Province Of Ourense Research Articles

Culture as a Resilient and Sustainable Strategy in Small Cities

This article studies the recent evolution of five cases of small cities in the interior of Spain that several decades ago invested in culture as a strategy to maintain their populations and increase the quality of life of their inhabitants. These are case studies of differentiated characteristics in which the analysis of their evolution offers important keys for developing cultural policies in any small city in the world. The examples of Allariz, Almagro, Astorga, Puigcerdá and Trujillo allow for the corroboration of how betting on culture as a resilient and sustainable strategy generates positive results for their populations. Allariz, in the province of Ourense, is showing a cultural identity development that emerged as a movement to reject the pollution of the Arnoia River. In Almagro, in the La Mancha province of Ciudad Real, the recovery in 1955 of the only Corral de Comedias preserved since the 17th century allowed for the inauguration in 1979 of the first Almagro Classical Theatre Festival, and from then on, a whole series of restorations and new constructions related to theater and the performing arts, which turned a small town of less than 10,000 inhabitants into the national theater capital. Astorga is a small two-thousand-year-old city in the province of León, which is trying to recover as a living history museum to face the current reality of demographic and economic crises. Puigcerdá, in the province of Girona, the historic capital of Cerdanya, is another small town in which cultural management and production is much larger than it would be corresponding to its demographic size. Lastly, Trujillo, in the Extremadura province of Cáceres, a city of pre-Roman origin known in the 16th century as the birthplace of conquistadors in America such as Francisco Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana, is another small town of less than 10,000 inhabitants that is committed to creating and maintaining a rich cultural agenda with an important weight for the history and relationship between America and Spain and the recovery of the civil and religious heritage of this small monumental city. These are five enclaves, in summary, that have for years followed a clear strategy of betting on identity and culture to improve the well-being of their inhabitants and the local development of their economy, and which, as this research demonstrates, have made it possible to avoid the biggest problems of the impoverishment and abandonment of other nearby towns with similar characteristics.

The Rural School from Child's Point of View: A Participatory Research Through Photovoice

Rural schools have been studied throughout their history. However, the presence of the students' perspective in these schools has not been a preferred topic. The aim of this research is to listen to and make visible the opinions and feelings of the students enrolled in the grouped rural schools (CRA) in the province of Ourense (Spain). The methodology used is participatory in nature and is designed to achieve the collaboration, involvement, recognition, and acceptance of the participants. In the process developed, a first stage of awareness-raising and a second stage of negotiation and joint decision-making can be distinguished. At the same time, interpersonal and intrapersonal reflection are combined. Child-friendly data collection strategies are used: 6 multi-level assemblies (143 minutes of audio recordings), photovoice (303 textualised photographs) and drawing conversation (101 narrated drawings). Six schools participated, with a total of 101 school children enrolled in pre-school and primary education. The data analysis process was carried out with the ATLAS.ti 22 software. The results obtained show that the pupils' voice focuses mainly on five visions centered on the material, academic, contextual, emotional, and relational aspects. In addition, play stands out as a transversal axis that saturates all the categories. The conclusions show the importance of taking into account the voice of the pupils, as it allows the participation of all pupils with a diversity of competences, skills and expressive styles.

Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain).

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease affecting nerve transmission at the level of the neuromuscular junction, and typically causes fluctuating muscle weakness. Epidemiological studies show an increase in MG prevalence, particularly among the older population. We performed a retrospective epidemiological study to determine the incidence and prevalence of MG in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain), characterised by population ageing. Patients were selected from our clinical neuromuscular diseases database by searching for patients with an active prescription for pyridostigmine bromide. Incidence was estimated for the period 2009-2018. We calculated prevalence at 31/12/2018. According to census data for the province of Ourense, the population on 1/1/2019 was 307 651, of whom 96 544 (31.4%) were aged ≥ 65 years. We identified 80 cases of MG, with a prevalence rate of 260 cases/1 000 000 population (95% CI, 202.7-316.4), rising to 517.9/1 000 000 population in those aged ≥ 65 (95% CI, 363.2-672.9). Cumulative incidence in the study period was 15.4 cases per 1 000 000 person-years. Early onset (≤ 50 years) was recorded in 29.1% of cases. The prevalence of MG in our health district is one of the highest published figures, and the disease is highly prevalent in the older population.

Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America

Although today we live in a globalised world, the ties established between the Iberian Peninsula and the countries of Latin America are particularly strong, with important migratory flows. This connection may condition the development of diseases that involve a genetic influence, which may in turn be modulated by various environmental factors. The aim of this review is to determine the descriptive epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the Iberian Peninsula and in Latin America. A literature search was conducted in Medline, LILACS and Google Scholar for the different countries of interest using the terms 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'epidemiology' and 'myasthenia gravis'. The methodology and quality were reviewed, and descriptive data about the study population as well as data on prevalence were extracted. Many countries lack epidemiological studies on myasthenia gravis and in others the data reported focus on one referral hospital, making it difficult to compare prevalence between countries. In the Iberian Peninsula, the prevalence is consistently above 100 cases x 106 inhabitants, the highest figures being found in the area of Osona (Barcelona) and in the province of Ourense. In Latin America, much lower prevalence figures are reported, generally below 100 x 106 inhabitants. There is a predominance of females in the early-onset forms (<50 years) and a clear increase in prevalence in the elderly population, especially in the very late onset forms (>65 years), where it is more frequent in men.

The effect of flowering stage on distribution modelling performance: A case study of Acacia dealbata using maximum entropy modelling and RPA images

Aim of study: To classify and validate the coverage of Acacia dealbata by stratifying its area into three different flowering stages using remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)-derived image orthomosaics.&#x0D; Area of study: We selected three sites in the west of Ourense province (Galicia, Spain). This area is the eastern cluster of A. dealbata populations in Galicia.&#x0D; Material and methods: We used a multirotor RPA equipped with an RGB and a multispectral camera. The flights were carried out on 10th and 11th March 2020. We performed a visual interpretation of the RGB orthomosaics to identify the patches of A. dealbata in three different flowering stages. We then used a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) programme to estimate the probability of A. dealbata presence in each study site at each of the three flowering stages.&#x0D; Main results: The performance of the MaxEnt models for the three flowering stages in each of the three study sites were acceptable in terms of ROC area under the curve (AUC) analyses the values of which ranged from 0.74 to 0.91, although in most cases was greater than 0.80, this being an improvement on the classification without stratification (AUC from 0.73 to 0.86).&#x0D; Research highlights: Our approach has proven to be a valid procedure to identify patterns of species distributions at local scale. In general, the performance of the models improves when stratification into flowering stages is considered. Overall accuracy of the presence prediction maps ranged from 0.76 to 0.91, highlighting the suitability of this approach for monitoring the expansion of A. dealbata.

Nuevos datos de distribución de marta Martes martes en Ourense, Galicia. El fototrampeo como herramienta de muestreo de la especie

Pine marten Martes martes is a medium size mustelid that inhabits well-conserved forests of the northern Iberian Peninsula. Currently, the distribution and ecology of the species in the Iberian Peninsula is poorly known. In this work, 27 UTM 10x10km grids in the province of Ourense were sampled using camera-trapping techniques, with the aim of increasing knowledge about the distribution of the species in Galicia. The presence of pine marten was confirmed in 18 of the surveyed grids, which increases the species´ known distribution area by 21% in this community and by 62% in Ourense province, confirming camera-trapping specific survey as a highly effective method to know the distribution of elusive species such as the pine marten.

