Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Pain Subscale Research Articles

Associations between static foot posture, dynamic in-shoe plantar foot forces and knee pain in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional exploratory study

ObjectiveTo investigate relationships between static foot posture, dynamic plantar foot forces and knee pain in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). DesignData from 164 participants with symptomatic, moderate to severe radiographic medial knee OA were analysed. Knee pain was self-reported using a numerical rating scale (NRS; scores 0-10; higher scores worse) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale (KOOS; scores 0-100; lower scores worse). Static foot posture was assessed using clinical tests (foot posture index, foot mobility magnitude, navicular drop). Dynamic plantar foot forces (lateral, medial, whole foot, medial-lateral ratio, arch index) were measured using an in-shoe plantar pressure system while walking. Relationships between foot posture and plantar forces (independent variables) and pain (dependent variables) were evaluated using linear regression models, unadjusted and adjusted for sex, walking speed, KL grade, shoe category, and body mass (for dynamic plantar foot forces). ResultsNo measure of static foot posture was associated with any knee pain measure. Higher medial-lateral foot force ratio at midstance, and a higher arch index during overall stance, were weakly associated with higher knee pain on the NRS (regression coefficient=0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 1.28) and KOOS (coefficient=3.03, 95% CI 0.71 to 5.35) pain scales, respectively. ConclusionDynamic plantar foot forces, but not static foot posture, were associated with knee pain in people with medial knee OA. However, the amount of pain explained by increases in plantar foot force was small, thus these associations are unlikely to be clinically meaningful.

Effect of lower limb orthoses on cartilage in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A narrative review.

The objective of this review was to infer how the use of an orthosis affects cartilage in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A search was performed in four different databases (Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and PubMed) up to the 21st of November of 2020 to evaluate how the patient's condition was monitored. The parameters chosen for this review were medial tibial cartilage volume, x-ray evaluation, Lequesne Index, pain visual analog scale score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain score, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale score. The initial search yielded a total of 12,622 documents. After thoroughly screening them, 38 were selected for analysis. Of the resulting data, only two objectively evaluated the cartilage (medial tibial cartilage volume, n = 1; x-ray evaluation, n = 1), with the remainder evaluating subjective symptoms (Lequesne Index, n = 8; pain visual analog scale score, n = 18; Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain score, n = 10; Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale score, n = 10). The data did not converge toward any general outcome. The articles read demonstrated a great tendency to evaluate qualitative parameters pertinent to the symptoms of this condition or quantitative parameters related to the biomechanics of the knee. However, these parameters are not ideal because they are ambiguous. As such, a shift toward more objective quantitative parameters that directly assess the cartilage volume of the knee should be considered in future clinical trials.

How Do Hip Exercises Improve Pain in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain? Secondary Mediation Analysis of Strength and Psychological Factors as Mechanisms.

To determine whether the effect of hip exercise on patellofemoral pain is mediated through changes in hip muscle strength or psychological factors. Secondary mediation analysis of a randomized clinical trial, in which 218 participants with patellofemoral pain were randomly assigned to receive foot orthoses or hip exercises. Pain (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale) and number of pain-free squats at 12 weeks were the outcomes for this mediation analysis, as they are pathognomonic of patellofemoral pain. Hip strength dynamometry (abduction, adduction, and external rotation) and psychological characteristics (pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and anxiety) measured at 6 weeks were considered as potential mediators. We used mediation analysis to decompose the total effect of treatment on the outcome into (1) the "indirect effect" (ie, the portion acting through the mediator) and (2) the "direct effect." The effect of hip exercise on pain and squats was not mediated by any of the strength or psychological mediators analyzed. All indirect effects were small and showed wide 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that contained zero (eg, for pain-free squats: abduction strength, -0.13; 95% CI: -0.49, 0.23; Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, -0.17; 95% CI: -0.64, 0.30). Hip strength improved after hip exercise, yet strength did not mediate improvements in pain and pain-free squats, and alternative psychological mediators were not implicated. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(12):602-610. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.10674.

