Time-dependent Oscillations Research Articles

Graviton-photon oscillations in an expanding universe

Through the Gertsenshtein effect, the presence of a large external B-field may allow photons and gravitons to mix in a way that resembles neutrino oscillations and is even more similar to axion-photon mixing. Assuming a background B-field (or any field that behaves like one), we examine the Gertsenshtein mechanism in the context of FLRW expanding universe models, as well as de Sitter space. The conformal invariance of Maxwell’s equations and the conformal noninvariance of the Einstein equations preclude the operation of the Gertsenshtein effect at all scales. In general we find for the matter- and radiation-dominated cases, graviton-oscillations are possible only at late conformal times or when the wavelengths are much shorter than the horizon (κη≫1), but that the time-dependent oscillations eventually damp out in any case. The presence of charged particles additionally damps out the oscillations. For the de Sitter universe, we find that oscillations are possible only at early conformal times (η≪H−1) and for wavelengths short compared to the Hubble radius, but eventually freeze in when wavelengths become longer than the Hubble radius. In principle a Gertsenshtein-like mechanism might influence the balance of particle species in an inflationary phase before freezing in; however, we find that in all our models the mixing length is larger than the Hubble radius. We discuss several possible remedies to this situation.

Time dependent dihedral angle oscillations of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 reveal favored frequencies of dihedral angle rotations

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is critical to viral infection of human host cells which ultimately results in COVID-19. In this study we analyzed the behavior of dihedral angles (phi and psi) of the wild-type spike protein over time from molecular dynamics and identified that their oscillations are dominated by a few discrete, relatively low frequencies in the 23–63 MHz range with 42.969 MHz being the most prevalent frequency sampled by the oscillations. We thus observed the spike protein to favor certain frequencies more than others. Gaps in the tally of all observed frequencies for low-abundance amino acids also suggests that the frequency components of dihedral angle oscillations may be a function of position in the primary structure since relatively more abundant amino acids lacked gaps. Lastly, certain residues identified in the literature as constituting the inside of a druggable pocket, as well as others identified as allosteric sites, are observed in our data to have distinctive time domain profiles. This motivated us to propose additional residues with similar time domain profiles, which may be of potential interest to the vaccine and drug design communities for further investigation. Thus these findings indicate that there is a particular frequency domain profile for the spike protein hidden within the time domain data and this information, perhaps with the suggested residues, might provide additional insight into therapeutic development strategies for COVID-19 and beyond.

Study of red blood cells and particles in stenosed microvessels using coupled discrete and continuous forcing immersed boundary methods

A computational study of the blood flow in a stenosed microvessel is presented using coupled discrete ghost-cell and continuous-forcing immersed boundary methods. This study focuses on studying platelet behaviors near the stenosis with deformable red blood cells (RBCs). The influence of varying hematocrit, area blockage, stenosis shape, and driving force on flow characteristics, RBCs, and particle behaviors is considered. Distinct flow characteristics are observed in stenosed microvessels in the presence of RBCs. The motion of RBCs is the major cause of time-dependent oscillations in flow rates, while the contribution of particles to the fluctuations is negligible. However, this effect decreases when the stenosis is elongated in the axial direction. Interestingly, as the hematocrit level increases, downstream particles move closer to the vessel wall due to the enhanced shear-induced lift force resulting from the interaction among RBCs and particles. Furthermore, it is observed that geometrical changes in the stenosis have a more significant impact on the axial profile of particle concentration compared to changes in hematocrit or driving force. An asymmetric stenosis leads to asymmetric profiles in the flow velocity and the distribution of cells and particles due to the geometric focusing effect of the stenosis. There is no significant change in flow rates until a blockage of 0%–50%, but a sudden increase in the root mean square of flow rates occurs at an 80% blockage. This study contributes to our understanding of the rheological behaviors of RBCs and rigid particles in a stenosed microvessel under various hemodynamic conditions.

