Proliferation Of Osteoblast-like Cells Research Articles

Surface functionalization with copper endows carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffold with antibacterial, proangiogenic, and pro-osteogenic activities.

Osteomyelitis is a potentially devastating inflammatory bone disease that leads to bone destruction and loss. Treatment of osteomyelitis requires the removal of residual bacteria as well as osteogenesis with angiogenesis at the site of treatment. Use of an appropriate amount of copper (Cu) in treatment scaffolds may achieve these goals without the risk of toxicity. In this study, the surface of the carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffold was functionalized with Cu through a dissolution-precipitation reaction. The resulting scaffolds retained the honeycomb structure after immersion in CuCl2 solution, and Cu was precipitated on the surface as libethenite [Cu2(OH)PO4]. The surface Cu concentration was controlled by the concentration of the CuCl2 solution. Scaffolds with a surface Cu concentration of 23.8wt% exhibited antibacterial and cytotoxic effects, whereas those with concentrations of ≤4.6wt% exerted antibacterial effects without negatively affecting the cellular adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and calcification of osteoblast-like cells. Furthermore, scaffolds with a surface Cu concentration of 4.6wt% Cu inhibited bacterial growth for at least 28days and displayed proangiogenic and pro-osteogenic activities in vivo. These data confirm the success in functionalizing scaffolds with Cu that may be utilized as an innovative osteomyelitis therapy.

A Network Pharmacology-Based Study on Vital Pharmacological Pathways and Targets of Eucommiae Cortex Acting on Osteoporosis

Background Eucommiae Cortex is a Chinese herbal medicine with bone protective effects and treats osteoporosis. This study aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of this complex mixture. Methods The active compounds and disease targets involved in the study were obtained from publicly available websites and databases. Core target genes were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and topology analysis and mapped to critical components by a “component-target” regulatory network. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway analysis and Gene Ontology (GO)analysis were performed to analyze the biological processes of target genes. Moreover, we carried out molecular docking, cell experiments, and quantitative real-time PCR to propel the research forward. Results Eucommiae Cortex contained 28 active ingredients and 85 potential targets for antiosteoporosis. PPI networks and topology analysis screened 17 core target genes. The therapeutic mechanism involves a series of biological reactions, including host-virus response, chemical stress, oxidative stress, and cell cycle control. The KEGG enrichment illustrated that the MAPK signaling pathway might play a significant role. The final experiment detected ten genes (EGF, AKT1, JUN, MAPK8, MAPK1, CASP3, FOS, VEGFA, EGFR, and MYC) and three compounds (quercetin, kaempferol, and beta- carotene) in the MAPK pathway. Firstly, the CCK-8 and ALP activity test results showed that three compounds could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Secondly, molecular docking confirmed the favorable binding potential. Subsequently, we observed that adding 1∗10−6 mol/L quercetin, 1∗10−5 mol/L kaempferol, and 1∗10−5 mol/L beta-carotene activated the ERK/JNK cascades and the heterodimer complex AP-1(Fos/Jun) in the MAPK pathway. Conclusion MAPK pathway might provide an essential mechanism for the antiosteoporosis effect of Eucommiae Cortex. Eucommiae Cortex and its active ingredients have the potential to treat osteoporosis.

No-Observed-Effect Level of Silver Phosphate in Carbonate Apatite Artificial Bone on Initial Bone Regeneration.

Fracture-related infections require both treatments for bacteria removal and bone reconstruction. The use of combined broad-spectrum antibacterial silver compounds and artificial bone with high osteogenic activity is considered to be an effective strategy for achieving these treatments in one surgery. However, silver compounds are toxic for living tissues even at low concentrations. Herein, we investigated the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) in a bone substitute composed of carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), a bone mineral, using in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the CO3Ap artificial bone containing ≥0.1 wt % Ag3PO4 exerted antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus epidermidis, while those containing ≤0.3 wt % Ag3PO4 did not affect cellular adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and calcification of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the CO3Ap artificial bone containing ≤0.3 wt % Ag3PO4 replaced a new bone to the same levels as those without Ag3PO4 4 weeks after implantation into the bone defect of the rabbit femur condyle. However, the CO3Ap artificial bone containing 0.3 wt % Ag3PO4 caused an inflammatory reaction, whereas those containing ≤0.1 wt % Ag3PO4 did not. Thus, both bone regeneration and infection control without any adverse effects were achieved using the CO3Ap artificial bone containing 0.1 wt % Ag3PO4, indicating that the NOEL of Ag3PO4 was 0.1 wt %. Our results provide an effective strategy for the treatments of fracture-related infections.

