Ostreatus Mushroom Research Articles

Bioconversion of sisal agro-industrial waste into high protein oyster mushrooms

This study evaluated the production of P. ostreatus mushrooms on substrates formulated with different proportions of sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) shredded leaf (SSL) and dry fiber powder (DFP) waste, with 5% wheat-bran and 3% triturated charcoal. The substrates were fully colonized at 16 to 18 days, primordia formation started at 20 to 21 days after inoculation, and the complete production cycle of P. ostreatus occurred within 55 days. The substrate with 70% SSL and 30% DFP was the most effective, with biological efficiency of 79.9%, and mushroom yield of 260.2 g kg−1 of fresh substrate. Mushrooms with 29.0% crude protein and 2.2% fat were produced. Sisal fiber agro-industrial waste can be efficiently bioconverted into nutrient rich oyster mushrooms. This bioprocess can generate opportunities for the creation of additional income for small family-run farms in sisal producing countries, and prevent the inappropriate waste disposal on farms.

Impact of grape pomace as a cultivation substrate on the Pleurotus ostreatus chemical and biological properties

The objective of this study was to develop a single quality index of chemical characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts on 7th and 14th day of its shelf life, derived from the mushroom fruiting bodies. P. ostreatus was cultivated on four substrates containing different ratio of wine industry waste-grape pomace (P) and wheat straw (S): 100P, 80P20S, 50P50S, 20P80S. Four quality parameters of P. ostreatus mushroom extracts, i.e. antioxidative parameters: ABTS+ and DPPH? free radical scavenging capability, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total polysaccharides (TPS) were used to define the final extract quality index. Analysis indicated 100P and 80P20S as the samples cultivated on the substrate with higher percent of grape pomace, as the best quality at the 7th day of its shelf life. On the other hand, final quality score indicated 50P50S and 20P80S, cultivated on a substrate with a lower percent of grape pomace, as the best quality samples at the 14th day of its shelf life. According to the results, samples cultivated on a higher pomace content substrate are of better quality in a shorter storage time period.

Technological properties of cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms and their influence on the choice of culinary processing methods

Pleurotus Ostreatus mushrooms are used as raw materials for public catering establishments. Features of the technological properties of this mushrooms affect the composition of operations and their parameters during mechanical processing and the choice of methods and features of thermal processing. Taking into account the peculiarities of the growth of this mushrooms and their morphological structure, a scheme of mechanical processing is presented. The duration and weight loss were determined for various methods of heat treatment. It was found that the weight loss during heat treatment decreases with an increase in the dry matter content. There is an inverse relationship between the content of bound water and the loss of mass: with an increase in the proportion of bound water, the mass loss during heat treatment decreases. It means that the weight loss during heat treatment of mushrooms is due to the loss of free water. Therefore when assessing the quality of raw materials at the stage of incoming control, it is necessary to control the content of dry matter in mushrooms, and take this indicator into account when developing formulations and establishing technological parameters, namely, losses during heat treatment.

Evaluation of functional and nutritional potential of a protein concentrate from Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom

Edible mushrooms used as a protein-rich food may be an attractive alternative to conventional protein sources, while promoting its valorization. This work aimed to obtain a protein concentrate from a Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom flour, its characterization, and nutritional and functional properties evaluation. Methodologies applied for extraction and precipitation of protein were optimized - pH 4 and 12, respectively; and flour-solvent ratio of 1:20 w/v. The protein density was increased by 78%. P. ostreatus flour and concentrate were characterized by proximal composition. The content of total phenolic compounds in the protein concentrate decreased, leading to a positive effect on protein digestibility, while the DPPH radical scavenging activity was not significantly affected. Peptides with molecular weights from 12 to 35 kDa, with possible bioactivity, were identified by electrophoresis. Protein digestibility assessed by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed a 4.2-fold higher hydrolysis degree in the protein concentrate than the flour.

