Outbreak Of COVID-19 Disease Research Articles

Study of Sleep Quality Index Based on the Outbreak of COVID-19 Disease in Social Network Users in Iran (A Descriptive Study)

Study of Sleep Quality Index Based on the Outbreak of COVID-19 Disease in Social Network Users in Iran (A Descriptive Study)

Global Perspectives in Acute Kidney Injury: Spain.

Global Perspectives in Acute Kidney Injury: Spain.

The Effect of Online Learning VS Face-To-Face Learning on Student Learning Motivation Post the Covid - 19 Pandemic at Schools and Colleges

This study aims to look at a comparative description of learning motivation during online learning and face-to-face learning after the end of the Covid pandemic. The Covid-19 disease outbreak is a situation beyond predictions that has brought urgent changes in various sectors of activity including in the world of education. The development of the virus quickly spread throughout the world. This affects policies to be implemented in the world of education by changing learning that has to come to class to be sufficient at home. With the government's advice to stay at home and always keep a distance and learning is done online so that it has a decreasing impact on learning outcomes. This activity has been going on for about 2 years which has resulted in a drastic decline in learning motivation. Online learning is less able to motivate students whose interactions are online using zoom, Google Meet, Google Classroom and WhatsApp between educators and students virtually. To increase learning motivation, namely by re-enacting face-to-face learning at school. At this time, face-to-face learning has been allowed again, so that this research can be carried out. This research needs to be done to see changes in student motivation. Where it is hoped that there will be a comparison of learning motivation, where learning motivation by face-to-face learning increases when compared to online learning.

Analysis of Project Owner Satisfaction on the Performance of Supervisory Consultants on Road Construction Projects at Road and Bridge Maintenance Section of the Banjarbaru City Public Works Service, South Kalimantan

During the outbreak of Covid-19 disease, the Banjarbaru City Government allocates most of the APBD funds for handling Covid-19 (Refocusing) including funds for the implementation of road infrastructure from 2020 until 2021. For efficiency, the step taken is to combine several streets on different packages to become one with the same supervisory consultant package. Based on data, supervisory consultants are mostly domiciled outside Banjarbaru City. In addition viewed of the project location which supervised, location packages of construction work are quite far away from each other. In this Covid-19 pandemic condition, Banjarbaru city participated in implementing restrictions on community activities (PPKM) by blocking several city entry points. With these restrictions, communication between supervisory consultants and project owners during the implementation of work is less effective because mostly implemented online so that it can affect the performance of most supervisory consultants. Therefore, an analysis of job owner satisfaction with the performance of supervisory consultants on road construction in Banjarbaru City needs to be done, especially in this Covid-19 era. The study was conducted by collecting primary data obtained through questionnaires on a sample of sources at Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Banjarbaru (Cipta Karya & Bina Marga). Data were analyzed using the computer program SPSS version 26.00 (Statistical Product and Service Solution). To determine the level of participant satisfaction, the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) method is used. Meanwhile, to determine the service factors that need to be improved, the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method is used. The results of the respondents' answers in the questionnaire will be analyzed by using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). Variables that located in zone A or the main priority will be the focus of determining the performance improvement strategy of supervisory consultants. Based on an analysis of 3(three) indicators with the following levels of satisfaction: Administrative Indicators of 68.84% (Satisfied), Monitoring Indicators of 74.81% (Satisfied), and Ability Indicators of 73.78% (Satisfied). Based on the analysis results, the dominant factors in improving performance, including in quadrant A, are the reporting of work progress activities and reporting of the results of the supervisory consultant activities, the supervision factor for the work method of construction during Covid-19, the ability factor to be present in the midst of the government's policy of enforcing the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM) and the factor of communication and coordination ability with the project owner by minimizing direct contact (Virtual).

The prevalence of violence and its association with mental health among the Iranian population in one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease

BackgroundCOVID-19 spread between and across nearly every country, with considerable negative health consequences. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of violence and its association with mental health among Iranians older than 15 years in 2020.MethodsData was collected through National Mental Health Survey on 24,584 Iranians older than 15 years in 2020. were analyzed to determine the prevalence of violence and its association with mental health. Multi-stage sampling method was used, and data on demographic characteristics and domestic-social violence and mental health (GHQ-28) were collected. Data analysis was administered using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test at a 95% level.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 44.18 ± 16.4 years. The overall prevalence of domestic and social violence was 11.4% and 5.5%, respectively. Verbal violence was the most common type; with 61.8% and 66.8% for domestic and social violence, respectively. A suspected case of mental disorder, female gender, being younger than 25 years, living apart together, unemployment, low education, and history of COVID-19 infection presented a significant association with domestic and social violence (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn comparison to the previous study in 2015, the prevalence of violence has increased. Therefore, domestic and social violence are the social concerns of Iranian society, indicating the necessity of appropriate interventions, particularly for those suspected of mental disorders and young women with low education levels.