AUTOMATED STRUCTURAL FOREST CHANGES USING LIDAR POINT CLOUDS AND GIS ANALYSES

Abstract. Forest spatial structure describes the relationships among different species in the same forest community. Automation in the monitoring of the structural forest changes and forest mapping is one of the main utilities of applications of modern geoinformatics methods. The obtaining objective information requires the use of spatial data derived from photogrammetry and remote sensing. This paper investigates the possibility of applying light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds and geographic information system (GIS) analyses for automated mapping and detection changes in vegetation structure during a year of study. The research was conducted in an area of the Ourense Province (NWSpain). The airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, acquired in August 2019 and June of 2020, reveal detailed changes in forest structure. Based on ALS data the vegetation parameters will be analysed.To study the structural behaviour of the tree vegetation, the following parameters are used in each one of the sampling areas: (1) Relationship between the tree species present and their stratification; (2) Vegetation classification in fuel types; (3) Biomass (Gi); (4) Number of individuals per area; and (5) Canopy cover fraction (CCF). Besides, the results were compared with the ground truth data recollected in the study area.The development of a quantitative structural model based on Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds was proposed to accurately estimate tree attributes automatically and to detect changes in forest structure. Results of statistical analysis of point cloud show the possibility to use UAV LiDAR data to characterize changes in the structure of vegetation.

Distribution of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in northern Spain: Contemporary cover, suitable habitat and potential expansion under climate change

The goals of this study were to analyze the current status of eucalypt plantations in northern Spain and to assess current and future potential expansion of these plantations under climate change. The findings showed that the area occupied by Eucalyptus globulus has increased greatly (by 4.6 times) in northern Spain in the last 50 years, to reach the current cover of 389033.57 ha. This area represents 18.22% of the total area of wooded land, although the proportion varies widely in different provinces (0.28% in the inland province of Ourense and 44.76% in A Coruña). In order to assess the current and future species distribution for two climate change scenarios, species distribution models were fitted to data on 53 spatially-continuous environmental variables (terrain, climate, soil and hydrographical variables) derived from 3014 plots with presence of eucalypts and included in the third Spanish national forest inventory. The Random Forest machine learning method proved to be the best approach for modelling eucalypt occurrence, which was found to be related to 18 variables. Climate, soil and terrain were the most important variables in the model (explaining respectively 51.2%, 34.2% and 10.1% of the variation). Future projections were made for 2050 and 2070 by considering representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and applying the BCC-CSM1.1 model of the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report, which forecasted a significant increase in the suitable habitat in the inland areas of Galicia (northwest Spain) and a slight reduction in the other three autonomous communities in northern Spain (Asturias, Cantabria and Euskadi). The current suitable habitat in forest land and other natural and seminatural areas (SHNET) includes an area of 830885.41 ha available for potential expansion of eucalypt, of which a total of 296356.71 ha is currently occupied by native broadleaved forest, mainly in Galicia (185420.12 ha). In addition, an increase in SHNET of up 398810.27 ha is expected by 2070 in the worst climate change scenario (RCP 8.5), so that pressure on the native forest will mainly increase in the inland areas of Galicia. In natural protected areas, eucalypts currently occupy an area of 7840.40 ha, which represents 7.10% of the SHNET included in natural protected areas in the study zone (110428.78 ha). The largest such area (5032.65 ha) is in Galicia and represents 7.42% of the SHNET in natural protected areas in the region (67836.64 ha). In the future, this amount will increase by between 59.16% and 87.89% in Galicia but will decrease by between 18.41% and 30.59% in the other autonomous communities in northern Spain, with the exception of the RCP 8.5 scenario for 2070, in which an increase of 4.42% is forecast. The research findings demonstrate the significant presence of eucalypt in natural protected areas and the possibility of expansion of eucalypts in Galicia in the absence of effective control.