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom on Substrates Made of Cellulose Fibre Rejects: Product Quality and Spent Substrate Fuel Properties

This paper explores an alternative valorisation method for high-moisture content waste streams from the pulp and paper industry. Cellulose fibre rejects from industrial-scale recycling/pulping of waste paper was used as an ingredient in substrates for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly known as oyster mushroom. Three substrates with 40, 60, and 80 wt% fibre rejects were tested, and a conventional substrate formula based on birch (Betula ssp.) sawdust was used for comparison. The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) fuel characteristics were assessed through ashing procedures. Mycelium growth was faster on substrates based on fibre rejects. The average biological efficiencies of the first flush of fruit bodies were between 29 and 36% compared to 42% for birch sawdust substrates. The fruit bodies had good nutritional values, i.e., crude protein (22–25 wt% d.b.), crude fat (3–3.5 wt% d.b.), crude fibre (8–10 wt% d.b.), and carbohydrates (57–62 wt% d.b.). The concentrations of heavy metals, 5–10 µg/kg Pb, 19–28 µg/kg Cd, 5–6 µg/kg Hg, and 26–53 µg/kg As were well below the limit values for food products set in EU regulations. The SMS could be used as fuel for direct combustion or co-combusted with other biomasses.Graphic

Biodegradación de cáscara de cacao por hongos fitopatogénicos para la producción de Pleurotus ostreatus

Three treatments based on spores Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (B1), spores Rhizopus stolonifer (B2) and a mixture of spores Colletotrichum gloeosporioides + Rhizopus stolonifer (B3) to increase the degradation of the cocoa shell. Using the treatment (B1) was obtained the highest degradation of the cocoa shell being of 57.18%, and the leachates production was of 84 mL with pH of 4.10. Pleurotus ostreatus strain (UE01) was cultivated using a mixture of wheat straw with cocoa shell degraded (without or with the 3 treatments), and the productivity and chemical composition of the mushrooms were determined. Pleurotus ostreatus strain (UE01) cultivated on the mixture of wheat straw with cocoa shell degraded with the treatment (B2) showed the highest biological efficiency (124.15 %) and the highest production rate (2.71 %), while the fruit bodies obtained in this mixture exhibited the highest protein content being of 27.84%, and lowest carbohydrate content being of 63.83%. The solutions with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer can be used for the farmers to improve the degradation of cocoa shell and increase the production of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms with highest protein content.

CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS MUSHROOM ON WASTE PRODUCTS AND COMPOST FOR PHENOL DEGRADATION

Remediation through application of different kinds of mushrooms is relatively limited due to different objective factors affecting the growth and development of the mushroom species. This paper presents the results of experiments performed to cultivate the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on substrates based on various organic wastes and composts. The mushroom mycelium blocks were transferred to soil mixtures and the period of adaptation and sporophores formation was monitored. From sporophores was isolated and purified enzyme tyrosinase, which was tested for phenol degradation activity. The obtained results, show’s that the dense homogeneous blocks formed between the mycelium and the substrate can be used for the recovery of solid waste products for direct application to soils contaminated with phenol.

Research of factors affecting the formation of techno-logical properties of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms

Research of factors affecting the formation of techno-logical properties of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms

Alternating current electric field inhibits browning of Pleurotus ostreatus via inactivation of oxidative enzymes during postharvest storage

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. ostreatus) are rich in nutrients and have a pleasant flavour. However, they brown easily during storage, reducing consumer acceptance and decreasing market value. The present study was aimed at assessing the inhibitory effect of an alternating current electric field (ACEF) on the browning of oyster mushrooms and the possible mechanisms involved. Results revealed that treatment of P. ostreatus mushrooms with an ACEF (600 kV/m, 50 Hz, 120 min) reduced the browning of oyster mushrooms by 40% after 12 d of storage, and the effect was closely related to the inactivation of polyphenol oxidase, the delay of electrolyte leakage, and lower malondialdehyde levels that may be a consequence of decreased lipoxygenase activity. In conclusion, ACEF treatment can increase the quality of P. ostreatus during storage by delaying browning.