IT’S ALL ABOUT COVID-19: A REVIEW OF PATTERN OF WAVES IN PAKISTAN, DRUGS AND VACCINATION PROGRAMS

Corona Virus (COVID)- 19 is a pathogenic viral infection that presents as a new worldwide public health crisis. This review article aims at recapitulating waves of COVID-19, vaccination programs, treatment options, and the current scenario of COVID-19 in Pakistan. All available literature on PubMed, Scopus databases and science direct and Google scholar relating to COVID-19 published between 2019 to January 2022 was reviewed. The first wave of COVID-19 presented as severe acute respiratory syndrome. The second wave had a modest intensity, affecting only Sindh's southern province, and peaked in mid-December 2020. The third wave, which primarily disturbed the regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, peaked in the late April 2021, when a new strain of SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in over 64 countries, including Pakistan, as of January 27, 2021. Fourth wave qualifying measures was forced in May, after which cases balanced out and most of the mortality was reported in Punjab, followed by Sindh. The 5th wave with a positive ratio in Karachi had the increasing trend from 2% to 6%. In clinical trials, treatment with a combination of Azithromycin and Chloroquine shown efficacy against COVID-19. The Tocilizumab was used to treat COVID-19–related symptoms. Vaccination appeared to be vital to control the COVID-19 disease outbreak with seven licensed vaccines. Currently 72% Pakistani population is either vaccinated or have been infected at least once.

COMPARISON BETWEEN EFFICACY OF TYGECYCLINE AND MINOCYCLINE IN MULTI DRUG RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANII ISOLATED FROM RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

Corona Virus (COVID)- 19 is a pathogenic viral infection that presents as a new worldwide public health crisis. This review article aims at recapitulating waves of COVID-19, vaccination programs, treatment options, and the current scenario of COVID-19 in Pakistan. All available literature on PubMed, Scopus databases and science direct and Google scholar relating to COVID-19 published between 2019 to January 2022 was reviewed. The first wave of COVID-19 presented as severe acute respiratory syndrome. The second wave had a modest intensity, affecting only Sindh's southern province, and peaked in mid-December 2020. The third wave, which primarily disturbed the regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, peaked in the late April 2021, when a new strain of SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in over 64 countries, including Pakistan, as of January 27, 2021. Fourth wave qualifying measures was forced in May, after which cases balanced out and most of the mortality was reported in Punjab, followed by Sindh. The 5th wave with a positive ratio in Karachi had the increasing trend from 2% to 6%. In clinical trials, treatment with a combination of Azithromycin and Chloroquine shown efficacy against COVID-19. The Tocilizumab was used to treat COVID-19–related symptoms. Vaccination appeared to be vital to control the COVID-19 disease outbreak with seven licensed vaccines. Currently 72% Pakistani population is either vaccinated or have been infected at least once.

Dynamics of Covid-19 disease with its economic implications and optimal control: An exploitation of variational iteration method

Recent outbreak of Covid-19 disease has impacted the global economy negatively due to diminished productivity, loss of life, business closures, trade disruption, and obliteration of the tourism industry. Since this disease is not likely to disappear soon, proactive measures are required to save lives and protect economic prosperity. In this paper, the transmission dynamics of Covid-19 disease and its economic impact with constant and variable control strategies are theoretically examined via a system of nonlinear differential equations. A qualitative analysis of the model with constant control strategies was performed. Positivity and invariant region of solutions together with disease-free and endemic equilibria were determined. The basic reproduction number R0 of the model was obtained via the next generation matrix method and the sensitivity analysis of parameters in R0 were investigated. Using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion and the appropriate Lyapunov function, the equilibria's local and global stability were revealed. The model exhibits a forward bifurcation; this validates the stability of the Covid-19 disease-free equilibrium whenever R0 < 1. The optimal control analysis based on Pontraygin's maximum principle with two variable control strategies (i.e. protective strategy and environmental fumigation) together with their cost-effectiveness analysis were implemented. Numerical simulation was conducted using variational iteration method (VIM) and the results obtained favourably compared with that of 4th order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Our qualitative and numerical results suggest that the use of protective control (Strategy B) is the most cost-effective strategy to combat the Covid-19 pandemic and boost the economy.

Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: Assessing the Level of Preparedness for Containment in Healthcare Facilities in Nigeria: Qualitative Research Findings

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious public health concerns globally. Cases keep increasing across countries: exposing the emergency-containing capability, level of preparedness, emergency disease prevention, and risk management alertness of various healthcare facilities in managing the crisis. Aim: to assess the level of preparedness for the containment of the COVID-19 disease outbreak across health-care facilities in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Participants were the stakeholders within selected healthcare facilities. Data were collected via in-depth interviews using a list of 37 structured questions to assess the level of preparedness of the Nigerian health-care facilities in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings were manually and thematically analysed using the constructivist variant of the grounded theory methodology. Results: Overall, the level of preparedness across the selected health facilities was estimated as average, as several facilities were fairly prepared while a few others were relatively unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic containment. Conclusion: The COVID-19 virus disease outbreak can be said to be fairly contained by the Nigerian health system from the standpoint of the available mortality and incidence indices. Meanwhile, there are still loopholes around financial, structural, and material provisions which are essential needs for better and sustainable pandemic containment.

COVID-19 AND NEGLECT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES TREATMENT

Coronavirus was first reported as an acute respiratory syndrome in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This infectious disease spreads rapidly in many countries , and humans worldwide, shows different symptoms of the disease. High fever, cough, and fatigue were the most common symptoms that patients with covid-19 showed.1 The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for health care in many countries worldwide. In addition to patients, COVID-19 is very dangerous for health care staff at the frontline of fighting this disease. The large number of COVID-19 virus patients who need to be hospitalized puts a heavy burden on the health system of countries so the treatment of other diseases is seriously disrupted.2 Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important diseases that has been neglected due to the focus of the Covid-19 pandemic and its special conditions, including completing the capacity of clinical departments and full-time participation of hospital staff.3 Among various diseases, cardiovascular diseases are the most common and the main cause of death in the world (Estimated 17.9 million death each year) and the most important factor of disability (Generally, about eleven percent of the total disease burden).4 Despite significant advances in the field of medicine, one-third of patients who suffer from a heart attack (myocardial infarction) still die, and two-thirds of those who never survive fully recover and are unable to lead normal lives.5 There is a close relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases so cardiovascular diseases are more common in patients with COVID-19, and these patients are at higher risk of death.6 Cardiovascular disease is associated with more severe symptoms of COVID-19 and higher mortality rates. COVID-19 can have primary cardiac involvement (arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and myocarditis) and secondary cardiac involvement (myocardial damage/elevated biomarkers and heart failure). COVID-19 can have several effects on the cardiovascular system of patients. Acute cardiovascular complications can cause many challenges. For example, one of these challenges can be the need for a multidisciplinary heart and lung team to assess the condition of patients with severe symptoms.7,8 Currently, the outbreak of COVID-19 disease has created unprecedented pressure on patients, physicians, and in general, the health care systems of the world and led to delays in the treatment of cardiovascular patients. Delay or neglect of treatment of cardiovascular patients is associated with inevitable complications and mortality. Because the living conditions of many of them are threatening and dangerous.9 Some early signs of cardiovascular disease (shortness of breath, chest pain) in patients may be confused with COVID-19 symptoms, and the patient may be misdiagnosed.10 The COVID-19 pandemic has faced the world in a difficult position. Hospitals and health centers have been severely affected by treating patients with COVID-19. Governments are attempting to prevent further outbreak of this disease effectively. Of course, the important point is that governments should not neglect other health priorities, such as non-contagious diseases and cardiovascular diseases.11 While many efforts of medical staff to fight COVID-19 are understandable, hospitals should not forget their primary role in caring for other patients and neglecting their essential needs. Neglecting cardiovascular diseases such as congenital heart disease (CHD) and acute coronary artery syndrome will lead to irreparable damage.12 Health care systems must establish the right balance between treating patients with COVID-19 and treating cardiovascular diseases.13 It is suggested that to better control COVID-19 and balance the management of other diseases, only a certain hospital capacity should be allocated to this disease. Due to the lack of definitive treatment for COVID-19, treatment for other diseases should not be delayed.

COVID-19: Implications for Nursing and Health Care in theUnited States.