The difficulty of continuing sports activities after open-wedge high tibial osteotomy in patient with medial knee osteoarthritis: a retrospective case series at 2-year-minimum follow-up

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the rate at which patients returned to sports after open wedge high tibial osteotomy and identify the continuity of sports activity post-operatively.MethodsThirty-five patients (40 knees) who underwent open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OW-HTO) in medial knee osteoarthritis were included in this study. The mean age of the patients who underwent surgery was 55.1 ± 10.7 years, and the mean follow-up period was 41.0 ± 24.7 months. Clinical results and radiographic parameters calculated in standing whole-leg radiographs preoperatively, post-operatively, and at the final follow-up were evaluated.ResultsThirty-one patients (88.6%) were able to return to preoperative sports activity; however, only 14 patients (40.0%) completely returned to preoperative sports activity levels. Of the 31 patients who returned to sports activity, 10 patients (32.3%) maintained post-operative sporting activity levels at the final follow-up. In radiographic parameters, the weight-bearing line ratio was considered loss of correction in the post-operative period leading to the final follow-up. Patients who completely returned to sports and maintained sporting activity levels at the final follow-up had significantly higher the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale values and lower visual analogue scale of knee pain at pre-surgery and final follow-up than other patients, including those who partially returned to sports.ConclusionsThe proportion of patients who returned to sports after OW-HTO and were able to participate in competitions at the same activity level as before surgery was low and insufficient.Level of evidenceRetrospective case series, IV

Strength and physical activity in osteoarthritis: The mediating role of kinesiophobia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between muscle strength and physical activity level in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), and determine whether this association is mediated by pain-related fear of movement (kinesiophobia) and self-reported pain. Cross-sectional data from 37 subjects (age 58.8 ± 8.6 years, 25F/12M, BMI 33.5 ± 6.4 kg/m2 ) with OA of the knee were used. Isometric knee extensor and flexor muscle strength were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Physical activity, kinesiophobia, and pain were assessed by self-report using the University of California, Los Angeles activity rating scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale, respectively. The associations between strength measures, physical activity, kinesiophobia, and pain scores, were modeled by performing a parallel multiple mediation analysis and the significance of mediational effects (kinesiophobia and pain) were tested using a bootstrap approach. Lower knee flexion and extension strength were associated with lower physical activity scores and these relationships were mediated by higher kinesiophobia scores (more fear) but not pain scores. Knee extension strength was directly associated with physical activity scores after controlling for kinesiophobia and pain scores. These results suggest that muscle strength can influence physical activity directly and indirectly through fear of movement. Assessing these measures together in this population may help clinicians identify patients that are more likely to avoid physical activities due to not only muscle weakness but also fear of movement.

Gait speed and pain status as discriminatory factors for instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis

Factors related to instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis are unclear. This study aimed to examine the discriminatory accuracy for the presence of instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis by combining two factors of gait ability and pain status. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 patients with knee osteoarthritis aged 65 years. Participants were divided into instrumental activities of daily living disabled or non-disabled groups. A logistic regression model was created with usual gait speed and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score-pain subscale as independent variables for discriminating the presence of instrumental activities of daily living disability. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was inspected to determine discriminatory accuracy of the logistic regression model, usual gait speed, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score-pain subscale. Of the 114 patients, 26 (22.8%) had instrumental activities of daily living disability. The area under the curves was 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.85-0.96) for the logistic regression model, 0.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.68-0.89) for usual gait speed, and 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.84) for knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score-pain subscale. This study showed that gait speed and pain status were independent discriminatory factors and combining these factors to discriminate more accurately the presence or absence of instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis was important. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 683-688.

Infrapatellar fat pad volume and Hoffa-synovitis after ACL reconstruction: Association with early osteoarthritis features and pain over 5 years.

Infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) morphology and Hoffa-synovitis may be relevant to the development and progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to compare IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis in participants with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and uninjured controls, and to determine their association with prevalent and worsening early knee OA features and pain in participants post-ACLR. We assessed IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 111 participants 1-year post-ACLR and 20 uninjured controls. Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral cartilage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) were assessed from MRIs at 1 and 5 years post-ACLR, and worsening defined as any longitudinal increase in lesion size/severity. IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis prevalence were compared between groups with analysis of covariance and χ 2 tests, respectively. Generalized linear models assessed the relation of IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis to prevalent and worsening features of OA and knee pain (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Pain Subscale, Anterior Knee Pain Scale). No significant between-group differences were observed in IPFP volume (ACLR 34.39 ± 7.29cm3 , Control 34.27 ± 7.56cm3 ) and Hoffa-synovitis (ACLR 61%, Control 80%). Greater IPFP volume at 1-year post-ACLR was associated with greater odds of patellofemoral BMLs at 1-year (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence intervals]: 1.104 [1.016, 1.200]) and worsening tibiofemoral cartilage lesions at 5-year post-ACLR (OR: 1.234 [1.026, 1.483]). Hoffa-synovitis at 1-year post-ACLR was associated with greater odds of worsening patellofemoral BMLs at 5-year post-ACLR (OR: 7.465 [1.291, 43.169]). In conclusion, IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis prevalence are similar between individuals 1-year post-ACLR and controls. Greater IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis appear to be associated with the presence and worsening of some early OA features in those post-ACLR, but not pain.

Perceived Instability Is Associated With Strength and Pain, Not Frontal Knee Laxity, in Patients With Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis.

Increased varus/valgus laxity and perceived knee instability are independently associated with poor outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis. However, the relationship between laxity and perceived instability is unclear. To assess whether knee extensor strength, pain, and knee laxity are related to perceived knee instability in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study of 35 patients (24 female; mean ± SD age, 60 ± 8 years; body mass index, 33 ± 5 kg/m2) with knee osteoarthritis awaiting total knee arthroplasty (36 knees). Within 1 month before arthroplasty, we measured isometric knee extension strength and self-reported knee pain (using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale). Patients rated their perception of knee instability as moderate to severe (n = 20) or slight to none (n = 15 patients, n = 16 knees) using the Knee Outcome Survey. We measured intraoperative varus/valgus knee laxity. Lower knee extension strength (P = .01) and greater pain (P<.01) were associated with the perception of moderate to severe knee instability. Laxity was not related to perceived knee instability (P = .63). Knee extension strength and pain were associated with perceived instability in people with advanced osteoarthritis. Varus/valgus laxity was not related to perceived knee instability. Level 2, prognostic. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(7):513-517. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8619.

CCL22 is a biomarker of cartilage injury and plays a functional role in chondrocyte apoptosis

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Previous history of knee injury is a significant risk factor for OA. It has been established that low-level chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset and pathogenesis of OA. The primary aim of this research was to determine if a history of knee joint injury is associated with systemic inflammation. A secondary aim was to determine if systemic inflammation is related to knee pain and joint structure. MethodsDifferences in serum cytokine association networks, knee joint structural changes (MRI), and self-reported pain (i.e., Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Pain subscale, KOOSPAIN and Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain score, ICOAP) between individuals who had sustained a youth (aged 15–26 years) sport-related knee injury 3–10 years previously and age- and sex-matched controls were examined. Proteins of interest were also examined in an OA rat model. ResultsCytokine association networks were found to differ significantly between study groups, yet no significant associations were found between networks and KOOSPAIN or MRI-defined OA. A group of cytokines (MCP1/CCL2, CCL22 and TNFα) were differentially associated with other cytokines between study groups. In a pre-clinical rat OA model, serum CCL22 levels were associated with pain (r = 0.255, p = 0.045) and structural changes to the cartilage. CCL22 expression was also observed in human OA cartilage and furthermore, CCL22 induced apoptosis of isolated human chondrocytes. DiscussionThese results suggest that CCL22 may be an early factor in the onset/pathogenic process of cartilage degeneration and/or related to pain OA.

