Outcome Expectations Scale Research Articles

The contribution of self-efficacy and outcome expectations in the prediction of exercise adherence

The positive contribution of physical activity and exercise to physical and mental health is widely acknowledged. However, participation in sport and exercise is not as high as would be expected. In addition to this, people who start exercising often do not adhere to their exercise programme. This study examined the effectiveness of Bandura's self-efficacy theory to predict exercise adherence. A sample of new members at a gymnasium was assessed on a Physical Self-Efficacy Scale, an Adherence Efficacy Scale and an Outcome Expectancy Scale. The dependent variable, exercise adherence, was assessed by monitoring the intended and actual frequency of visits to the gymnasium. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results indicated that physical self-efficacy was a significant predictor of exercise adherence for the total group as well as for the females seperately. For the males adherence efficacy was a significant predictor. The results partly confirm the self-efficacy theory of Bandura and underline the importance of assessing different dimensions of self-efficacy in adherence research. (S. African J. for Research in Sport, Physical Ed. and Recreation: 2003 25 (1): 71-82)

Measurement of Parenting Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Related to Discussions About Sex

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of two scales--one to measure the self-efficacy of parents to discuss sexual health issues with their adolescents and the other to measure parents' outcome expectancy associated with such discussions. Understanding how parents feel about their confidence in talking with their children about important sexual health issues and the outcomes they expect as a result of such discussions can be useful in guiding both the development and refinement of educational programs to promote parent-child discussions. The responses of 491 mothers who participated in an HIV prevention intervention with their adolescents were used for the present analysis. Mothers ranged in age from 25 to 68 years with a mean of 37.9 years (SD = 6.9). Of mother participants, 33% were married, 96.7% were African American, and 89.2% had completed high school. Their adolescents ranged in age from 11 to 14 years, and 61.5% were male. Assessment of reliability for both scales showed that internal consistency reliability was acceptable for the total scales as well as three of the five subscales. With the exception of one item on the outcome expectancy scale, the inter-item correlations, the mean inter-item correlations, and the item-to-total correlations meet the standard criteria for scale development for both scales. Factor analysis was used to identify the underlying structure of the scales, and hypothesis testing was used to assess construct validity. The results of these analyses provide support for the construct validity of the scales.

The impact of prior science course experience and achievement on the science teaching self-efficacy of preservice elementary teachers

The purpose of this research was to ascertain the impact of prior science course experience and achievement on the science teaching self-efficacy of preservice teachers. The Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument—Form B (Enochs & Riggs, 1990) was administered as a pre- and posttest. The outcome expectancy scale data revealed no significant differences between the low-group pretest and the low-group posttest nor between the high-group pretest and the high-group posttest. The results suggest that prior science course experience and achievement have little impact on the belief systems of future teachers of science.

Factor Structure of the Research Outcome Expectations Scale

The Research Outcome Expectations Questions (ROEQ) is a measure of outcomes one might expect to occur as a result of engaging in research activities. Though the ROEQ has good internal consistency, the underlying factor structure of the ROEQ had not yet been examined. Exploratory factor analyses were completed on 183 doctoral students in counseling psychology and counselor education. A one-factor model was identified. The one-factor model was submitted to confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of 284 doctoral students and was found to be a good fit of the data. The predictive validity of the revised-ROEQ appears to be adequate. Implications for using the ROEQ in future research studies are discussed.

Relationships among self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and postoperative behaviors in total joint replacement patients.

To determine whether self-efficacy and outcome expectancy predicted performance of postoperative leg exercises and ambulation among persons recovering from total hip or total knee replacement. Descriptive correlational. 50 subjects recovering from their first unilateral total hip or total knee replacement at a large midwestern hospital who had completed a preoperative education course. On postoperative day 1, subjects who correctly performed leg exercises and could properly ambulate with a walker were administered the Self-Efficacy Scale and the Outcome Expectancy Scale. On postoperative day 2, frequency and repetitions of leg exercises were measured by self-report. Ambulation was measured by distance walked in feet. Self-efficacy was the sole predictor of the dependent variables, accounting for 8% to 33% of the variance. Higher levels of self-efficacy were correlated with longer distances in ambulation and with higher frequency and more repetitions of leg exercises. Solely providing a preoperative education course is not sufficient to ensure performance of postoperative behaviors in total joint replacement patients. Patients' self-efficacy beliefs may need to be considered when planning a preoperative educational program for patients undergoing total joint replacement surgery. This study's situation-specific measure of self-efficacy could be used in the clinical setting to identify patients with low levels of self-efficacy who may be less likely to perform preventive postoperative behaviors.

The development and validation of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scales in a nonvolitional context

Computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scales were developed using 306 responses to a questionnaire distributed by a national mail survey to end users of computer systems in a variety of functional business areas. Confirmatory factor analysis using a structural equations approach was used to develop three scales. The scales were found to demonstrate satisfactory psychometric properties. The reliability coefficients for these scales were as follows: .85 for computer self-efficacy; .88 for work-related outcome expectancy; and .89 for personal outcome expectancy. The scales provide a strong foundation from which to refine the measurement of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. From these refinements, empirical models that include self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as determinants of information technology acceptance at the individual level of analysis can be improved.