Experimental evaluation of the effect of beta-D-glucan on the survival of irradiated mice

The relevance is determined by the need to develop new means of antiradiation protection, which could be used for irradiating people in case of emergency situations or for medical use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
 Aim: to evaluate the prospects of beta-D-glucan as a candidate drug for the development of a pharmacological means to reduce the toxic effects of radiation exposure.
 Materials and methods. In experiments on male mice the protective effect of beta-D-glucan derived from Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on the parameters of 30-day survival of irradiated rodents exposed to lethal doses of X-ray radiation was studied. Beta-D-glucan was administered intragastrically in different doses in preventive or therapeutic regimens.
 Results. It was shown that intragastric administration of beta-D-glucan at a dose of 500 mg/kg 1 h after 7.5 Gy X-Ray irradiation protected from the death of irradiated mice. There was a 27% increase in the 30-day survival rate of mice compared to the control group (47% and 20%, respectively). This dose of the drug also increased the 30-day survival rate of mice by 26% when administered 0.5 h before or 2 hours after 8 Gy irradiation. The good tolerance of intragastric administration of beta-D-glucan in mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg was shown. There were no negative effects of the drug during 3 weeks of follow-up.
 Conclusion. The results can indicate that beta-D-glucan derived from Pleurotus ostreatus has an antiradiation potential in the oral route of administration, having a protective effect on the survival of lethally irradiated animals, and shows the properties of a radiomitigator and radioprotector, but the identified effect requires further study.

Growing of pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms under the artificial light and its influence on d-vitamin content

In the following article are given the results of the designed chamber producing different spectrum, based on light-emitting diodes. It is known, that the light, including the artificial light plays a certain role in the vital activity non-photosynthetic organisms, particularly in mushrooms. In the created by us chambers grown for researches of the content mushrooms, particularly for Vitamin-D study, with the help of modern appliances (SHIMANDZU UV-1800) it is identified and shown, under which spectrum Vitamin-D content increases in the composition of mushrooms pleurotus ostreatus. Altogether Vitamin-D plays an important role in the person’s organism, contributing to absorbing Calcium and Magnesium, helping to strengthen the health of bones and making them hard. There are some predictions that with the help of D-vitamin it is possible to cure cancer diseases in the beginning stage.

Toxicological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The wide use of nano-sized metallic materials could result in the release of these particles into the environment. In addition, due to the dissolution of these nano-materials, some of the adverse effects could result from the dissolved metals. On the other hand, dietary supplements play a key role in improving the immunity of consumers; hence, the use of immune stimulants such as mushroom seems to be very necessary. In this study, the dietary effect of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom was investigated on serum immunity and liver histopathological indices of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Serum total protein level enhanced with increasing prebiotic concentration. Serum immunoglobulin and albumin levels increased in the group treated with Pleurotus ostreatus. The amount of these indices significantly increased at the concentration of 0.2 mg/kg; however, glucose value decreased in both of the experimental groups. Serum ALT and ALP levels significantly reduced in the combined treatment group (AgNPs and mushroom) at the concentration of 0.2 mg/kg, in contrast with the control group. In the combination treatment group (AgNPs and mushroom), the serum AST level significantly reduced at concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg; however, it increased at the concentration of 0.05 mg/kg compared with the control group, indicating that immunological indices could improve due to the combined use of AgNPs and mushroom. The overall conclusion of this study shows that the use of mushroom at 0.2 mg/kg in combination with AgNPs could partially improve the effect of AgNPs on tilapia.

Pharmacological activities of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

In this review paper, different characteristics especially medicinal values of Oyster mushroom were described. As a mycological expression, mushrooms are a fruiting body of macro fungi i.e. Basidiomycota that represents only a short reproductive stage in their life cycle. They have a long association with humankind, and provide profound biological and economic impacts. Starting from ancient times, mushrooms are consumed by man with delicacy, due to their good taste and pleasing flavor. Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with high nutritional values and biomedical importance's, since it contains a large number of bioactive components that cause development of its therapeutic functions. The bioactive components that are present in Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom comprise: polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, tri-terpenoids, lectins, lipids and their derivatives, in addition of its vital medicinal components beneficial for the human health. Moreover, Pleurotus ostreatus possess several medicinal properties including; anti-arthritic, antitumor, immune-modulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, hypo cholesterolaemic, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hypertensive, antiplatelet aggregating, antiviral and antimicrobial activities.