COVID-19 and other recent infectious disease outbreaks have highlighted the urgency of robust, resilient health systems. We may now have the opportunity to reform the flawed health care system that made COVID-19 far more damaging in the United States (U.S.) than necessary. Guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) Health System Building Blocks framework (WHO, 2007) and the socio-ecological model (e.g., McLeroy et al., 1988), we identified challenges in and strengths of the U.S.' handling of the pandemic, lessons learned, and policy implications for more resilient future health care delivery in the U.S. Using the aforementioned frameworks, we identified crucial, intertwined domains that have influenced and been influenced by health care delivery in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic through a review and analysis of the COVID-19 literature and the collective expertise of a panel of research and clinical experts. An iterative process using a modified Delphi technique was used to reach consensus. Four critically important, inter-related domains needing improvement individually, interpersonally, within communities, and for critical public policy reform were identified: Social determinants of health, mental health, communication, and the nursing workforce. The four domains identified in this analysis demonstrate the challenges generated or intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, their dynamic interconnectedness, and the critical importance of health equity to resilient health systems, an effective pandemic response, and better health for all. The novel coronavirus is unlikely to be the last pandemic in the U.S. and globally. To control COVID-19 and prevent unnecessary suffering and social and economic damage from future pandemics, the U.S. will need to improve its capacity to protect the public's health. Complex problems require multi-level solutions across critical domains. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored four interrelated domains that reveal and compound deep underlying problems in the socioeconomic structure and health care system of the U.S. In so doing, however, the pandemic illuminates the way toward reforms that could improve our ability not only to cope with likely future epidemics but also to better serve the health care needs of the entire population. This article highlights the pressing need for multi-level individual, interpersonal, community, and public policy reforms to improve clinical care and public health outcomes in the current COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics, and offers recommendations to achieve these aims.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF NOVEL CHROMENE COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA L. KUNTH AND IN SILICO STUDY AGAINST DPP-IV, ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE, ALPHA-AMYLASE, AND ALDOSE REDUCTASE FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

Objective: During the outbreak of COVID-19, diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) become risk factors for severe adverse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. DM is a complex metabolic disease originating from a process of requiring adequate insulin or due to insulin resistance. This in silico study reveals the molecular interaction of Peperochromene A ((S)-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-6-(propan-2-ylidene)-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrano[4,3-g]chromen-9(2H)-one), a novel chromene compound isolated from Peperomia pellucida with four proteins involved in the homeostasis of blood glucose, namely dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase.&#x0D; Methods: Molecular docking simulation of the ligands was performed by employing AutoDock 4.2 embedded in LigandScout at a certain position determined automatically by the program. The default parameters of the automatic settings were used to set the genetic algorithm parameters.&#x0D; Results: Peperochromene A could interact with all four targets; however, it binds to alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase with Ki (inhibition constant) value better than that of acarbose, the enzymes’ known inhibitor. This chromene compound also reveals an inhibition constant to aldose reductase similar with that of the enzyme inhibitor.&#x0D; Conclusion: The chromene isolated from Peperomia pellucida is the potential to be developed as an inhibitor of the proteins involved in the homeostasis of blood glucose; thus, it can be further explored for its antidiabetic activity.

Coffee Export Sales Contract Postponement Due To Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia As A Force Majeure (Research Study On The Ketiara Coffee Traders Cooperative, Central Aceh Regency)

This study aims to find out and explain how the legal arrangements for the Covid-19 pandemic can be called Force Majeur, explain who is the party responsible for the risks due to contract delay during the Covid-19 pandemic, and to find out how the legal efforts of the parties against delays coffee export sales contracts due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In response to the emergence of the Covid-19 disease outbreak in Indonesia, the government issued a legal policy, namely the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2020 concerning the Determination of Non-Natural Disasters for Covid-19 as a National Disaster, as a legal basis for the business world to be maintained, because in the midst of the spreading Covid-19 disease, the effect appears in entering into a civil agreement contract, where automatically the contract agreement can be changed or canceled because the work was not completed or late. This also happened to one of the coffee factories in Central Aceh Regency, namely the Ketiara Coffee Traders Cooperative (KOPEPI), which was unable to fulfill its achievements due to events beyond its capabilities in the gayo coffee export sales agreement with Royal Coffee. This research uses empirical juridical research, normative juridical approach, and is descriptive. The results of the study show that: this Covid-19 pandemic is a relative or temporary force majeure, because this Covid-19 pandemic only occurs temporarily or only for a certain period. In this case the Covid-19 pandemic cannot be directly used as a reason for the cancellation of an agreement/contract that has been agreed upon by reason of a force majeure event. In order to protect the interests of the parties and ensure that KOPEPI Ketiara continues to fulfill its obligations, renegotiation of the agreement is carried out and while still observing the principle of consensualism, the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of good faith and the principle of proportionality in renegotiation as an effort as well as the best middle way for the parties.