Dynamics of Newtonian Liquids with Distinct Concentrations Due to Time-Varying Gravitational Acceleration and Triple Diffusive Convection: Weakly Non-Linear Stability of Heat and Mass Transfer

One of the practical methods for examining the stability and dynamical behaviour of non-linear systems is weakly non-linear stability analysis. Time-varying gravitational acceleration and triple-diffusive convection play a significant role in the formation of acceleration, inducing some dynamics in the industry. With an emphasis on the natural Rayleigh–Bernard convection, more is needed on the significance of a modulated gravitational field on the heat and mass transfer due to triple convection focusing on weakly non-linear stability analysis. The Newtonian fluid layers were heated, salted and saturated from below, causing the bottom plate’s temperature and concentration to be greater than the top plate’s. In this study, the acceleration due to gravity was assumed to be time-dependent and comprised of a constant gravity term and a time-dependent gravitational oscillation. More so, the amplitude of the modulated gravitational field was considered infinitesimal. The case in which the fluid layer is infinitely expanded in the x-direction and between two concurrent plates at z=0 and z=d was considered. The asymptotic expansion technique was used to retrieve the solution of the Ginzburg–Landau differential equation (i.e., a system of non-autonomous partial differential equations) using the software MATHEMATICA 12. Decreasing the amplitude of modulation, Lewis number, Rayleigh number and frequency of modulation has no significant effect on the Nusselt number proportional to heat-transfer rates (Nu), Sherwood number proportional to mass transfer of solute 1 (Sh1) and Sherwood number proportional to mass transfer of solute 2 (Sh2) at the initial time. The crucial Rayleigh number rises in value in the presence of a third diffusive component. The third diffusive component is essential in delaying the onset of convection.

Search for effective Lorentz and CPT violation using ZEUS data

Lorentz and CPT symmetry in the quark sector of the Standard Model are studied in the context of an effective field theory using ZEUS e±p data. Symmetry-violating effects can lead to time-dependent oscillations of otherwise time-independent observables, including scattering cross sections. An analysis using five years of inclusive neutral-current deep inelastic scattering events corresponding to an integrated HERA luminosity of 372 pb−1 at s=318 GeV has been performed. No evidence for oscillations in sidereal time has been observed within statistical and systematic uncertainties. Constraints, most for the first time, are placed on 42 coefficients parametrizing dominant CPT-even dimension-four and CPT-odd dimension-five spin-independent modifications to the propagation and interaction of light quarks.5 MoreReceived 4 January 2023Accepted 23 February 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.092008Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasDeep inelastic scatteringEffective field theoryHypothetical particle physics modelsPropertiesLorentz symmetryTechniquesLepton-hadron collidersParticles & Fields

The circadian E3 ligase FBXL21 regulates myoblast differentiation and sarcomere architecture via MYOZ1 ubiquitination and NFAT signaling.

Numerous molecular and physiological processes in the skeletal muscle undergo circadian time-dependent oscillations in accordance with daily activity/rest cycles. The circadian regulatory mechanisms underlying these cyclic processes, especially at the post-transcriptional level, are not well defined. Previously, we reported that the circadian E3 ligase FBXL21 mediates rhythmic degradation of the sarcomere protein TCAP in conjunction with GSK-3β, and Psttm mice harboring an Fbxl21 hypomorph allele show reduced muscle fiber diameter and impaired muscle function. To further elucidate the regulatory function of FBXL21 in skeletal muscle, we investigated another sarcomere protein, Myozenin1 (MYOZ1), that we identified as an FBXL21-binding protein from yeast 2-hybrid screening. We show that FBXL21 binding to MYOZ1 led to ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation. GSK-3β co-expression and inhibition were found to accelerate and decelerate FBXL21-mediated MYOZ1 degradation, respectively. Previously, MYOZ1 has been shown to inhibit calcineurin/NFAT signaling important for muscle differentiation. In accordance, Fbxl21 KO and MyoZ1 KO in C2C12 cells impaired and enhanced myogenic differentiation respectively compared with control C2C12 cells, concomitant with distinct effects on NFAT nuclear localization and NFAT target gene expression. Importantly, in Psttm mice, both the levels and diurnal rhythm of NFAT2 nuclear localization were significantly diminished relative to wild-type mice, and circadian expression of NFAT target genes associated with muscle differentiation was also markedly dampened. Furthermore, Psttm mice exhibited significant disruption of sarcomere structure with a considerable excess of MYOZ1 accumulation in the Z-line. Taken together, our study illustrates a pivotal role of FBXL21 in sarcomere structure and muscle differentiation by regulating MYOZ1 degradation and NFAT2 signaling.

