Outbound Tourism Research Articles

WISATA OUTBOUND DI KOTA SINGKAWANG

The decline in performance of both private and public employees is getting worse day by day. The worsening of the employee's performance had a big impact on the agency. There are various ways that can be done to improve the performance, one of the effective ways to do is to conduct training as well as travel tours. This training and tour is usually known as outbound. Apart from being able to be done by employees or outbound employees, it is usually also carried out from various circles, from school and college children as well as from the general public. Outbound is a form of learning all applied sciences that is simulated and carried out in an open or closed environment with an effective form of play, which combines intelligence, physical and mental. Outbound is a management training which is a combination of outdoor sports, dexterity and adventure games with the concept of nature which aims to shape, direct, convey a vision, as well as have recreation for the participants. Singkawang City is a city famous for its various tourist destinations. In addition, in Singkawang City, there are areas that have the potential to be built for Outbound Tourism. Outbound tourism in Singkawang City not only facilitates games, but there are camping and other supporting facilities.

관광안전에 관한 연구: 포스트 코로나19와 해외여행 형태 변화

Impacts of Covid-19 are blowing out the global tourism industry because it has been triggering tremendous downturn in the world tourism market. UNWTO and OECD predict that a number of international tourists will decrease by about 80% in the end of 2020 and Korean tourism market experiences over 80%. The study aimed to forecast the changes of outbound travel after Covid-19 in Korea.BR 760 samples were analysed into 5 items: type of travel product, travel term, travel company, travel activity and travel accomodation. Online survey was performed from October 1 to November 30 in 2020 and a self-administered questionnarie.BR Consequently, new types of tours, small-sized family tour and relaxation tour with a villa or a pension will be popular as all outbound tourists do not want exposure from the risks like pandemic and disease. It is also inferred that more luxury tours and nearly accessible destinations will be preferred if untacted with others. Besides, controlling health risk will be one of the most important factors in examination of the tourist’s decision-making process.

Impact of outbound tourism on outward FDI

Impact of outbound tourism on outward FDI

Tourist–Tourist Social Interaction in the Co-creation and Co-destruction of Tourism Experiences among Chinese Outbound Tourists

ABSTRACT The notion of tourists as co-creators of value (experiences) has been explored in the context of co-creation with service providers and residents. However, co-creation of value among tourists and the role of social interaction remain relatively underexplored. Similarly, the few extant studies on negative value creation (co-destruction) have predominantly focused on tourist–host interaction. This study examines how tourists from China visiting Japan perceive the role of social interaction with other tourists in shaping tourism experiences. Analysis of 29 in-depth interviews shows that indirect interaction with other tourists has a stronger influence on the tourism experience than direct interaction does. Perceived roles of other tourists ranged from positive (co-creation) to negative (co-destruction). The types of co-created value (Reichenberger, 2017) were mainly practical and atmospheric, whereas co-destructed value was mainly atmospheric in nature. This study also extends, confirms and partly modifies Pearce’s (2005a) typology of other tourists in an East-Asian context.

Economic policy uncertainty, consumer confidence in major economies and outbound tourism to African countries

Uncertainty, which is the only certain thing about the future, influences economic agents, their behaviours and economic activity. Debates and concerns about policy uncertainty have intensified following events such as the financial crisis, Brexit and more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of changes in economic policy uncertainty and consumer confidence in a set of major economies on tourism flows to African countries. Using data over the period of 2005–2019 and applying panel difference generalized method of moments method, our results show that a positive change in consumer confidence in Canada, China, France, Japan, Russia and the United Kingdom (UK) has favorable impact on tourism departures from these countries to 25 African countries. We also find that a positive change in uncertainty in Canada, Russia, Spain and the UK has negative effect on tourist departures from these countries to African countries. The implications of the results for tourism development in African countries are discussed.

Forecasting US overseas travelling with univariate and multivariate models

AbstractThis study makes use of specific econometric modelling methodologies to forecast US outbound travelling flows to certain destinations: Europe, Caribbean, Asia, Central America, South America, Middle East, Oceania and Africa, spanning the period 2000–2019 on a monthly basis. Both univariate (jointly with business conditions) and multivariate models are employed, whereas out‐of‐sample forecasts are generated, and the results are compared based on popular forecasting performance criteria. These criteria show that in the case of univariate models, the largest forecasting gains are obtained when the modelling process follows the kitchen sink autoregressive of order one (KS‐AR[1]) model with the business cycles being measured as the coincident indicator. In the case of multivariate models, the largest forecasting gains occur with the standard vector autoregressive (VAR) model for very short forecasting horizons and with the Bayesian VAR for longer horizons. The results are robust to both total and individual destinations. The findings allow interested stakeholders to gain insights into near‐future US outbound tourism to popular diversified international destinations, as well as to better understand its positive and negative impacts for strategic planning and destination adaptation purposes.