Impacts of Blended Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin and Recombinant Spider Silk Fibroin Hydrogels on Cell Growth.

Binary-blended hydrogels fabricated from Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16) were developed and investigated concerning gelation and cellular interactions in vitro. With an increasing concentration of eADF4(C16), the gelation time of SF was shortened from typically one week to less than 48 h depending on the blending ratio. The biological tests with primary cells and two cell lines revealed that the cells cannot adhere and preferably formed cell aggregates on eADF4(C16) hydrogels, due to the polyanionic properties of eADF4(C16). Mixing SF in the blends ameliorated the cellular activities, as the proliferation of L929 fibroblasts and SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells increased with an increase of SF content. The blended SF:eADF4(C16) hydrogels attained the advantages as well as overcame the limitations of each individual material, underlining the utilization of the hydrogels in several biomedical applications.

The Deposition of a Lectin from Oreochromis niloticus on the Surface of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Improved the Cell Adhesion, Proliferation, and Osteogenic Activity of Osteoblast-like Cells.

Titanium and its alloys are used as biomaterials for medical and dental applications, due to their mechanical and physical properties. Surface modifications of titanium with bioactive molecules can increase the osseointegration by improving the interface between the bone and implant. In this work, titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2NTs) were functionalized with a lectin from the plasma of the fish Oreochromis niloticus aiming to favor the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells, improving its biocompatibility. The TiO2NTs were obtained by anodization of titanium and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h. The resulting TiO2NTs were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The successful incorporation of OniL on the surface of TiO2NTs, by spin coating, was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectrum (ATR-FTIR). Our results showed that TiO2NTs were successfully synthesized in a regular and well-distributed way. The modification of TiO2NTs with OniL favored adhesion, proliferation, and the osteogenic activity of osteoblast-like cells, suggesting its use to improve the quality and biocompatibility of titanium-based biomaterials.

Immobilization of bioactive glass ceramics @ 2D and 3D polyamide polymer substrates for bone tissue regeneration

The osteoinductivity of bioactive glass ceramics (BGCs) is dependent on their ability to effectively interact with the surrounding physiological environment and influence the fate of target cells; however, masking and poor dispersion can negatively influence bioactivity. Here, we address this problem via a simple fabrication method of assembling highly ordered and aligned arrays of BGC nanoneedle-like structures (@) on the outer surface of various polyamide 6 (PA6) substrates (casted film, 3D printing filaments, electrospun fibre mats) by ion dissociation. The staggered-like nanoneedles of BGC@PA6 substrates with excellent uniform dispersion showed favourable cell viability, proliferation, and spreading of MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells. Moreover, the immobilized BGC nanoneedles induced osteogenic differentiation and accelerated the expression of late osteoblast marker genes, compared to the control group. Furthermore, the BGC@PA6 composite showed high affinity for bone-like apatite formation when incubated in physiological body fluids. These findings suggest that the unique dispersion of BGCs@PA6 substrates with nanostructure features make them attractive candidates for bone tissue regeneration and open avenues for future investigation into exploiting these properties for bone tissue engineering. Importantly, this work provides a novel concept for in-situ immobilization of BGC with distinctive topographical features onto polymer substrates simulating natural bone structure.

Retraction of "Biological Effects of Titanium Surface Charge with a Focus on Protein Adsorption".

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02518.].

Osteoblast-like Cell Proliferation, ALP Activity and Photocatalytic Activity on Sintered Anatase and Rutile Titanium Dioxide.

This study aimed to create a biomaterial from titanium dioxide (TiO2), which has been known to have photocatalytic and bone formation promoting effects. I expected that anatase titanium dioxide-based implants could promote bone augmentation and induce bone formation. Powdery anatase TiO2 was compression molded and sintered at 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C to prepare sintered compact samples. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the surface of these samples. Furthermore, mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1 cell line) were seeded on the samples sintered at different temperatures, and cell proliferation was observed to evaluate the cell proliferation of the samples. The sample sintered at 700 °C was composed of anatase TiO2. The samples sintered at 800 °C and 900 °C were confirmed to consist of a mixture of anatase and rutile TiO2 crystalline phases. Moreover, the sample sintered at 700 and 800 °C, which contained anatase TiO2, showed remarkable photocatalytic activity. Those samples sintered at 1000 °C were transformed to the rutile TiO2. The cell proliferation after 7–14-days culturing revealed that cells cultured on the 700 °C sample decreased in number immediately after initiation of culturing. The cells cultured on TiO2 sintered at 900 °C markedly proliferated over time with an increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity, showing good MC3T3-E1 cell compatibility of the samples. The sample sintered at 1000 °C, which is rutile TiO2, showed the highest increase.

