 70 і 50 % пацієнтів у контрольній та групі із застосуванням ЦТМ відповідно. При виписці з лікувального закладу неврологічне відновлення на рівні СРС 1–2 було виявлено у 30 % порівняно з 80 %, на рівні СРС 3–4 — у 70 % порівняно з 20 % пацієнтів у контрольній і групі із застосуванням ЦТМ відповідно. Міжгрупові відмінності середніх значень за шкалою СРС на момент виписки з лікувального закладу мали вірогідний характер та становили 2,90 ± 0,94 і 2,00 ± 0,77 (Р = 0,02) в контрольній і основній групах відповідно. Висновки. Використання цільового температурного менеджменту з метою забезпечення нормотермії створює сприятливі умови для більш повного відновлення порушених неврологічних функцій після важкої черепно-мозкової травми.

Прогнозирование исхода тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы

Актуальность. Актуальной проблемой интенсивной терапии является своевременное прогнозирование исхода у пациентов с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой (ТЧМТ). Цель исследования: у пациентов с ТЧМТ, находящихся в коматозном состоянии, выявить прогностически значимые электроэнцефалографические предикторы прогноза течения коматозного состояния: выход из комы, развитие вегетативного состояния, формирование смерти мозга. Материалы и методы. Открытое проспективное исследование по типу «случай-контроль». В исследовании принимали участие 89 пациентов с диагнозом: ТЧМТ, осложненная комой I–II cт. По результатам лечения 89 больных были разделены на три подгруппы. Первую подгруппу составили 69 пациентов, вышедшие из комы. Вторая включала 7 исследуемых больных, у которых был зафиксирован исход ТЧМТ в вегетативное состояние. В третью подгруппу вошли 13 пациентов с летальным исходом ТЧМТ, причем у 6 из них было диагностировано формирование смерти мозга. В динамике терапии проводили анализ уровня сознания по шкале комы Глазго, данных компьютерной томографии (Philips Brilliance CT), количественной электроэнцефалографии (кЭЭГ). ­Результаты. Прогностически значимыми ЭЭГ-предикторами выхода из коматозного состояния являются восстановление межполушарных когерентных связей в альфа-диапазоне ЭЭГ в отведениях Fp1-Fp2, T3-T4, C3-О2, Fp2-T3 и повышение сопряженности в диапазоне высокочастотной бета-2-активности в отведениях Fp1-Fp2. Прогностически значимым ЭЭГ-предиктором развития вегетативного состояния является падение сопряженности когерентных связей в парах центральных отведений (С3-С4) во всех диапазонах, кроме дельта-диапазона. Развитие вегетативного состояния связано с межполушарным ра­зобщением и снижением уровня взаимодействия между ретикулярной формацией верхнестволового уровня и системой неспецифической регуляции ЦНС на диэнцефальном уровне. Резкое падение показателей когерентности в лобно-височных областях коры Fp1-T4, Fp2-T3 — показатель разрыва прямых и обратных когерентных связей, первый признак распада нервной системы. Выводы. Применение количественной ЭЭГ позволяет выявить прогностически значимые ЭЭГ-предикторы прогноза течения коматозного состояния: выход из комы, развитие вегетативного состояния, формирование смерти мозга.

Serum Progesterone Levels as Predictor of Outcome in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Analysis of Cohort of 100 Patients

AbstractDespite advances in research and improved neurological intensive care in recent years, the clinical outcome of severely head injured patients is still poor. Primary insult is followed by a complex cascade of molecular and biochemical events that lead to neuroinflammation, brain edema, and delayed neuronal death. No specific pharmacological therapy is currently available which prevents the development of secondary brain injuries, and most therapeutic strategies have failed in translation from bench to bedside. There are limitations of clinical and radiological methods in delineating the exact severity and prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). A myriad complex biochemical markers are under investigation to delineate the extent of brain tissue damage and to independently predict the outcome, but a search for simple biomarker still eludes the research. Progesterone, a gonadal hormone and a neurosteroid, although controversial as a neuroprotective agent, may hold promise as a simple biochemical marker of the outcome in severe TBI.