Would you speak softly in public? An investigation of pro-environmental behavior of Chinese outbound tourists in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT This study proposed a new model to examine how personality and social factors interacted to control the intention of speaking softly in public among Chinese outbound tourists. A total of 305 valid questionnaires were obtained from three tourist sites in Hong Kong, and the results indicated that behavioural intention was directly affected by both personality and social factors. Specifically, benefit affected intention, both directly and indirectly, indicating that its effect was partially mediated by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. Cost indirectly affected intention; its effect was fully mediated by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.

Research on the Tourism Decision-Making Mechanism: A Case Study of American Outbound Tourism

Aim/Purpose: This article takes ‘tourism decision-making behavior’ as an entry point, and deeply analyzes the factors influencing the travel decision-making of Chinese ‘American Travel’ tourists and their degree of influence, so as to provide a reference for the development of Chinese outbound tourism. Background: With the development of China’s economy and the improvement in people’s level, the outbound tourism market of Chinese residents has developed rapidly. The United States has become an important tourism destination country for Chinese residents’ outbound tourism, and China has also become one of the important tourist source countries of American tourism. However, the rapid development of ‘American tourism’ has also caused competition problems in China’s tourism industry. For example, prices and tourism products have become a means of competition among tourism enterprises. As the main body of consumption, tourists’ decision-making behavior will be affected by various factors. Methodology: Drawing lessons from previous scholars’ research results on tourism decision-making behavior, the influencing factors of tourism decision-making behavior are summarized. A theoretical model and index system of factors influencing tourism decision-making behavior of Chinese residents ‘Travel in the United States’ are established, research hypotheses are put forward, questionnaire data are collected, and SPSS and Amos are used to analyze and verify the theoretical model. Contribution: This research expands the literature on topics related to tourism decision-making in research and practice. It establishes a theoretical model and index system for the factors that influence the decision-making behavior of Chinese residents’ ‘American Travel’ tourism. In addition, we propose countermeasures for tourism products, enterprises, and the government. Findings: Prior knowledge and external information have a positive influence on tourism perception and value perception, and a negative influence on risk perception. Risk perception value perception has a positive and negative influence on tourism decision-making and tourism motivation, respectively. Tourism motivation has a positive influence on tourism decision-making and has a positive impact. Recommendation for Researchers: According to the research conclusions of this article, the following counter-measures and suggestions are put forward from three aspects of tourism: products, enterprises, and governments. On the basis of existing tourism products, relevant operating companies should pay more attention to the upgrading and transformation of tourism, leisure and entertainment products in scenic spots to increase the willingness of tourists to travel. When considering corporate marketing and promotion plans, tourism companies operating related businesses should increase the weight of their marketing budgets in online marketing, increase investment in online marketing, and develop mobile applications that meet the preferences of Chinese residents in the United States. Do a good job in the timely publication of safety reminders and local information. Safety is an important foundation for tourism development and the core concern of many tourists. Future Research: Due to the important research on the impact of tourism activities, the influencing factors are many and complex, and the psychological process of tourism decision-making is carried out directly. There are still unconsidered factors that need to be studied in depth. In the future, it is possible to compare multiple resource-featured themes, and increase the characteristics of potential tourists, and the factors affecting the selection behavior of regional cultural tourists, and so forth, in order to make the research more applicable and practical instructive significance.

Статистический анализ туристических потоков между Украиной и странами региона Балтийского моря в 2012—2019 годах

This article explores the features and trends in inbound and outbound tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea region (BSR) countries in 2012—2019. The research question is whether inbound or outbound tourism prevailed and how visa-free travel to the Schengen Area affected the number of Ukrainians travelling to the Baltic Sea Region. Two data sources were used in the study. These are the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum and data from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on the number of foreign citizens visiting Ukraine and the number of Ukrainians travelling abroad. The study employs the statistical methods of structural shifts analysis, time series analysis, and graphical visualization. The findings indicate that Ukrainian outbound tourism was growing steadily over the study period, whilst visa-free travel to the Schengen Area had no statistically significant impact on the number of outbound tourists from Ukraine to the BSR. Outbound tourism flow prevailed over inbound. The number of inbound tourists to Ukraine sharply declined after 2013 because of the socio-political situation in the country. The analysis reveals significant changes in inbound and outbound tourism flow structures. The COVID-19 pandemic is shown to be a critical factor influencing the current state and prospects of the tourism industry.