Characteristics and structure of porous TNM alloy for biomedical applications

In this study, a biomedical porous Ti–5Nb–5Mo (TNM) alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying (MA), with ball milling times of 3 h, 15 h and 30 h. The particle sizes of Ti–5Nb–5Mo increased as the milling times increased from 3 h (35 μm) to 15 h (72 μm). The ball milling process produced alloy particles that gathered together, resulting in a larger overall particle size. The ball milled Ti–5Nb–5Mo particles were significantly refined, and Nb and Mo were integrated into and uniformly distributed within the matrix. XRD analysis showed that the porous Ti–5Nb–5Mo sample was composed of α phase. The compressive strength and modulus of all the porous Ti–5Nb–5Mo sample matched the necessary mechanical properties of cancellous bones; in particular, the B3S15 specimen (balling 3 h and sintering 10 h) had the highest strength and was selected for bioactivity and cytocompatibility testing. After soaking in a simulated body fluid for 4 days, the alkali-heat treated porous B3S10 alloy formed a dense apatite layer on its surface. The specimen exhibited better apatite-forming ability, and its surface proved beneficial to the spread, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells. This result confirms that both a porous structure and alkali heat treatment are favorable for cell growth. Most importantly, this study reveals that porous TNM satisfies the requirements demanded by an implant material: an adequate mechanical strength and elastic modulus, and good biocompatibility.

Tribo-mechanical properties and biocompatibility of Ag-containing amorphous carbon films deposited onto Ti6Al4V

The addition of Ag to amorphous carbon (a-C) films is highly effective in tailoring the tribo-mechanical properties and biocompatibility. For biomedical applications, Ag-containing a-C (a-C:Ag) represents a promising film material for improving the biofunctional surface properties of Ti-based alloys. In a sputtering process, a-C:Ag films, with Ag contents up to 7.5 at.%, were deposited with a chemically graded TixCy interlayer onto Ti6Al4V. The tribo-mechanical and biocompatible properties of a-C:Ag were evaluated. The influence of the Ag content on these properties was analyzed and compared to those of uncoated Ti6Al4V.Raman spectroscopy reveals that the amount of incorporated Ag does not induce significant structural changes in the disordered network, only a reduced number of vacancies and sp3-coordinated C bonds within the sp2-dominant a-C network is assigned to the films with high Ag concentration. With increasing Ag content, stresses, hardness, and elastic modulus decrease from (2.02 ± 0.07) to (1.15 ± 0.03) GPa, from (17.4 ± 1.5) to (13.4 ± 0.9) GPa, and from (171.8 ± 8.1) to (138.5 ± 5.8) GPa, respectively. In tribometer tests, the friction behavior against Al2O3 in lubricated condition with a simulated-body-fluid-based lubricant is not affected by the Ag concentration, but the Al2O3 counterpart wear is reduced for all a-C:Ag films compared to a-C. The friction against ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) decreases continuously with increasing Ag concentration and the counterpart wear is lower at higher Ag contents. Compared to a-C:Ag, Ti6Al4V demonstrates lower friction against UHMWPE and higher friction against Al2O3. The a-C:Ag films are not exposed to abrasion by Al2O3 or pronounced material transfer of UHMWPE. The hardness difference and chemical affinity between the friction partners are decisive for the tribological behavior of a-C:Ag. Compared to Ti6Al4V, the a-C:Ag films show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells is reduced by Ag.