Epidemiology, Prehospital Characteristics and Outcomes of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in The Netherlands: The BRAIN-PROTECT Study

Objective A thorough understanding of the epidemiology, patient characteristics, trauma mechanisms, and current outcomes among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important as it may inform potential strategies to improve prehospital emergency care. The aim of this study is to describe the prehospital epidemiology, characteristics and outcome of (suspected) severe TBI in the Netherlands. Methods The BRAIN-PROTECT study is a prospective observational study on prehospital management of patients with severe TBI in the Netherlands. The study population comprised all consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of TBI and a prehospital GCS score ≤ 8, who were managed by one of the 4 Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS). Patients were followed-up in 9 trauma centers until 1 year after injury. Planned sub-analyses were performed for patients with “confirmed” and “isolated” TBI. Results Data from 2,589 patients, of whom 2,117 (81.8%) were transferred to a participating trauma center, were analyzed. The incidence rate of prehospitally suspected and confirmed severe TBI were 3.2 (95% CI: 3.1;3.4) and 2.7 (95% CI: 2.5;2.8) per 100,000 inhabitants per year, respectively. Median patient age was 46 years, 58.4% were involved in traffic crashes, of which 37.4% were bicycle related. 47.6% presented with an initial GCS of 3. The median time from HEMS dispatch to hospital arrival was 54 minutes. The overall 30-day mortality was 39.0% (95% CI: 36.8;41.2). Conclusion This article summarizes the prehospital epidemiology, characteristics and outcome of severe TBI in the Netherlands, and highlights areas in which primary prevention and prehospital care can be improved.

Prognostic value of admission serum glucose-phosphate ratio in predicting the 6-month outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A retrospective study

BackgroundSerum glucose-phosphate ratio has been revealed to be associated with severity and prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum glucose-phosphate ratio and severe traumatic brain injury outcome. MethodsPatients with severe traumatic brain injury were stratified in quartiles according to their serum glucose-phosphate ratio. Outcome parameters included mortality, overall survival and poor outcome defined as Glasgow outcome scale score of 1–3 at post-traumatic 6 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between quartiles of serum glucose-phosphate ratio and outcome. ResultsData from 105 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Glasgow coma scale score declined, Glasgow outcome scale score decreased, Rotterdam computed tomography classification were raised, mortality increased, overall survival probability reduced and percentage of poor outcome rose significantly with each quartile of serum glucose-phosphate ratio. After adjusting for other confounding factors, serum glucose-phosphate ratio according to quartiles was substantially related to 6-month mortality, overall survival and poor outcome. Under receiver operating characteristic curve, serum glucose-phosphate ratio showed a significantly high prognostic predictive capability. ConclusionsSerum glucose-phosphate ratio might be a potential variable that can reflect trauma severity and prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Controlling nutritional status score and prognostic nutrition index predict the outcome after severe traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT Objectives Immune-nutritional status is correlated with a clinical outcome in critical illness. Recently, controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and prognostic nutrition index (PNI) has been reported to predict prognosis following cancer and other diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the CONUT score and PNI and 6-month outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 78 patients with STBI, including the CONUT score and PNI. Patients were divided into high CONUT group and low CONUT group. Patients were also divided into high PNI and low PNI group respectively. The 6-month outcome was evaluated by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). The unfavorable outcome was defined as mRS score ≥3. Results The unfavorable outcome group had lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, serum albumin, total cholesterol, PNI, and higher CONUT scores (P < 0.05). Both CONUT scores and PNI were strongly correlated with mRS (r = 0.429, P < 0.05; r = −0.590, P < 0.05, respectively). After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratios of CONUT scores and PNI for predicting unfavorable outcome were 10.478 (95% CI: 2.793–39.301) and −0.039 (95% CI: 0.008–0.204), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of CONUT scores for predicting unfavorable outcome was 0.777 (95% CI: 0.674–0.880, P < 0.01), which was similar to PNI (0.764, 95% CI: 0.657–0.87, P < 0.01). Conclusion Both CONUT scores and PNI might be novel independent predictors of the poor outcome in STBI.

