Outbreak Of Tetanus Research Articles

TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INTRATHECAL HATG AND ITS COMPARISON WITH INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR HATG IN TREATMENT OF TETANUS

Background: Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease that continues to occur despite several decades of sustained global health programs. Recently outbreaks of tetanus have been reported after natural disasters such as tsunamis and earthquakes.
 Methods: The present study was carried out among 30 patients of tetanus irrespective of age, sex and severity, admitted in P.B.M. Hospital, Bikaner.
 Results: Overall mortality was 30% in present study. Out of 10 patients in each group one in group I, 4 in group II and 4 in group III expired respectively. So the mortality was 10% in group I, 40% in group II & III. In mild tetanus mortality was nil in all groups. In moderate tetanus mortality was 9.9%. All patients of moderate tetanus in group I and II survived. In group III mortality in moderate tetanus patients was 20%. In severe tetanus patients over all mortality was 53.3%, in group I 25%, in group II and 50% and in group 10% respectively.
 Conclusion- Intrathecal HTAT is safe and effective treatment.
 Keywords: Intrathecal, Intravenous, Mortality, HTAT.

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature

ABSTRACT: Clostridial diseases are important causes of livestock losses in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Since 1978 annual surveys conducted at the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” (LRD-UFPel) have shown that clostridial diseases represent 10.40% of the bacterial diseases diagnosed in cattle and 1.65% of all diseases diagnosis in cattle over a 40-year period. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from January 1978 to December 2018 at the LRD-UFPel in the hopes that it will constitute a useful guide for field veterinary practitioners and interested farmers. We assessed and review the necropsy protocols of 6,736 cattle; these necropsies were performed either by LRD-UFPel faculty or by field veterinary practitioners; 111 outbreaks (1.65%) were diagnosed as clostridial disease, distributed as follows: 35 outbreaks of tetanus, 34 of blackleg, 23 of bacillary hemoglobinuria, 11 of malignant edema (gas gangrene), and eight of botulism. Approximately 904, from a total of 42,480 cattle at risk, died in these outbreaks.

Tétano em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul: estudo de 24 surtos

São descritos vinte e quatro surtos de tétano ocorridos no ano 2009 em bovinos de corte em propriedades situadas na região de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD), sul do Rio Grande de Sul. Todos os rebanhos foram submetidos a procedimentos de vacinação e/ou aplicação de anti-helmíntico entre 8 e 25 dias antes do aparecimento dos primeiros sinais clínicos. O tempo de evolução variou de 12 horas até quatro dias. Os sinais clínicos observados foram: prolapso da terceira pálpebra, andar rígido, dificuldade de flexão dos membros e permanência em decúbito lateral com os membros estendidos e afastados do solo (paralisia espástica), pálpebras muito abertas, sialorréia, hiperexcitabilidade, orelhas eretas, trismo mandibular, acúmulo de alimento na cavidade oral e presença de espuma na boca e narinas em alguns casos. Alguns bovinos apresentavam área de necrose e edema hemorrágico circundada por exsudato purulento nos músculos onde havia sido aplicado algum medicamento. O soro sanguíneo e fragmentos de músculo com lesão de animais afetados foram coletados para posterior inoculação em camundongos. No exame histopatológico não foram evidenciadas alterações. O quadro clínico associado aos dados epidemiológicos e a ausência de lesões histológicas permitiram o diagnóstico de tétano. A infecção, provavelmente ocorreu durante o procedimento de vacinação, através injeções intramusculares utilizando agulhas contaminadas. Apesar do tétano não ser uma clostridiose importante na região fica evidenciado que surtos podem ocorrer em função de condições epidemiológicas adequadas e cuidados devem ser tomados para evitar perdas econômicas importantes como as que ocorreram no ano 2009 na região.

Characteristic tetanus infection in disaster-affected areas: case study of the Yogyakarta earthquakes in Indonesia.

BackgroundTetanus is an infectious disease caused by the contamination of wounds from bacteria that live in soil. The tetanus mortality rate remains high in developing countries affected by natural disasters. Whether the socio-demography and geographical conditions may influence the tetanus treatment outcome on the earthquake situation in Yogyakarta, Indonesia has not been investigated.FindingsWe present 26 tetanus patients who were admitted to eight hospitals following the earthquakes that occurred on May, 27, 2006, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The independent variables were age, gender, distance, admission, hospitalization, and type of hospital with the dependent variable surviving or perishing. Data were analyzed by logistic regression methods on SPSS 17.0. The distance from the patient's place of residence to the hospital were obtained and analyzed by using geospatial tools MapInfo 7.8 SCP and Global Mapper 7. Eight of the 26 patients were dead (30.8%) and statistical results showed that the distance (OR = 1.740, 95% CI = 1.068–2.835) and type of hospital (OR = 0.067, 95% CI = 0.001–3.520) were significant predictors of death.ConclusionOur findings show that in order to reduce the mortality rates, performing triage systems based on the distance and type of hospital priority for internally displaced persons could be proposed as well as making provisions for the generally old population in order to prevent an outbreak of tetanus following earthquakes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Outbreaks of Tetanus in Beef Cattle and Sheep in Brazil Associated with Disophenol Injection

Outbreaks of tetanus, in which 297 beef cattle and 50 sheep were affected and died, were associated with the injection of a Clostridium tetani-contaminated anthelmintic (disophenol). The disease was observed on five farms in Rio Grande Sul, Brazil.

Tetanus post tsunami: Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Tetanus is preventable disease through effective immunisation. The tsunami in southeast Asia, with its heavy toll of trauma cases, was an important reminder that outbreaks of tetanus can affect all ages in susceptible populations.

Outbreak of tetanus among elderly women treated with sheep cell therapy.

Outbreak of tetanus among elderly women treated with sheep cell therapy.

豪雨災害時における外傷患者の検討

Masuda city suffered heavy damage from flooding after the concentrated heavy rain on 23, July, 1983. In the two weeks following the disaster 302 patients, 207 males and 95 females, aging from first decade to eighth decade, visited our outpatients clinic. About half of them had injuries to their feet from glass fragments and nails suffered when they were seeking refugee or removing wood and mud. We were afraid of an outbreak of an outbreak of tetanus, but fortunately neither tetanus nor dysentery broke out. Power failure restricted the use of elevators and roentogenographic examinations. We ran short of gauze, drapes and gowns, Medical staff also suffered and some of them were absent from the hospital. It was rumored that tetanus and dysentery were going around. We keenly felt the necessity of a wireless-telephone between the hospital and administrative organs an temporary facilities which accommodated injured patients who had lost their houses. Typhoons and concentrated heavy rain will occur again in the future. We must seriously take up the problems of preparing for a possible flood.

TETANUS AFTER INJECTIONS OF GELATIN.

The recent outbreak of tetanus in St. Louis following the injection of faultily prepared and contaminated diphtheria antitoxin, and the occasional development of tetanus after vaccination are only too striking an illustration of the grave dangers that may lurk in otherwise not only harmless but beneficial and even life-saving procedures. Physicians can not be keenly enough alive to the fact that the cause of tetanus, be it the bacillus or its toxin, may find its way into the human body under the circumstances mentioned. Recently, cases of tetanus have developed after injections of gelatin— Gerulanos, Georgi, Lorenz.¹In all these cases (four) the gelatin was injected for the purpose of arresting hemorrhage after severe operations in connection with existing lesions, such as subphrenic abscess and disease of the urinary tract. In one case a small abscess developed at the point of injection; the pus from it caused tetanus in

Enzootic Outbreak of Tetanus

Enzootic Outbreak of Tetanus