YEREL METEOROLOJİK VERİ KAYITLARI İLE SEKBANDEMİRLİ KIRSAL BÖLGESİNDE GÜNLÜK VE MEVSİMSEL FOTOVOLTAİK ISI ADASININ İNCELENMESİ VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Photovoltaic Power Plants have a considerable share among solar energy conversion technologies toward environmentally sustainable and economically feasible electricity production. However, when a rural region's land surface formed by natural soil types is covered by a Photovoltaic Power Plant (PVPP)'s dark-colored solar modules in large numbers, an artificial albedo (reflectivity) change is expected on that surface. Because of the heat exchange between these modules and the air surrounding them due to albedo alteration, the region's natural weather conditions may experience Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect (PVHIE) as a result of external and time-dependent air temperature oscillations caused by the warming-cooling cycles of solar modules. To observe and analyze a possible PVHIE trend, it has been conducting a field study project since October 2017 for a PVPP near the Sekbandemirli rural region in the Kutahya city of Turkey. The weather data, including air temperature and wind (direction and speed) at every 10-minute and hourly intervals, are collected by the three weather monitoring stations installed at the specific locations inside and outside the PVPP field. The plant's hourly average power output and module temperature data can also be monitored. After conducting statistical, correlational, and graphical analyses, the results show some temporal PVHI formations at the PVPP field center daily and on a seasonal basis. The plant center's air temperature tends to be warmer (up to the 6°C difference) during daytimes and colder (up to the (-3)°C difference) during nighttimes.

Metabolic modulation of synaptic failure and thalamocortical hypersynchronization with preserved consciousness in Glut1 deficiency.

Individuals with glucose transporter type I deficiency (G1D) habitually experience nutrient-responsive epilepsy associated with decreased brain glucose. However, the mechanistic association between blood glucose concentration and brain excitability in the context of G1D remains to be elucidated. Electroencephalography (EEG) in G1D individuals revealed nutrition time-dependent seizure oscillations often associated with preserved volition despite electrographic generalization and uniform average oscillation duration and periodicity, suggesting increased facilitation of an underlying neural loop circuit. Nonlinear EEG ictal source localization analysis and simultaneous EEG/functional magnetic resonance imaging converged on the thalamus-sensorimotor cortex as one potential circuit, and 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-DG-PET) illustrated decreased glucose accumulation in this circuit. This pattern, reflected in a decreased thalamic to striatal 18F signal ratio, can aid with the PET imaging diagnosis of the disorder, whereas the absence of noticeable ictal behavioral changes challenges the postulated requirement for normal thalamocortical activity during consciousness. In G1D mice, 18F-DG-PET and mass spectrometry also revealed decreased brain glucose and glycogen, but preserved tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, indicating no overall energy metabolism failure. In brain slices from these animals, synaptic inhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons and thalamic relay neurons was decreased, and neuronal disinhibition was mitigated by metabolic sources of carbon; tonic-clonic seizures were also suppressed by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor inhibition. These results pose G1D as a thalamocortical synaptic disinhibition disease associated with increased glucose-dependent neuronal excitability, possibly in relation to reduced glycogen. Together with findings in other metabolic defects, inhibitory neuron dysfunction is emerging as a modulable mechanism of hyperexcitability.