Comprehensive in vitro studies of novel sol gel-derived Zr4+/Zn2+ co-substituted bioactive glass with enhanced biological properties for bone healing

The synergetic osteogenic effects of zirconium (Zr) and zinc (Zn) along with bioactive glasses (BGs) have been proposed for bone implantation. We incorporated Zn into Zr-modified 58S-BG (Zr content: 5 mol. %) and characterized the structural, morphological, biological, and antibacterial properties of the proposed composite using various methods. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed the calcium to phosphate ratio of ~1.68, after one week of conditioning in SBF. Biological assays also revealed a higher stimulating effect of the biomaterial composite on the proliferation and osteogenic response of osteoblast-like cells compared to only BGs. Antibacterial studies showed ~ 5-10% reduction in resistivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) bacteria against the biomaterial composite in comparison to the control specimen. The incorporation of Zn led to potential outlooks for implantations instead of Zn-free specimens since they promoted the cell proliferation of MC3T3 cells as well as resistivity toward MRSA bacteria.

Optimal parameters for the enhancement of human osteoblast-like cell proliferation in vitro via shear stress induced by high-frequency mechanical vibration

Optimal parameters for the enhancement of human osteoblast-like cell proliferation in vitro via shear stress induced by high-frequency mechanical vibration

Optimal parameters for the enhancement of human osteoblast-like cell proliferation in vitro via shear stress induced by high-frequency mechanical vibration

Introduction: Biomechanical stimulation of cultured human osteoblast-like cells, which is based on controlled mechanical vibration, has been previously indicated, but the exact mechanical parameters that are effective for cells' proliferation enhancement are still elusive due to the lack of direct data recordings from the stimulated cells in culture. Therefore, we developed a low friction tunable system that enables recording of a narrow range of mechanical parameters, above the infrasonic spectrum, that applied uniformly to human osteoblast-like cells in monolayer culture, aiming to identify a range of mechanical parameters that are effective to enhance osteoblast proliferation in vitro. Methods: Human osteoblast-like cells in explant monolayer culture samples were exposed to mechanical vibration in the 10-70Hz range of frequencies for two minutes, in four 24 hours intervals. Cell numbers in culture, cellular alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of cell maturation), and lactate dehydrogenase activity in culture media (representing cell death) were measured after the mechanical stimulation protocol application and compared statistically to the control cell cultures kept in static conditions. The cell proliferation was deduced from cell number in culture and cell death measurements. Results: We found that 50-70 Hz of vibration frequency protocol (10-30 μm of maximal displacement amplitude, 0.03g of peak-to-peak acceleration) is optimal for enhancing cells' proliferation(p<0.05), with a parallel decrease of their maturation (p<0.01). Discussion: We detected the optimal mechanical parameters of excitation protocol for induction of osteoblast proliferation in vitro by a mechanical platform, which can be used as a standardized method in the research of mechanotransduction in human osteoblast.

The Effects of Chemical Etching and Ultra-Fine Grain Structure of Titanium on MG-63 Cells Response

In this work, we study the influence of the surface properties of ultrafine grained (UFG) and coarse grained (CG) titanium on the morphology, viability, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Wet chemical etching in H2SO4/H2O2 and NH4OH/H2O2 solutions was used for producing surfaces with varying morphology, topography, composition and wettability. The topography and morphology have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The composition was determined by time of flight mass-spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that it is possible to obtain samples with different compositions, hydrophilicity, topography and nanoscale or/and microscale structures by changing the etching time and the type of etching solution. It was found that developed topography and morphology can improve spreading and proliferation rate of MG-63 cells. A significant advantage of the samples of the UFG series in comparison with CG in adhesion, proliferation at later stages of cultivation (7 days), higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and faster achievement of its maximum values was found. However, there is no clear benefit of the UFG series on osteopontin (OPN) expression. All studied samples showed no cytotoxicity towards MG-63 cells and promoted their osteogenic differentiation.

The effect of Ag substitution on physicochemical and biological properties of sol-gel derived 60%SiO2–31%CaO–4%P2O5–5%Li2O (mol%) quaternary bioactive glass