Ultrasonographic features in symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and relation with pain

Radiographic knee OA is moderately associated with pain. As OA is a disease of the entire joint, ultrasonography visualizing cartilage and soft tissue structures might provide more insight into the complex process of pain in knee OA. The objective of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional association between US findings and pain in knee OA. In this observational study, 180 patients fulfilling the ACR clinical criteria for knee OA underwent US examination of the most symptomatic knee. The US protocol comprised assessment of synovial hypertrophy, joint effusion, infrapatellar bursitis and Baker's cyst, medial meniscus protrusion and cartilage thickness. To evaluate the association between US features and pain (Numerated Rating Scale from 0 to 10 and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale), regression analysis was performed. In regression analysis, no association between US or clinical or demographic features and the level of knee pain was found. In this cohort, no association between US features and the degree of knee pain was found. Despite the attractiveness of US (easy accessible, inexpensive and no radiation involvement) and the fact that previous research suggested otherwise, it remains uncertain which part of pain in knee OA is explained by pathology in soft tissue structures and whether US of the knee is the imaging tool of choice to visualize this pathology.

English

Abstract Introduction Modest effect sizes of clinical pain intervention studies have caused a need for evaluation of the applied methodology, including identification of treatment response indicators. Comparing two measurement instruments helps to identify the underlying constructs, which is important in interpreting the results appropriately, in research as well as in practice. This study aimed at assessing the agreement between a performance measure (walking task including pain assessment) and a patient reported outcome (the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), in a population of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and methods Cross-sectional data from 143 patients with knee osteoarthritis included in a prospective weight loss study were analysed. All participants completed the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score within one week prior to rating their target knee pain on a 100 mm visual analogue scale after walking 150–200 m at a self-selected pace in a gait laboratory. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale and item 5 of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale (“amount of knee pain experienced during walking on a flat surface in the the last week”) were selected for analysis. Distributions of visual analogue scale scores within the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale 05 response categories were described and compared using Spearman correlation. Agreement was estimated using Limits of Agreement. Results There was a moderate correlation between visual analogue scale and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale 05 (r = 0.5, p < 0.001), with a wide range of visual analogue scale scores within the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score response categories. Generally, higher pain scores were reported with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale than with the performance test, with a mean difference of 18.8 (SD 16.6), and Limits of Agreement from –13.6 to 51.3. Conclusion Disagreement between the performance measure and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale, together with the moderate correlation of visual analogue scale and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale 05 scores, suggests a difference in the underlying constructs of pain.

Effects of Concurrent Use of an Ankle Support with a Laterally Wedged Insole for Medial Knee Osteoarthritis

To determine the biomechanical and symptomatic effects of concurrent use of an ankle support and a laterally wedged insole on adults with symptomatic medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Randomized, crossover clinical trial. Outpatient gait analysis laboratory. Fourteen adults, mean age 51.9 +/- 8.3 years, with symptomatic medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and no previous lower-limb surgeries or history of wedged insole use were recruited through a radiology database and phone screen. Subjects were randomized to use a laterally wedged insole before (n = 8) or after (n = 6) use of the insole with an ankle support for 2 weeks. Lower-limb alignment by radiographic hip-knee-ankle angle, talocalcaneal, and talar tilt angles; medial compartment loading by the external knee adduction moment; and pain by visual analog scale and the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale. There were no differences between groups for age, gender, body mass index, baseline knee pain, or alignment. Augmentation of the wedged insole with the ankle supporter did not result in any significant changes in lower-limb alignment or external knee adduction moment. Intergroup crossover comparisons demonstrated a 10.5-point greater average improvement in Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale (P < .011) and a trend towards a 10.2-point improvement in the Activities of Daily Living subscale (P < .055) with the wedged insole alone in comparison with concurrent use of the ankle support with the wedged insole. Concurrent use of an ankle support did not appear to improve the effects of a laterally wedged insole on lower-limb mechanical alignment or medial compartment loading. Improved pain and activities of daily living with use of the wedged insole alone suggests that use of an ankle support may attenuate clinical benefit.