Service Quality Dimensions and Outbound Tourists' Shopping Satisfaction in Sri Lanka

Service Quality Dimensions and Outbound Tourists' Shopping Satisfaction in Sri Lanka

Touring the Socialist World: The Political and Cultural Economy of China’s Outbound Tourism, 1956–1965

Touring the Socialist World: The Political and Cultural Economy of China’s Outbound Tourism, 1956–1965

ВПЛИВ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТУРИЗМУ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНУ ПОЛІТИКУ КРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

In the developed countries, tourism is an important source of income and wellbeing improvement. In Ukraine, with all its incredibly rich historic heritage and priceless recreation and spa resorts resources, tourism is developing mostly as an outbound one. Under hard modern political-economic situation of Ukraine, with all its financial problems, issues of the situation on the international tourism market and its future changes under COVID-19 epidemics, the place of tourism in the national economic policy are critically urgent and are partially examined in the article. The objective of the research is to reveal the issues of nature, importance, modern state and prospects of international tourism development in the economic policy of Ukraine under COVID-19 epidemics. Currently, tourism industry is a one of the forms of international service trade, which is rapidly developing. In the past 20 years, the average growth rate of newly arriving foreign tourists in the world constituted 5,1%, while currency incomes accounted for about 14%. In 2019, by the UNWTO data, international tourist arrivals reached 1,5 billion which is the tenth year of positive dynamics in a row for the global tourism. The expert’s forecasts for 2020 about the rates and dynamics of international tourism development were rather optimistic and expected its rapid growth for the next years. However, COVID-19 epidemics modified the existing forecasts and plans and radically changed forever the industry’s development. By the latest UNWTO data, global tourism has live through the worst year ever in 2020, the number of international tourists declined by 74%. Tourist destinations in the whole world earned 1 billion less in 2020 that a year before because of the unprecedented drop of demand and restriction imposed on travels. By the experts assessment, export incomes of the international tourism amount to about 1,3 trillion dollars. The international tourism crisis caused by COVID-19 epidemics put at risk 100-120 million jobs in tourism and supporting industries, most of which are small and medium sized businesses. It is even harder to evaluate money lost by state budgets in the forms of uncollected taxes and other payments. The COVID-19 epidemics impact on the international tourism in Ukraine is not as dramatic as in some tourism-focused countries because Ukrainian economy is in a comparatively better state, since the share of domestic and outbound tourism is much higher that the inbound one. Governments of the most countries immediately responded to the acute need of minimizing the economic consequences of COVID-19 epidemics. Among the suggested scenarios of preventing the negative impact of the epidemics on the economic situation, countries used following two approaches: first – aimed at providing affordable credit lines for businesses, the second one has to work out after postponing payments of debt and tax obligations.

On the development of scientific and educational speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (Russian Federation)

The article describes a new kind of educational and extreme tourism – speleotourism. The author examines the question of organization and development of speleological tourism in Yakutia from scientific-educational perspective of studying the geographical peculiarities of the region – rupestral and runic-like inscriptions, as well as offers the methods and mechanisms for the development of this type of tourism, which is a promising direction of inbound and outbound tourism in Yakutia and attracts a large number of tourists-researchers. The article employs the methods of recreational zoning, SWOT-analysis, field observations, comparative-geographical method, analysis of the documents and fund materials of the institutions and organizations, as well as literary sources. The scientific novelty of this work lies in providing the analysis of development of speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic, determination of geographical peculiarities of its development, and formulation of recommendations for the advancement of this type of tourism in the region. Tourist routs, composed with consideration of geographical objects, contribute to protection of the environment, cultivate the sense of harmony with nature in a person, awareness of its fragility and vulnerability, forms environmental responsibility and culture.    