HOPES FOR THE COUNTRYSIDE’S FUTURE. AN ANALYSIS OF TWO ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN SOUTH-EASTERN GALICIA

The Galician countryside is commonly interpreted as being dominated by a deep socio-economic depression that even the reception of generous European Union rural and regional development funds over the last few decades has not been able to overcome. The aim of this paper is to refine this negative understanding at regional scale by examining specific case-studies at local level through a qualitative study of two self-proclaimed “rural development centres” located in south-eastern Galicia (the province of Ourense). The research is carried out within a theoretical framework on development, based mainly on the core notion of endogenous development. After outlining the regional setting, the selected experiences in the hamlets of Lodoselo (municipality of Sarreaus, district of A Limia) and Arzádegos (municipality of Vilardevós, district of Val de Monterrei) are analysed. The paper concludes by discussing to what extent both initiatives follow endogenous development conception and contribute towards real rural development, thus avoiding the bleak regional picture. The relevance of qualitative readings is stressed in this respect.

Epidemiología de la miastenia gravis en la provincia de Ourense (Galicia, noroeste de España)

IntroductionMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease affecting nerve transmission at the level of the neuromuscular junction, and typically causes fluctuating muscle weakness. Epidemiological studies show an increase in MG prevalence, particularly among the older population. ObjectiveWe performed a retrospective epidemiological study to determine the incidence and prevalence of MG in the province of Ourense (Galicia, Spain), characterised by population ageing. Material and methodsPatients were selected from our clinical neuromuscular diseases database by searching for patients with an active prescription for pyridostigmine bromide. Incidence was estimated for the period 2009-2018. We calculated prevalence at 31/12/2018. According to census data for the province of Ourense, the population on 1/1/2019 was 307,651, of whom 96,544 (31.4%) were aged ≥ 65 years. ResultsWe identified 80 cases of MG, with a prevalence rate of 260 cases/1 000 000 population (95% CI, 202.7-316.4), rising to 517.9/1 000 000 population in those aged ≥ 65 (95% CI, 363.2-672.9). Cumulative incidence in the study period was 15.4 cases per 1 000 000 person-years. Early onset (≤ 50 years) was recorded in 29.1% of cases. ConclusionThe prevalence of MG in our health district is one of the highest published figures, and the disease is highly prevalent in the older population.

Microbial diversity analysis and screening for novel xylanase enzymes from the sediment of the Lobios Hot Spring in Spain

Here, we describe the metagenome composition of a microbial community in a hot spring sediment as well as a sequence-based and function-based screening of the metagenome for identification of novel xylanases. The sediment was collected from the Lobios Hot Spring located in the province of Ourense (Spain). Environmental DNA was extracted and sequenced using Illumina technology, and a total of 3.6 Gbp of clean paired reads was produced. A taxonomic classification that was obtained by comparison to the NCBI protein nr database revealed a dominance of Bacteria (93%), followed by Archaea (6%). The most abundant bacterial phylum was Acidobacteria (25%), while Thaumarchaeota (5%) was the main archaeal phylum. Reads were assembled into contigs. Open reading frames (ORFs) predicted on these contigs were searched by BLAST against the CAZy database to retrieve xylanase encoding ORFs. A metagenomic fosmid library of approximately 150,000 clones was constructed to identify functional genes encoding thermostable xylanase enzymes. Function-based screening revealed a novel xylanase-encoding gene (XynA3), which was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21. The resulting protein (41 kDa), a member of glycoside hydrolase family 11 was purified and biochemically characterized. The highest activity was measured at 80 °C and pH 6.5. The protein was extremely thermostable and showed 94% remaining activity after incubation at 60 °C for 24 h and over 70% remaining activity after incubation at 70 °C for 24 h. Xylanolytic activity of the XynA3 enzyme was stimulated in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and Fe3+ ions. HPLC analysis showed that XynA3 hydrolyzes xylan forming xylobiose with lower proportion of xylotriose and xylose. Specific activity of the enzyme was 9080 U/mg for oat arabinoxylan and 5080 U/mg for beechwood xylan, respectively, without cellulase activity.