EVALUATION OF TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY IN MUSHROOM EXTRACTS PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS AND LENTINULA EDODES

Objective: This research was aimed at assessing the concentration of total polyphenols in ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes mushrooms and antioxidant activity.
 Methods: Polyphenols were determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method, using lyophilized mushroom samples for the preparation of extracts and antioxidant activity by the TBARS method.
 Results: Extracts prepared from mushrooms showed appreciable values ​​of polyphenols, and for the ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes values ​​of 102.78 and 81.83 mg of gallic acid/100 g of the sample respectively, comparable to those obtained in some fruits For methanolic extracts, values ​​of 100.45 and 78.92 mg of gallic acid/100 g of sample were obtained. Polyphenol concentration values ​​for the Pleurotus were higher in the two types of extracts and lower for the Lentinula edodes.
 Conclusion: When evaluating the antioxidant activity, high antioxidant activity was found for the two types of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes, presenting peroxidase inhibition values ​​of 88.04 and 89.49% respectively.

Biosorption of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Biomass and Spent Mushroom Substrate

The potential of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom and its spent substrate were investigated for the biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solutions in both batch and dynamic experiments. After evaluation and optimization of the Pb(II) sorption parameters, the Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate (POBM) showed a greater adsorption capacity (85.91 mg/g) compared to the original spores of Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) (57.73 mg/g). Biosorption equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic models were applied to investigate the mechanism of lead sorption on both of the biosorbents. In order to achieve a more complete characterization, scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were also performed. The Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate biomass was used to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solution by the use of a fixed-bed column. The breakthrough curves at two concentrations equal to 50 and 100 mg/L were determined and analyzed using the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson theoretical models. The reusability properties of the biosorbents were determined using five cycles of adsorption and desorption. The applicability of the mushroom spent substrate as a biosorbent for Pb(II) removal from real wastewater was characterized in a continuous system in which 1 g of biomass allowed the purification of 2.4 L of lead contaminated water with 93% metal removal efficiency, confirming the suitability of this approach for large-scale applications.

Biosorption studies of mushrooms for two typical dyes

Abstract: This study investigated the adsorption behaviour of two cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) onto Pleurotus ostreatus, Armillaria tabescens, and Morchella conica mushrooms. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, and solution pH (3-11) were also determined. The adsorption on all mushrooms attained equilibrium within 120 min for both MB and MG. To evaluate the experimental kinetics data, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetics equations were utilised. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model demonstrated a good fit with all adsorption kinetics. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyse the mechanism of the adsorption isotherm. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm was in a good agreement with the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH enthalpy variation, ΔS entropy variation, and ΔG free Gibbs energy variation were calculated at 303-323 K. The results suggested that the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom was the most suitable adsorbent for both cationic dyes’ removal.

Evaluation of waste paper for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) with some added supplementary materials

Mushroom cultivation is an economically feasible bio-technological process for conversion of various lignocellulosic wastes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran for oyster mushroom cultivation. Pure culture of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kummer) was purchased from YB Plant Micropropagation Plc; Mekelle, Ethiopia. Then, the pure culture was used as inoculum for spawn preparation using sorghum prepared in Microbiology laboratory, Department of Biology, Aksum University. Waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran with 0%, 25% and 50% were prepared. The substrates were mixed with the spawn that has been inoculated with pure culture of oyster mushroom aseptically for their productivity and biological efficiency (BE) for cultivation of P. ostreatus mushroom. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Higher (26.20 ± 19.36) mean weight, pileus diameter (7.90 ± 2.66 cm), total yield (646.4 ± 273.1 g) and BE (64.64 ± 273%) were obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with cornstalk (25%) and wheat bran (25%). And lower (17.92 ± 81.95%) BE were obtained from waste paper (100%). Moreover, the highest (3.88 ± 0.32 cm) mean stalk length was obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with corn stalk (50%). This study revealed that waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran resulted in high BE and total yield. Thus, utilization of waste paper appears to be a promising alternative for the cultivation of oyster mushroom when supplemented with other substrates.