EFFECTS OF PANDEMIC COVID-19 ON THE MALAYSIAN ECONOMY, FOCUSED ON FIVE IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES AND SHARIAH VIEWPOINTS

Globally, more than 4.3 million confirmed cases and more than 2,90,000 fatalities occurred due to the COVID-19 disease outbreak, which profoundly affected the entire planet. This has also fanned fears of a forthcoming economic collapse and recession. This type of event is referred to as a "black swan" because it adds unexpected and unique aspects to the economic environment and has the potential to start a chain of unfavourable reactions and market disruptions. As a result of social isolation, self-isolation, and travel restrictions, there has been a drop in the labour force across all economic sectors, resulting in the loss of several jobs. In addition, due to the closing of schools, demand for commodities and manufactured goods has decreased. On the other hand, the need for medical supplies is expanding rapidly. Through the end of 2019, the five primary economic sectors generated money and employment. Early in 2020, however, these industries encountered a major economic and employment crisis due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The COVID-19 outbreak has greatly affected the economic and social conditions of the nation, particularly regarding these five core economic activities. This study's objective is to examine the effects of COVID-19 on the agriculture, manufacturing, construction, services, mining and quarrying sectors. To achieve this purpose, this study employed descriptive analysis to examine performance data encompassing 10 years (2012 - 2021). The findings indicate that the COVID-19 epidemic has a substantial and negative impact on the Malaysian economy.

Medical imaging technologies applied to the COVID-19 context

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, imaging methods such as X-Ray and Computed Tomography have stood out as feasible tools for diagnosing and evaluating the disease, especially regarding its lung occurrence in symptomatic patients. However, in the course of the pandemic, COVID-19 showed its effects in other tissues such as heart, brain and veins, triggering inflammatory processes. Thus, other imaging methods such as Positron Emission Tomography-Computer Tomography (PET-CT) and Magnetic Resonance have shown to be good sources of information about the location and intensity of the inflammation. This article reviews some of these imaging methods, its findings, feasibilities, advantages and limitations for COVID-19 diagnostic and evaluating.

Role of Islamic Microfinance in Socio-economic Development

Prime Minister Imran Khan introduced an interest-free loan programme through a public-private collaboration as part of the Kamyab Jawan Programme 2022. A huge number of low-income and susceptible households benefited immensely from this programme. This program's goal is to end poverty by giving low-income individuals interest-free loans to launch their own small businesses. Primary data for this research was gathered from 184 beneficiaries of the lenders who received interest-free loans from the prime minister under the Kamyab Jawan programme in two districts of Sindh. Records of beneficiaries were taken from two chosen districts, and each component was chosen using a simple random sampling method. For this study, study participants of both genders were represented equally. A self-managed device was used to gather data directly from the recipients of the Prime Minister's interest-free loans. The findings show that the Prime Minister's Interest Free Loan Program is significantly enhancing the socioeconomic, economic, and social and political wellness of the recipients. Most survey participants reported significantly improved financial, personal, and sociopolitical wellness. Enhanced social, financial, and political wellness were also found to be related to interest-free loans in one sample binominal assessment. The majority of participants expressed satisfaction with the interest-free loan programme offered by the Kamyab Jawan programme, believing that it had a significant impact on decreasing the level of security vulnerabilities and poverty following the COVID-19 disease outbreak. The study's author suggested that this program's based on geography reach be increased in some way to attain as many poor and vulnerable communities as possible.