Tecnologías digitales para el estudio, la difusión y preservación del patrimonio histórico y cultural gallego: contribuciones del proyecto Epigraphica 3.0

Este trabajo tiene por objeto dar a conocer las contribuciones del proyecto «Epigraphica 3.0: Hacia la creación y diseño de un corpus digital de inscripciones latinas de la provincia de Ourense» en materia de documentación, estudio y difusión del patrimonio epigráfico gallego. Para ello se presenta un conjunto de experiencias y prácticas de investigación que están siendo desarrolladas en la actualización, revisión y socialización del fondo epigráfico romano de la citada provincia. El resultado es un corpus online y en open access que utiliza la fotogrametría Structure from Motion para el registro de las inscripciones, y una serie de técnicas de tratamiento de imagen digital para el análisis epigráfico y la restitución textual. El objetivo final es tratar de paliar algunos de los efectos negativos que determinados problemas estructurales de Galicia, caso del despoblamiento rural y el envejecimiento demográfico, están ocasionando en su preservación y conocimiento.

Tres arquitecturas altomedievales orensanas: Santa Eufemia de Ambía, San Xés de Francelos y San Martiño de Pazó

Este artículo tiene como objetivo profundizar en el conocimiento arqueológico de las técnicas constructivas altomedievales del noroeste peninsular, y la dimensión social en las que éstas se enmarcan, a través del estudio comparativo de tres iglesias de la actual provincia de Ourense: Santa Eufemia de Ambía, San Xés de Francelos y San Martiño de Pazó. Para ello, partimos de un trabajo extensivo previo en el que se realizó una prospección arqueológica para documentar posibles restos de iglesias altomedievales. Se seleccionaron, entre otras, estas tres iglesias y se hizo una lectura veloz de sus paramentos combinada con la datación absoluta de los morteros de tierra de las fases altomedievales mediante Luminiscencia Ópticamente Estimulada y radiocarbono. Esta metodología, completada con una revisión historiográfica de cada edificio, nos permitirá observar de cerca las transformaciones en las técnicas constructivas que tienen lugar en esta zona entre los siglos IX y X y contextualizarlas en el marco más amplio de los estudios sobre arquitectura altomedieval en la península ibérica.

El plan TIC y su difusión a la comunidad educativa: un estudio transversal

En el año 2007 se establece en Galicia la obligatoriedad de elaborar en los centros educativos el Plan TIC. En este documento de centro se exponen las acciones a llevar a cabo para la introducción e integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, señalando la utilización de la página web como uno de los indicadores de estas acciones. En el marco de una investigación evaluativa para conocer la realidad actual del Plan TIC, se plantea un objetivo encaminado a comprobar la difusión que dicho Plan posee en las páginas web. A través de una metodología mixta, el estudio se centra en la información obtenida con un cuestionario a 38 equipos directivos y una ficha de registro de páginas web de 140 centros educativos de la provincia de Ourense. Los resultados indican que prácticamente en la totalidad de los casos se hace uso de la página web, que se actualiza con cierta frecuencia pero que en pocas ocasiones se cumple el objetivo de difundir el Plan TIC y servir como puente para la comunicación con la comunidad educativa.

Imaginaris de la família en treballadors socials dels serveis socials comunitaris bàsics gallecs de la província d'Ourense

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;El concepte de família refereix a una construcció social institucionalitzada, que ha estat abordada des de diferents perspectives, deixant entreveure la seva relació directa amb la satisfacció de les necessitats humanes, el desenvolupament, la cura, les unions o relacions, la producció i reproducció i l'ordre social. Sent la sexualitat, la genealogia, el poder i la ciutadania la base de la seva construcció s'identifiquen diferents tipologies de famílies (Montaño, 2007; Therborn, 2007; Robles &amp;amp; Di Ies, 2012). Les quals han centrat tradicionalment gran part de l'acció professional del Treball Social.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tenint en consideració els Serveis Socials Comunitaris Bàsics del context gallec de la província d'Ourense es planteja una investigació qualitativa a través de la Teoria fonamentada i mitjançant un procés de categorització emergent amb l'objectiu d'identificar la percepció que tenen 7 sobre la família, el context gallec i la família que acudeix a les seves dependències. Així com analitzar si es produeixen diferències en relació amb l'àmbit rural i urbà.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;Els resultats evidencien una gran influència del discurs sociològic i jurídic, així com del model sistèmic, en els professionals. Així mateix s'evidencia que hi ha una gran pluralitat de famílies tant a Galícia com en els Serveis Socials. Així mateix es denota un clar discurs tradicional, moralista, heteronormatiu i identificatiu amb la seva funció protectora (cures), especialment en l'àmbit rural. És per això que es considera necessari proposar mesures formatives i preventives per promoure una visió més holística i plural de la família.&lt;/span&gt;