In the present study, bioactive glasses (BGs) in 60SiO2-(31-x) CaO–4P2O5–5Li2O-xAg2O systems (x = 0, 1, 5, and 10 mol %) with optimum fixed amount of Li2O (5 mol %) were successfully synthesized through sol-gel technique and the effects of Ag2O addition on in-vitro investigations, biological properties, and bactericidal efficiency were evaluated. Structural and morphological evaluations by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that BG with chemical composition of 60SiO2–30CaO–4P2O5–5Li2O–1Ag2O (mol%) had a higher rate of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation than other synthesized specimens. While, BGs containing 5 and 10 mol% of Ag had a lower bioactivity because of the reduced dissolution rate of Si and Ca. The results obtained from the 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity exhibited that proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and osteoblastic activity were intensified by the presence of Ag in the BGs҆ composition. Meanwhile, BGs containing 1 mol% of Ag not only had no toxic effect on the cells, but also caused a significant enhancement in proliferation and differentiation of the cells within 7 days (**p < 0.01), as well as the highest ALP activity in this specimen (*p < 0.05). Additionally, all the synthesized specimens had significant antibacterial efficiency against E-coli bacteria. Our results showed that addition of 1 mol% of Ag to BG containing Li led to a significant antibacterial efficiency compared to the control (*p < 0.05). Afterwards, DAPI/actin and live/dead cell staining methods were applied, which well confirmed results of MTT assay. Finally, BG with chemical composition (LA01) of 60SiO2–30CaO–4P2O5–5Li2O–1Ag2O was introduced as an optimal novel co-doped BG in biomedical applications due to causing higher differentiation and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and more increase in ALP activity and bactericidal efficiency.

Astragaloside IV Improves Tibial Defect in Rats and Promotes Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of hBMSCs through MiR-124-3p.1/STAT3 Axis.

Astragaloside IV (AST-IV) facilitates the proliferation and migration of osteoblast-like cells. We sought to explore the effect and potential mechanism of AST-IV on regeneration of tibial defects. To reveal the effect of AST-IV on regeneration of tibial defects in rat, HE staining and microcomputed tomography (μCT) were performed on tibial bone. The binding relationship between miR-124-3p.1 and STAT3 was analyzed by TargetScan V7.2 and a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hBMSCs) were identified by morphological observation and flow-cytometric analysis. To reveal the effect and mechanism of AST-IV on phenotypes of hBMSCs, hBMSCs were treated with AST-IV, miR-124-3p.1 mimic, and pcDNA-STAT3, and cell viability, cell cycle, ALP activity, and calcium deposition of hBMSCs in vitro were determined by MTT, flow-cytometric analysis, ELISA, and Alizarin red staining, respectively. The expressions of osteoblast marker molecules (RUNX2, OCN, Smad4), miR-124-3p.1, and STAT3 were indicated by RT-qPCR and Western blot. AST-IV decreased miR-124-3p.1 expression, increased STAT3 expression in tibial bone defects, and promoted regeneration of tibial bone defects in a concentration-dependent manner. The hBMSCs appeared spindle-shaped and were positive for CD105, but negative for CD34. MiR-124-3p.1 negatively regulated STAT3 expression in hBMSCs under osteogenic conditions. AST-IV promoted viability, cell cycle, ALP activity, and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs along with increased expressions of osteoblast marker molecules, which was partially reversed by miR-124-3p.1 overexpression. However, the effect of miR-124-3p.1 overexpression on hBMSCs was also partially reversed by STAT3 overexpression. AST-IV improves tibial defects in rats and promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs through the miR-124-3p.1/STAT3 axis.

The influence of laser frequency and groove distance on cell adhesion, cell viability, and antibacterial characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V dental implants treated by modern fiber engraving laser

ObjectiveMicro-nano scale surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V was investigated through the fascinated modern fiber engraving laser method. The process was performed at a high laser speed of 2000mm/s, under different laser frequencies (20–160kHz) and groove distances (0.5–50μm). MethodsTopographic evaluations such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to identify the quality and regularity of patterns. The proliferation of human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells (MG63) was analyzed by MTT assay for up to 72h. Also, the plate counting method was used to quantify the viability potential of the modified surface against Escherichia coli bacteria. ResultsThe cellular viability of the sample modified at the laser frequency of 20kHz and grooving distance of 50μm increased up to 35 and 10% compared to the non-treated and control samples, respectively. In the case of the surface modification at lower grooving distances range between 0.5–50μm, the maximum laser frequency (160kHz) applied leads to lower pulse’s energies and less bacterial adhesion. Otherwise, at groove distances more than 50μm, the minimum laser frequency (20kHz) applied reduces the laser pulse overlaps, increases the cell adhesion and antibacterial properties. SignificanceSurface modification by the fiber engraving laser process significantly enhances the cell adhesion on the surface. As a result of such roughness and cell adhesion enhancement, the surface toxicity feature diminished, and its antibacterial properties improved.