Investigating the relationships between concentrated disadvantage, place connectivity, and COVID-19 fatality in the United States over time

BackgroundConcentrated disadvantaged areas have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 outbreak in the United States (US). Meanwhile, highly connected areas may contribute to higher human movement, leading to higher COVID-19 cases and deaths. This study examined the associations between concentrated disadvantage, place connectivity, and COVID-19 fatality in the US over time.MethodsConcentrated disadvantage was assessed based on the spatial concentration of residents with low socioeconomic status. Place connectivity was defined as the normalized number of shared Twitter users between the county and all other counties in the contiguous US in a year (Y = 2019). COVID-19 fatality was measured as the cumulative COVID-19 deaths divided by the cumulative COVID-19 cases. Using county-level (N = 3,091) COVID-19 fatality over four time periods (up to October 31, 2021), we performed mixed-effect negative binomial regressions to examine the association between concentrated disadvantage, place connectivity, and COVID-19 fatality, considering potential state-level variations. The moderation effects of county-level place connectivity and concentrated disadvantage were analyzed. Spatially lagged variables of COVID-19 fatality were added to the models to control for the effect of spatial autocorrelations in COVID-19 fatality.ResultsConcentrated disadvantage was significantly associated with an increased COVID-19 fatality in four time periods (p < 0.01). More importantly, moderation analysis suggested that place connectivity significantly exacerbated the harmful effect of concentrated disadvantage on COVID-19 fatality in three periods (p < 0.01), and this significant moderation effect increased over time. The moderation effects were also significant when using place connectivity data from the previous year.ConclusionsPopulations living in counties with both high concentrated disadvantage and high place connectivity may be at risk of a higher COVID-19 fatality. Greater COVID-19 fatality that occurs in concentrated disadvantaged counties may be partially due to higher human movement through place connectivity. In response to COVID-19 and other future infectious disease outbreaks, policymakers are encouraged to take advantage of historical disadvantage and place connectivity data in epidemic monitoring and surveillance of the disadvantaged areas that are highly connected, as well as targeting vulnerable populations and communities for additional intervention.

Sanctions for Rejection of Covid-19 Vaccines seen from the Perspective of the Human Rights Act and the Health Quarantine Act

Presidential Regulation Number 99 of 2020 concerning Vaccine Procurement and Vaccination Implementation in the Context of Combating the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. The method used is normative using a statute approach, which is carried out by reviewing all laws and regulations related to this research. Collecting data from this study through primary legal materials consisting of legislation, official records or minutes in the making of legislation and judges' decisions. Meanwhile, secondary legal materials are in the form of textbooks, legal dictionaries, legal journals, and comments on court decisions. Is the refusal of a Covid-19 vaccine a violation of human rights law? And is refusing the Covid-19 vaccine a violation of the Health Quarantine Act? From this study, it can be concluded that the application of sanctions for the rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine is a form of legal protection for the community, as a form of effort to prevent the spread of the corona virus. Where the government has an obligation to protect the public from the risk of transmission of the covid-19 disease outbreak. Keywords - rejection sanctions, covid-19 vaccine, protection.

Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Possible Mechanisms and Future Perspectives.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, a bidirectional interaction between kidney disease and the progression of COVID-19 has been demonstrated. Kidney disease is an independent risk factor for mortality of patients with COVID-19 as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with COVID-19. However, the detection of kidney damage in patients with COVID-19 may not occur until an advanced stage based on the current clinical blood and urinary examinations. Some studies have pointed out the development of subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) syndrome with COVID-19. This syndrome is characterized by significant tubule interstitial injury without changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Despite the complexity of the mechanism(s) underlying the development of subAKI, the involvement of changes in the protein endocytosis machinery in proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells (PTECs) has been proposed. This paper focuses on the data relating to subAKI and COVID-19 and the role of PTECs and their protein endocytosis machinery in its pathogenesis.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH PERSONNEL IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COVID-19 VACCINATION

The COVID-19 disease outbreak in 2019 brought many impacts on human life. Many people died due to Covid-19, and countries worldwide are trying to find solutions so that the COVID-19 outbreak can be overcome. Vaccines are the best solution for now in providing prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic. The government also organizes mandatory COVID-19 vaccinations for the public to avoid this COVID-19 disease. The issuance of the approval for the COVID-19 vaccination is carried out because it is a public health emergency or Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). This research uses normative juridical research methods and empirical legal research. In general, research activities are carried out by collecting sources from reading materials such as books and laws and regulations and conducting several interviews. The results from this study show that medical and health personnel have received legal protection in implementing COVID-19 vaccination, both preventively and repressively. On the other side there are factors that have the potential to cause medical disputes are Unexpected Events after COVID-19 Vaccination, incomplete information from officers, incomplete and correct information and information from the patient regarding the patient's medical history, incorrect assessment of the state of the vaccine target, and negligence of officers. However, this can be prevented by conducting education related to AEFI, ensuring the quality and safety of vaccines and injectable vaccines according to the correct procedures, increasing officers' knowledge and ability, and doing suitable IEC for patients.