Unravelling the response of diurnal raptors to land use change in a highly dynamic landscape in northwestern Spain: an approach based on satellite earth observation data

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is one of the main components of current anthropogenic global change. Unravelling the ecological response of biodiversity to the combined effect of land use change and other stressors is essential for effective conservation. For this purpose, we used co-inertia analysis to combine LULCC analysis of earth observation satellite data-derived maps and raptor data obtained from road censuses conducted in 2001 and 2014 at sampling unit level (10 km2 spatial resolution), in northwestern Spain (province of Ourense, c. 7281 km2). In addition, habitat suitability models were also computed using ten widely used single-modelling techniques providing an ensemble of predictions at landscape level (four spatial resolutions: 500-m, 1-km, 2-km and 5-km radius around each sighting) for each year and raptor species to analyse the habitat suitability changes in the whole study area through three niche overlap indices. The models revealed an increase in occurrence and habitat suitability of forest raptor species coupled with a strong decrease in species associated with open habitats, mainly heaths and shrub formations. Open-habitat specialist species were negatively affected by the concomitant effects of intensive forest management and a long-lasting trend of rural abandonment coupled with an unusually high frequency of wildfires. Sustainable forest management and agricultural practices should be encouraged by both public and private sectors, through, e.g. policies related to European funds for rural and regional development (FEDER and FEADER programs) to effectively protect threatened habitats and species, and to comply with current environmental legislation. The combined use of satellite imagery and ground-level biodiversity data proved to be a cost-effective and systematic method for monitoring priority habitats and their species in highly dynamic landscapes.

Adriano y el noroeste de Hispania c. 132-134 d. C.: actuaciones en el valle del río Limia (Ourense)

El presente trabajo analiza la actuación de Roma en el noroeste de la península Ibérica durante el desempeño de las potestades tribunicias XVI a XVIII (años 132-134 d.C.) de Adriano, consistentes en la mejora de las infraestructuras y en la relación jurídica con las comunidades indígenas afectadas por estas reformas. En todo ello tuvo un papel destacado el ejército, por lo que se trata su presencia en el valle del río Limia (actual provincia de Ourense), centro de la actividad estudiada.

Meningitis Caused by Salmonella Newport in a Five-Year-Old Child.

Salmonella Newport is a Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the Enterobacteria family and the nontyphi Salmonella (NTS), usually related to gastroenteritis. Main difference between NTS and Salmonella typhi is that the last one evolves to an invasive disease easier than NTS. These can progress to bacteremias in around 5% of cases and secondary focuses can appear occasionally, as in meningitis. An infection of the central nervous system is uncommon, considering its incidence in 0.6–8% of the cases; most of them are described in developing countries and mainly in childhood, especially neonates. Bacterial meningitis by NTS mostly affects immunosuppressed people in Europe. Prognosis is adverse, with a 50% mortality rate, mainly due to complications of infection: hydrocephalus, ventriculitis, abscesses, subdural empyema, or stroke. Choice antibiotic treatments are cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ceftazidime. The aim of this paper is to present a case of meningitis caused by Salmonella Newport diagnosed in a five-year-old girl living in a rural area of the province of Ourense (Spain), with favorable evolution and without neurological disorders.