Экономическая политика Японии в период пандемии

In the initial period of the COVID 19 pandemic (February–September 2020), Japan succeeded in minimizing the mortality rate and reducing the damage to the economy. The Japanese experience has both positive and negative aspects. Among the G7 countries, Japan recorded the best иге among the states of East Asia the worst indicators of overall and excessive mortality. From an economic perspective, the pandemic strongly affected inbound and outbound tourism, which will take years to recover. Employment opportunities in the tourism and other contact-intensive industries will be reduced by approximately one million jobs, primarily affecting part time and temporary workers. At the same time, the overall unemployment rate will hardly exceed one-third of the OECD average generally because of the ample financial support, long-term commitments among core employees in Japan, and job retention practices of domestic companies. In the macroeconomic realm, the Japanese government embarked on an extension of quantitatively easing measures of monetary expansionary steps in fiscal sphere and universal stimulus in growth-enhancing structural policies. This approach actually follows the logic of a long-standing reflationary Abenomics, which is expected to continue despite the abrupt resignation of S. Abe. At least, Japan’s newly elected Prime Minister Yo. Suga has indicated his support for current monetary and fiscal policies. He also hinted at a need to reduce the administrative red tape and to accelerate the digitalization in the economy. The package of anti-crisis measures in Japan turned out to be one of the largest in the world, and its implementation could increase the budget deficit and public debt, that is, cause the emergence of problems relevant to most other countries.

A Cross-cultural Comparison of Chinese and American Tourists’ Satisfaction with Chengdu

Compared with China’s domestic and outbound tourism, China’s inbound tourism has developed relatively slowly. An understanding of cultural similarities and differences can support destination managers in formulating strategies and increase the satisfaction of inbound tourists. As one of the best tourist cities in China, Chengdu is an important destination for inbound tourists. Meanwhile, American tourists are the major source of tourists for Chengdu’s inbound tourism. Based on the Cultural Dimensions Theory proposed by Hofstede, this research focuses on a cross-cultural comparison of two important markets for Chengdu tourism: Chinese and American tourists. In addition, electronic word-of-mouth (E-WOM) has become an important source of tourist information, the analysis of E-WOM may provide more insights into users’ feelings than questionnaires. This study uses content analysis to quantify online reviews and importance performance analysis to compare the importance and satisfaction of Chinese and American tourists with destination attributes. The results clearly show the comparison between the two groups in destination assessment.

Current state and problems of inbound tourism development in Ukraine

Inbound tourism has its own characteristics, which makes it economically attractive for any country in the world. Its development has positive effect on stimulating the investment process, the structure of the balance of payments, budget revenues at various levels, the welfare of the population, the development of infrastructure in the regions etc. The investigation of incoming, outgoing and domestic tourist flow in the tourist market of Ukraine has identified trends in their development during the recent years. The predominance of the outbound tourist flow in the structure of the general tourist flow testified the need to concentrate the state policy in the field of tourism in the direction of stimulating domestic and inbound tourism, which will allow to obtain positive socio-economic consequences from their development. The analysis of the incoming tourist flow for travelling shows the types of tourism in which Ukraine can currently compete in the international tourist market, provided that the corresponding competitive advantages are strengthened and reinforced. It can also reorient some outbound tourists to domestic destinations. Inbound tourist flow in Ukraine is characterized by uneven tourist attractiveness of different regions of Ukraine among foreign tourists. This does not allow to implement completely the tourism potential of certain regions. The analysis of the incoming tourist flow structure by the countries of arrival of foreign tourists make it possible to identify the priority geographical directions of the international marketing policy for promotion of the national tourist product. The impact of Covid-19 on inbound tourist flows to Ukraine in recent years is considered, as well as a number of key issues hindering the development of domestic inbound tourism over the past decade. This allows us to identify the key tools to stimulate the development of inbound tourism in Ukraine. They are based on the optimization of tax policy in the field of tourism, public funding for the modernization of tourist infrastructure, optimization of tourist formalities, marketing strategy to promote the national tourist product at the international level and its information support.

ОСНОВНІ ФАКТОРИ ВПЛИВУ НА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ГОТЕЛЬНО-РЕСТОРАННИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ ТА ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article presents the main factors influencing the functioning of hotel-restaurant complexes and tourism in Ukraine. It has been established that hotel and restaurant and tourist complexes are included in the structure of the subjects of tourist activity. It was found that in the period 2013– 2019 the volume of services provided by temporary accommodation and catering companies, travel agencies, travel operators, companies providing other services, in particular, booking and related activities, has an unstable dynamic. It was determined that the dynamics of the total number of inbound (foreign), outbound and domestic tourists who were served by tour operators and travel agents by type of tourism was unstable, since the main reason that negatively affected this trend was the economic crisis of 2013–2015 in Ukraine, caused primarily by the instability of the situation in the political sphere. It was determined that in the species classification of tourism, that is, the distribution of tourists who were served by tour operators and travel agents, the highest is the number of outbound tourists traveling outside Ukraine. It was found that the number of domestic tourists is significantly lower than the number of outbound tourists, since on average for 2011–2020 was 23,6 %, and the lowest was in 2019 – 9,4 %, due to the COVID–2019 pandemic, under the influence of which another economic crisis arose not only in Ukraine, but also in the world as a whole. It was found that the proportion of inbound (foreign) tourists in the period 2011–2020 decreased sharply – from 10,6 % in 2010 to 0,5 % in 2020, the reason for which is the decrease in the attractiveness of the tourism industry of Ukraine for foreign tourists. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this direction are the development of a methodological approach to assessing the quality of tourism and hotel and restaurant services.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF COVID-19