Comparative Radiographic Factors Predicting Functional Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a last-tier therapy in the treatment of raised intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We report the association of comparative radiographic factors in predicting functional outcomes after DC in patients with severe TBI. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of cases between 2015 and 2018 at an academic tertiary care hospital was carried out. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed for an array of comparative radiographic variables (pre- and post-DC) in relationship to functional outcome according to Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) at 180 days. GOSE was further dichotomized into favorable (GOSE:5-8) and unfavorable (GOSE:0-4) functional outcomes. All associations were reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analysis included a cohort of 43patients with a median age of 30.5 years (range: 18-62 years). The median GOSE at 180 days was 7. Multivariable regression analysis after adjusting for confounding variables (age, sex, comorbidities, site of surgery and size of decompression) showed that comparative radiographic findings of midline shift (MLS) > 10 mm (OR 3.2 (95% CI 1.25-8.04); P= 0.01); external cerebral herniation (ECH) >2.5 cm (OR 2.5 [95% CI 1.18-5.2]; P= 0.02); and effacement of basal cisterns (OR 3.9 [95%CI 1.1-13.9]; P= 0.03), were significant independent predictors of poor functional outcome at 180 days after DC for severe TBI. However, the presence of infarction (OR 2.7 [95%CI 0.43-17.2]; P= 0.28) and absence of gray-white matter differentiation (OR 0.18 [95%CI 0.03-1.2]; P= 0.07) did not reach statistical significance. The comparative radiographic findings that include MLS > 10mm, ECH > 2.5cm, and effacement of basal cisterns are predictive of poor functional outcome in severe TBI.

Features of the Clinical Course and Prognosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes

BACKGROUND. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most important contemporary health issues. According to the World Health Organization, TBI is one of three leading causes of death in the world. Despite the development and widespread use of neuroimaging tools and instrumental research methods, clinical diagnosis of TBI is preferred. It is especially relevant at the prehospital stage when it is impossible to use instrumental diagnostic methods.THE AIM OF THE STUDY. To determine the clinical course features and prognosis of treatment outcomes in patients with various types of traumatic brain damage.MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied the results of examination and treatment of 100 victims with a severe head injury hospitalized during the first days after receiving an injury and undergoing treatment at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute in 2008–2017. Depending on the type of brain injury patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 — isolated hematoma (n=20), Group 2 — hematomas and injuries of the brain (n=40), Group 3 — injuries of the brain (n=40). All patients underwent neurological examination, CT scan of the brain upon admission and over time within 12 days after trauma. In 30 victims, intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored.RESULTS. We revealed features of the dynamics of individual neurological symptoms in patients with different types of brain damage. In patients with isolated hematomas, neurological status was represented mainly with clinic dislocation syndrome and contralateral hematoma hemiparesis, and clinical pattern significantly depended on intracranial hemorrhage. In patients with combination of hematomas and contusions, the neurological status and its dynamics were less dependent on the volume of the hematoma and were mainly determined by contusions of the midline structures of the brain. In patients with brain injuries, neurological status reliably correlated with injuries of midline structures.CONCLUSION. We revealed significant differences in neurological status, its changes over time and correlation with CT findings in patients with different types of traumatic brain injury.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.

Effect of American College of Surgeons Level 1 Trauma Center Designation on Management of Adult Severe TBI Patients

Abstract INTRODUCTION Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is a wide variability in treatment paradigm for patients with severe TBI. American College of Surgeons (ACS) level 1 trauma centers have access to 24 h neurosurgical coverage. In this study, we use the National Trauma Database (NTDB) to evaluate if ACS trauma center designation correlates with the management and outcomes of severe TBI in adults. METHODS Adult patients (&lt;65 yr) with a severe isolated nonpenetrating TBI were identified in the NTDB from years 2007 to 2014. ICD-9 procedure codes were used to identify primary treatment approaches: intracranial pressure monitoring and cranial surgery. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the impact of ACS designation on procedures and patient outcomes. Patient and injury characteristics were included in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 54 769 TBI patients were identified. Among those, 22 316 (42%) were treated at an ACS level 1 trauma center and 31 835 (58%) were treated elsewhere. Level 1 designated patients had significantly more intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors placed (12.3% vs10.8%; P &lt; .0001) and more cranial surgeries performed (17.7% vs 15.7%; P &lt; .0001). A greater percentage of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU; 89.9% vs 83.9%; P &lt; .0001) and had a longer hospital stay (16.1 vs 15.2; P &lt; .0001) at ACS level 1 trauma centers. In a regression analysis, patients at level 1 centers were associated with a 14% and 17% increased odds of obtaining a cranial surgery or ICP monitor, respectively. Patients treated at a level 1 center were associated with a 6% decrease in odds of mortality (P = .01). CONCLUSION ACS level 1 designation did correlate with increased rates of neurosurgical intervention and ICU admissions. This translated into patient outcomes as those treated at level 1 facilities were associated with lower rates of mortality.