Hábitos de uso en las Redes Sociales de los y las adolescentes: análisis de género

El impacto provocado por la generalización de las Redes Sociales ha supuesto drásticas transformaciones en las formas de comunicación y socialización. Esta realidad no deja al margen a los/las adolescentes, verdaderos/as nativos/as digitales. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en conocer los hábitos de uso en las Redes Sociales de los/as estudiantes ourensanos/as analizando las diferencias de género. La muestra estaba formada por 1283 estudiantes de la provincia de Ourense con una media de edad de 15,55 (DT: 1,6). Entre las conclusiones más relevantes se destaca que las R.S. son utilizadas tanto por chicos como por chicas con asiduidad. La mayor parte de los/as adolescentes refieren tener perfiles en una o más R.S. (siendo Facebook, Twitter y Tuenti las más utilizadas), a las que acceden fundamentalmente a través de su móvil (Chi2= 5,86; p&lt;.05) tanto chicas (88.1%) como chicos (83.3%). Se revelan cifras similares en lo relativo al número de contactos agregados en Facebook y Tuenti (entre 100 y 300 contactos mayoritariamente). No obstante tanto en Twitter (Chi2=40.1; p&lt;.001) como en Instagram (Chi2=43.7; p&lt;.001) las chicas manifiestan tener más contactos que sus compañeros, entre 500 (17.5%) y más de 1000 (22.5%). Son también las chicas (27.7%) las que conceden mayor importancia al número de contactos frente a los chicos (25.2%). No obstante solamente un 4.5% de ellas afirma que siempre aceptan las solicitudes de amistad aunque no sepan quién es la otra persona (Chi2=14,53; p&lt;.01) frente al 9.8% de ellos que así lo afirma. Algunos/as de los chicos (46.5%) y las chicas (41.6%) que etiquetan a contactos en fotos consideran que hacerlo los hace más populares (23.2% chicos y 18.8% chicas). Las chicas son más cuidadosas en la privacidad de sus perfiles teniendo en mayor medida perfiles cerrados/protegidos, el 66.2% de las chicas declara que solo sus amistades pueden ver sus perfiles frente al 56.1% de los chicos que así lo manifiesta (Chi2=13.61; p&lt;.01). En esta línea el 22.3% de los chicos frente al 17.9% de las chicas tienen perfiles que pueden ser observados por cualquier persona conocida y/o desconocida. Son ellas las que tienen mayor conciencia sobre el peligro de las R.S, afirmando que su uso puede llegar a ser “peligroso” o “muy peligroso” en el 44.2% de los casos frente al 35.1% de los chicos que así lo afirma (Chi2=23.26; p&lt;.001). Asimismo son ellas las que afirman en mayor medida que sus amigos/as consideran el uso de las R.S peligroso (48.3% de chicos y un 52.7% de chicas). A pesar de que tanto los chicos (91.4%) como las chicas (86.2%) no son supervisados sobre el acceso/uso a las R.S, son ellas las que recibir más vigilancia (Chi2=8.44; p&lt;.01). Los chicos (33%) afirman más que sus compañeras (23.4%) que nunca han recibido formación sobre el uso de las R.S (Chi2=14,32; p&lt;.001). A la vista de los resultados obtenidos se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de formación sobre el uso responsable de las redes sociales por parte de los y las adolescentes así como de docentes y familias.

El Vocalismo tónico y los principales fenómenos que lo afectan en un habla gallega del sureste de la provincia de Ourense (España)

This research, which has been carried out by means of surveys and recordings, delimits the seven vowel phonemes in tonic position of a variety of Galician spoken in the south-east of the province of Ourense, Spain. Prior to the analysis, we describe the geographical area of the study, and we present the objectives, methodology and theoretical framework of the research. The rest of the paper proves that the studied variety does not always show a metaphonic influence of -ŭ and that it converges with eastern Galician dialects in terms of not closing the sound ĕ when followed by a nasal, and with non-northeastern Galician dialects in terms of closing the sound ŏ when followed by a nasal. In addition, the analyzed variety does not show metaphonic influence of -a. Finally, we argue that the variants mazaira (apple tree) and aira (threshing floor) are not found in the same territory in present-day Galician.