The development of a brief scale to measure outcome expectations of reduced consumption among excessive drinkers

This paper describes the development of a brief scale to measure outcome expectations of reduced consumption among excessive drinkers (low dependence drinkers consuming more than recommended levels). This work, which forms part of a larger matching study of brief intervention, is based on the general proposition that outcome expectations of reduced consumption might be more important than previously thought for understanding and predicting behavior change. Twelve oucomes, derived from interviews with excessive drinkers, formed the basis of a questionnaire, the Excessive Drinker Outcome Expectations Scale (EDOES), which examined not only the valence of each outcome, but a comparison between expectations of reduced consumption versus drinking usual amouns. The questionnaire was administered to 235 hospitalized excessive drinkers. Principal components analysis produced two scales, reflecting the costs and benefits of change. The questionnaire proved to have acceptable levels of test-retest reliability and predictive validity. Analyses of construct validity revealed that outcome expectations of reduced consumption were increasingly positive across stages of change.

Changes in Preservice Elementary Teachers' Sense of Efficacy in Teaching Science

This paper reports progress to date on a longitudinal study of changes in preservice teachers' sense of efficacy in teaching science. The study involved procedures designed to validate, in an Australian context, the Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (STEBI‐B) comprised of two scales: Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Scale (STE) and Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy Scale (STO). Concomitantly, the instrument was used to monitor changes in teachers' sense of science teaching efficacy employing a pretest and repeated posttest, one group research design. The subjects were students enrolled in a three‐year Bachelor of Teaching (Primary) program. Correlations between pretest scores on STEBI‐B and other measures of personal beliefs and behaviors, namely academic self concept and academic locus of control, supported the validity of STEBI‐B. The results indicate that, over three semesters of the program, there was significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores on the STE scale. Possible explanations of the results obtained are discussed and evaluated and a justification for further long term research into teachers' sense of efficacy in teaching science is provided. Implications of the results for the teaching of elementary school science are discussed.

Relationship of alcohol expectancies to problem drinking among college women

To evaluate the stability of expectancies about alcohol and their ability to prospectively explain drinking patterns and the occurrence of alcohol-related problems among college freshman women. College women (n = 120) completed a standardized measure of expectations and subjective evaluations of positive and negative outcomes associated with drinking and a questionnaire assessing drinking patterns and common alcohol-related problems at both the beginning and end of the school year. Ninety percent of the students were Caucasian with a mean age of 17.9 years (SD = 0.5). Students' positive and negative outcome expectations and their subjective evaluations at the beginning of the year were significantly correlated with drinking patterns at the end of the year (p's < .05). During the year, students at low risk for problem drinking developed stronger positive attitudes toward the effects of alcohol upon courage, became less concerned about potential behavioral impairment, and perceived less negative effects upon self-perception. High risk students showed a significant decline in their positive attitudes toward the effects of alcohol upon their sociability. Expectancies about alcohol at the beginning of the school year explained 33% of variance in subsequent drinking (F = 6.17; p < .0004) and 20% of the variance in alcohol-related problems occurring during the year (F = 3.26; p < .02). Outcome evaluation scales at the beginning of the year explained more variance in subsequent drinking and alcohol-related problems than did outcome expectation scales. Alcohol outcome expectations and their subjective evaluations were relatively stable across the freshman year for these college women. Alcohol expectancies on entry into college explained significant amounts of variability in drinking behavior and the occurrence of alcohol-related problems during the subsequent freshman year. Students' attitudes toward perceived outcomes may be more important than the perceived likelihood of the outcomes themselves.

Development and Validation of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Scales for Job-Related Applications

This study describes the development of general scales to measure self-efficacy and outcome expectancy at both the individual and group level. Factor analysis of an initial application of these scales in work settings was used for scale revision. Results from a second work sample provide evidence of the revised scales' factorial validity, reliability, and criterion validity in reference to work satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work performance based on peer evaluations. These scales are proposed as tools to enhance the use of these constructs in job-related research.

挙手と自己効力, 結果予期, 結果価値との関連性についての検討

The purpose of this study was (a) to develop the following three scales, i.e., a selfefficacy scale, an outcome expectancy scale, and an outcome value scale for kyosyu (hand raising in educational setting), and (b) to examine the relationships between the score of each scale and kyosyu behavior measured by peer nomination and teacher's rating. Those scales were administerd to 239 third, 267 fourth, 286 fifth, and 259 sixth graders. Each scale had high reliability, and these scales were highly correlated. The partial correlation coefficients among these scales, peer nomination, and teacher's rating controlling the effects of sex, grade, sociality (popularity), and achievement were all significantly positive. Self-efficacy was found to be a primary predictor of kyosyu by stepwise regression analysis.

Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as predictors of controlled smoking status

Two studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the usefulness of self-efficacy and outcome expectation measures in predicting smoking status. Subjects were chronic smokers participating in controlled smoking treatment programs. In Study 1, Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Scales were developed and used to concurrently predict nicotine content, amount of each cigarette smoked, number of cigarettes smoked, and carbon monoxide levels. Both congruence microanalyses and correlational analyses revealed a strong relationship between self-efficacy and the dependent variables. Study 2, a larger prospective study, found strong correlations between our revised Self-Efficacy Scale and smoking behavior at a 6-month follow-up. In neither study did outcome expectancy significantly correlate with the dependent variables, nor did it significantly increment the proportion of variance explained when combined with self-efficacy.