A mathematical model of neuroinflammation in severe clinical traumatic brain injury

BackgroundUnderstanding the interdependencies among inflammatory mediators of tissue damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is essential in providing effective, patient-specific care. Activated microglia and elevated concentrations of inflammatory signaling molecules reflect the complex cascades associated with acute neuroinflammation and are predictive of recovery after TBI. However, clinical TBI studies to date have not focused on modeling the dynamic temporal patterns of simultaneously evolving inflammatory mediators, which has potential in guiding the design of future immunomodulation intervention studies.MethodsWe derived a mathematical model consisting of ordinary differential equations (ODE) to represent interactions between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, M1- and M2-like microglia, and central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage. We incorporated variables for several cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12, known to have roles in microglial activation and phenotype differentiation. The model was fit to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine data, collected during the first 5 days post-injury in n = 89 adults with severe TBI. Ensembles of model fits were produced for three patient subgroups: (1) a favorable outcome group (GOS = 4,5) and (2) an unfavorable outcome group (GOS = 1,2,3) both with lower pro-inflammatory load, and (3) an unfavorable outcome group (GOS = 1,2,3) with higher pro-inflammatory load. Differences in parameter distributions between subgroups were ranked using Bhattacharyya metrics to identify mechanistic differences underlying the neuroinflammatory patterns of patient groups with different TBI outcomes.ResultsOptimal model fits to data showed different microglial and damage responses by patient subgroup. Upon comparison of model parameter distributions, unfavorable outcome groups were characterized by either a prolonged, pathophysiological or a transient, sub-physiological course of neuroinflammation.ConclusionBy developing a mathematical characterization of inflammatory processes informed by clinical data, we have created a system for exploring links between acute neuroinflammatory components and patient outcome in severe TBI.

Functional Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review.

Throughout recovery, patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) show physical and functional improvement, but continue to have cognitive and psychosocial problems. The aim of this article was to review the literature regarding the functional and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes in severe TBI. There were 15 articles reviewed, 13 of them were quantitative studies and two were narrative review. Most of the articles showed an improvement occurs rapidly at 6 months post-injury. There were several factors that influence the outcome after TBI, most of it was the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission, age, educational level, duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), and length of stay (LOS) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Thus, health care workers should help the survivors of severe TBI in the recovery process to ensure the latter can attain maximum function and quality of life.

Quantitative EEG Parameters for Prediction of Outcome in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Development Study.

Monitoring of quantitative EEG (QEEG) parameters in the intensive care unit (ICU) can aid in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients by complementing visual EEG review done by an expert. We performed an explorative study investigating the prognostic value of 59 QEEG parameters in predicting the outcome of patients with severe TBI. Continuous EEG recordings were done on 28 patients with severe TBI in the ICU of Turku University Hospital. We computed a set of QEEG parameters for each patient, and correlated these to patient outcome, measured by dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at a follow-up visit between 6 and 12 months, using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as a nonlinear correlation measure. For 17 of the 59 QEEG parameters (28.8%), the AUC differed significantly from 0.5, most of these parameters measured EEG power or variability. The best QEEG parameters for outcome prediction were alpha power (AUC = 0.87, P < .01) and variability of the relative fast theta power (AUC = 0.84, P < .01). The results of this study indicate that QEEG parameters provide useful information for predicting outcome in severe TBI. Novel QEEG parameters with potential in outcome prediction were found, the prognostic value of these parameters should be confirmed in later studies. The results also provide further evidence of the usefulness of parameters studied in preexisting studies.

Mean Square Deviation of ICP in Prognosis of Severe TBI Outcomes in Children.

Prognostic value of intracranial pressure (ICP) is discussed in the recent literature. The aim of our study was to find the parameter that could be representative of ICP variations and might become a good predictor of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes in children. The study included 81 patients with severe TBI (2004-2014). GCS ≤ 8, age > 3 years old, admission time to our clinic <24 h from the time of injury. Mean daily values of ICP were used as a predictor, Glasgow outcome scale value was used as a grouping variable. Outcomes were assessed 6 months after injury. Total mortality was 27%. We have entered the indicator "energy ICP" (E 2), which describes the dynamics of the process and energy. E 2 value in the group of survivors was <500 mmHg2; the probability of accurate forecasting was 91%. Sensitivity, 0.9; specificity; 0.94. The proposed method is accessible and easy to perform. This method has high specificity in the prediction of severe traumatic brain injury outcome and can be a reliable tool for ICP control.