Caffeic acid treatment augments the cell proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization in the human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells

Background: Osteoporosis is an imperative health problem that extremely distresses the public that leads to a higher risk to the bones from both spontaneous and accidental bone fractures. Caffeic acid is a polyphenol compound that happens naturally in numerous vegetables such as coffee beans, potatoes, propolis, olives, and carrots with many pharmacological aids. Objectives: The current study was planned to examine the potential of Caffeic acid in proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Materials and Methods: The cell viability of Caffeic acid-supplemented MG-63 cells was examined through the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity test. The mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin was reviewed through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction study. The calcium deposition rate in the Caffeic acid-treated MG-63 cells was studied through Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. Results: The result of the MTT test exposed that the 10 and 20 mg/kg of Caffeic acid supplementation did not show any cytotoxicity to the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells; instead, it helped the viability of MG-63 cells. The expression of ALP is particularly increased in the Caffeic acid-supplemented MG-63 cells, whereas the osteocalcin expression was noticeably diminished. The ARS staining was exhibited that the Caffeic acid treatment was noticeably enhanced the calcium mineralization rate in the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Conclusion: Based on the findings of investigation, it was proved that the Caffeic acid treatment was significantly enhanced the cell proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization in the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Hence, it was clear that Caffeic acid can be engaged as the potential agent for the purpose of bone regeneration.

The influence of periostin on osteoblastic adhesion and proliferation on collagen matrices - An in vitro study.

Purpose:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ability of periostin when impregnated onto varied collagen matrices to influence osteoblast cell adhesion, proliferation, and activity.Materials and Methods:Saos-2 osteoblast cells were cultured and seeded onto two different collagen matrices as follows: Group A: absorbable collagen sponge (ACS), Group B: ACS impregnated with recombinant human periostin, Group C: nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite collagen (NcHC), and Group D: NcHC impregnated with recombinanant human periostin. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to evaluate cell viability as well as adhesion and proliferation on 2nd, 5th, and 7th day. Osteoblast activity was studied using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay for the study groups.Results:The periostin-treated absorbable collagen matrices showed a statistically significant increase in the osteoblast adhesion compared to periostin-treated NcHC on days 2, 5, and 7 (P < 0.001). The osteoblast activity as evaluated by ALP assay showed that there is increased activity in the periostin-treated ACS compared to the periostin-treated NcHC.Conclusion:From the observations of this study, it is evident that Periostin has a significant role in the modulating cellular response of the osteoblast cells. Further, incorporation of periostin into the ACS has been shown to increase the cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion of osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells.

Synthesis and sintering of B, Sr, Mg multi-doped hydroxyapatites: Structural, mechanical and biological characterization

Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is the main constituent mineral of bone and teeth in mammals. Due to its outstanding biocompatibility and osteoconductive capabilities, it is preferred for bone repair and replacement. Owing to high potential to have excellent biological properties, ternary ions-doped HAs have just begun to be investigated in the biomedical field and preparing multi-doped HAs is a fairly new approach. Boron (B, BO33-), strontium (Sr, Sr2+) and magnesium (Mg, Mg2+) provide a beneficial effect on bone growth, bone strength, biocompatibility and positively affect bone microstructure. The motivation of this study is taking advantages of the potential of the combine effects of these bivalent ions. In this study, 8 different compositions of BO33-, Sr2+, Mg2+ multi-doped HAs were synthesized by microwave irradiation method to investigate the structural, mechanical and biological features of bone substitutes. This is the first time we report the effect of boron, strontium and magnesium ions multi-doping on the structure of HA and its biological properties. Samples were sintered at 700, 900 and 1100 °C. The effect of varying ion contents and sintering temperature on structural and biological properties of the multi-doped samples was investigated. B, Sr and Mg ions were successfully doped into the HA structure according to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. A biphasic structure was obtained with increasing amount of ion-doping. Increasing the sintering temperature affected the crystallinity and the density of the samples gradually. Vicker's microhardness and diametral strength of the samples increased at high sintering temperatures. B–Sr–Mg multi-doped HA promoted osteoblast-like Saos-2 cell proliferation, and as the sintering temperatures of the samples increased, the osteogenic differentiation level of the cultured cells also increased. Overall, results showed that the biological properties of HA were improved with the doping of Sr, Mg and B ions, and for bone implant applications samples sintered at 1100 °C were suggested to have potential as a biomaterial.