The article examines the changes and consequences in the field of tourism under the influence of the pandemic. Based on the analysis of the report of the World Tourism Organization UNWTO, it was found that in the first ten months of 2020, the number of international revenues decrease by 72%, due to travel restrictions, low consumer confidence and the global fight against COVID-19. in the first quarter of 2020, there was already a 22% reduction in travel, and arrivals in March fell to 57% in all markets. That means a loss of 67 million international tourists and about $ 80 billion in revenue. It is determined that Ukraine lags far behind in the implementation of measures to support tourism, so the forecasts for competitiveness are disappointing. The share of tourism contributions to the economy of Ukraine, according to various estimates, is about 7-10%, and the tourism-related economy in Ukraine depends mainly on domestic tourism and the domestic component of outbound tourism. The results of our own survey were analyzed, on the basis of which (107 respondents mostly from Sumy) it was determined: respondents are amateur travelers, so after quarantine 50% of them will travel as before, without much changes; people consciously and responsibly approach the rules of life during a pandemic, so they are ready to refrain from traveling for some time for the sake of safety of life and health, or travel in compliance with all safety measures, or will choose travel on their own; the main factor when choosing a trip is its cost; respondents are interested in the development of tourism in Ukraine and in their regions, ready to support the development of this area. Moreover, an analysis of the Booking platform research was conducted and their forecasts for tourism trends in 2021 were singled out. We formed ways to solve the problems of tourism in Ukraine: the restoration and proper condition of natural resources, historical and cultural heritage of the country; qualitatively and with interest to inform about tourist places of the country, to launch advertising campaigns; by the authorities - to provide financial and legal support to the tourism industry; support of domestic air and rail connections, as well as regulation of ticket prices, etc.

An empirical study of outbound tourism in Japan during the international tourism transformation period

An empirical study of outbound tourism in Japan during the international tourism transformation period

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РИЗИКІВ НА МІЖНАРОДНОМУ РИНКУ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ, СПРИЧИНЕНИХ ПАНДЕМІЄЮ ТА ПЛАНУВАННЯ ЗАХОДІВ ВИХОДУ З КРИЗИ ЗА РАХУНОК ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РІВНЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ МОТИВАЦІЇ ПРАЦІ ПЕРСОНАЛУ

The article considers the risks of the international market of tourist services in a pandemic and measures to overcome the crisis by increasing the level of professional motivation of staff. Study of losses of the tourism sector in the EU in April-May 2020. Decrease in EU revenues in June 2020. The impact of risks on the development of the international tourism industry from the implementation of anti-epidemic measures with COVID-19. Uncertainty and the predominant risks and duration of pandemic constraints are key to determining losses in this sector. The reasons for job losses in the tourism industry during the study period are investigated. The analysis of dynamics of outbound tourism for the period of introduction of quarantine restrictions is carried out. The reasons for the decline in demand for domestic tourism have been identified. The negative dynamics in the labor market of the tourism industry and its cause are determined. The expediency of Ukraine’s participation in international tourism relations has been proved. The tourism industry of Ukraine has been studied and the priority directions of its development that have developed under the current conditions have been revealed. The level of employment during the implementation of measures caused by the pandemic was studied. It is determined that an important problem is the high level of informal employment in the tourism industry. It was found that in the current situation in Ukraine at the current stage of its development, the problem of raising the level of professional motivation of staff has become important, because solving the challenges facing society is possible only if you create an appropriate motivational framework that can motivate employees to effective work. It is proved that in modern conditions in Ukraine at the present stage of its development the problem of increasing the level of professional motivation of staff has become important, because solving problems facing society is possible only if you create an appropriate motivational base that can motivate employees to work effectively. The efficiency of economic and non-economic methods of motivation of tourism workers is compared. The expediency of using a personalized approach to the choice of methods of professional motivation of employees is determined. Ways out of the crisis by increasing the level of professional motivation of staff are proposed.