Effects of Crude Oil on the Growth of Oyster Mushroom; <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> (Jacaum ex.fr. Kummer)

: The effect of crude oil on polluted sawdust on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANVOA) and the mean separation was done using Duncan Multiple Range test (DMRT) at the probability of 5%. Result showed that micro-morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus grown on sawdust polluted with crude oil at varying concentrations of 50 ml, 100ml and 150ml and allowed to be contaminated for 8, 10 and 12 day respectively before sowing the mycelia in the polluted sawdust. Marco-Morphological at 10ml level of crude oil polluted sawdust significantly reduced the marco-morphological features of the P. ostreatus mushroom harvest at different days compared to 50ml crude oil polluted sawdust, in 8 days, the cap length measurement are (4.43cm±1.10 – 6.55cm±1.10), for stipe length (3.31cm ± 0.01 - 7.41cm ± 0.02) while the fresh fruit body weight (115.2g ± 2.01 - 175.3g ± 2.01). It is observed that the growing of P. ostreatus using wastes will help to reduce the huge agricultural wastes within our environment that sometimes when not properly managed caused serious environmental pollution. The research therefore recommended for the use of sawdust in the growing of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom species, since sawdust and mushroom are good remediators of crude oil pollution. The summary of the result indicated that increase in crude oil pollution significantly (P≤0.5) affected the macro morphological features of the oyster mushroom production.Keywords: Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, morphological parameters and crude oil.

English

Moisture sorption isotherms of Pleurotus ostreatus were determined at three different temperatures (10, 30 and 40) and relative humidity (6 to 88%), using standard static gravimetric method. The samples were used to determine the equilibrium moisture content and the data fitted to the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation to describe the moisture adsorption characteristics within the water activity used for this study. Model parameters c, k and Mo were derived. The GAB monolayer moisture values (Mo) were 0.179, 0.163 and 0.123 at 10, 30 and 40°C respectively. The c and k value decreased from 0.729 to 0.613 at 10°C and 19.455 to 18.551 at 30°C, and increased to 0.712 and 24.737 when the temperature was further increased to 40°C. The mean relative percent modulus (%E) were 1.318, 5.393 and 3.224% at 10, 30 and 40°C respectively. The r2 values obtained varied between 0.980 and 0.997, indicating strong correlations between the experimental and predicted data; whereas the error values ranged from 0.007 to 0.017, showing very good fitness between the experimental moisture sorption and the modeled sorption. Thus, GAB model could be used to predict the moisture sorption behavior of P. ostreatus mushroom at the range of water activity used in this study. Key words: Pleurotus ostreatus, mushroom, Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model, adsorption, isotherm, monolayer.

The Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Vitro of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Preparations.

BACKGROUND:The popular commercially cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom contains very high nutrients and bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract seems to be the most active in preparation.AIM:This study has an aim to compare the phytochemical analysis of a fresh, dry and ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, to measure the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus.METHODS:The fresh plant’s materials (FPM), dry plants materials (DPM), ethanolic extracts were macerated with 70% (EE70) and 96% ethanol (EE96) of Pleurotus ostreatus which were used for phytochemical analysis, and EE96 was used for antioxidant activity in vitro. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the Dragendorf and Meyer, FeCl3 test, Salkowsky method, Lieberman method, amyl alcohol, foam test and the NaOH reagent. The total phenol test was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS and H2O2 essay.RESULTS:The phytochemical screening showed that the flavonoid, phenolic compounds, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and steroids were detected in the FPM, DPM, EE70 and also the EE96. The alkaloid, however, was not identified by the Meyer Reagent in the FPM and DPM. The DPM and EE70 seemed to have the highest amount of saponin based on the foam that was formed. Meanwhile, steroids and flavonoids were detected at a higher level in the EE96, based on the strength of visible colour. However, triterpenoid and quinones could not be identified. In the total phenol test, there was an amount of 6.67 μg phenol in a 1 mg extract sample which was equivalent to 1 mg of Gallic Acid. The EE96 has an IC50 of 108.07 μg/mL for ABTS and an IC50 reduction of 229.17 μg/mL. The process of Pleurotus ostreatus drying did not reduce the content of active substances. The polar active substances seem to be more soluble in the EE70 than the EE96.CONCLUSION:The higher the bioactive substances in the preparation, the more significant the bio-therapeutic effects. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a phenol content and a good antioxidant action.