Exact solutions of time-dependent oscillations in multipolar spherical vortices

Exact solutions of the time-dependent three-dimensional nonlinear vorticity equation for Euler flows with spherical geometry are provided. The velocity solution is the sum of a multipolar oscillatory function and a rigid cylindrical motion with swirl. The multipolar oscillation is a velocity mode whose radial and angular dependencies are given by the spherical Bessel functions and vector spherical harmonics, respectively. The local frequency of the velocity oscillations equals the angular speed of the rigid flow times the angular azimuthal wavenumber of the oscillating flow. The unsteady motion corresponds to inertial oscillations in multipolar flows with spatial azimuthal waves (non-vanishing azimuthal wavenumber) in the presence of a background flow with constant axial vorticity. In these nonlinear solutions, the curl of the Lamb vector has a linear dependence with the oscillation velocity, a property that makes it possible for the oscillating motion to satisfy different linear wave equations. Based on these inviscid time-dependent velocity modes, new exact solutions to the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equation are also provided.

Beating signals in CdSe quantum dots measured by low-temperature 2D spectroscopy.

Advances in ultrafast spectroscopy can provide access to dynamics involving nontrivial quantum correlations and their evolutions. In coherent 2D spectroscopy, the oscillatory time dependence of a signal is a signature of such quantum dynamics. Here, we study such beating signals in electronic coherent 2D spectroscopy of CdSe quantum dots (CdSe QDs) at 77K. The beating signals are analyzed in terms of their positive and negative Fourier components. We conclude that the beatings originate from coherent LO-phonons of CdSe QDs. No evidence for the QD size dependence of the LO-phonon frequency was identified.

Effect of fish swimming on the stability of flow fields inside the pipeline

Hydraulic machinery and various pipeline systems will commonly be infiltrated by many aquatic creatures, and the aquatic community causes important impacts on the flow field, fluid stability inside the pipeline, and the performance of the hydraulic machinery. In this paper, the research about three-dimensional numerical simulation of fish swimming inside a pipeline is conducted, and lattice Boltzmann method is used to complete the flow field solution, where an immersed boundary method based on multi-direct forcing scheme is implemented to achieve the fluid-solid coupling. The fish swimming will be realized by using a time-dependent harmonic oscillation combined with surface vertices. The analysis of the velocity, flow field and vorticity distribution at different moments of fish swimming reveals that the fish passing through the pipeline causes a significant influence on the internal flow field, and the stability of the fluid inside the pipeline. The research in this paper provides referential significance to the operations of hydraulic machinery and pipeline systems in environments containing aquatic community.

$L^p-L^q$ estimates for wave equations with strong time-dependent oscillations

In this paper we consider the following Cauchy problem for the linear wave equation with time-dependent propagation speed: \begin{align} \label{Abstract.Cauchy} \tag{$\star$} \begin{cases} u_{tt}-\lambda^2(t)\omega^2(t)\Delta u=0, & (t,x)\in[0,\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^n, \\ u(0,x)=u_0(x), ~~ u_t(0,x)=u_1(x), & x\in\mathbb{R}^n, \end{cases} \end{align} where $\lambda=\lambda(t)$ is an increasing shape function and $\omega=\omega(t)$ is a bounded oscillating function which has very fast oscillations. The goal is to prove $L^p-L^q$ estimates on the conjugate line for Sobolev solutions of the Cauchy problem \eqref{Abstract.Cauchy} in the case that $\omega=\omega(t)$ has very fast oscillations. Basically, we apply the WKB analysis for the construction of a fundamental system of solutions for ordinary differential equations depending on a parameter. Then, the method of stationary phase yields the asymptotical behaviour of Fourier multipliers with nonstandard phase functions depending on a parameter. This research continues the research of the paper [17].

Searches for Violation of CPT Symmetry and Lorentz Invariance with Astrophysical Neutrinos

Neutrinos are a powerful tool for searching physics beyond the standard model of elementary particles. In this review, we present the status of the research on charge-parity-time (CPT) symmetry and Lorentz invariance violations using neutrinos emitted from the collapse of stars such as supernovae and other astrophysical environments, such as gamma-ray bursts. Particularly, supernova neutrino fluxes may provide precious information because all neutrino and antineutrino flavors are emitted during a burst of tens of seconds. Models of quantum gravity may allow the violation of Lorentz invariance and possibly of CPT symmetry. Violation of Lorentz invariance may cause a modification of the dispersion relation and, therefore, in the neutrino group velocity as well in the neutrino wave packet. These changes can affect the arrival time signal registered in astrophysical neutrino detectors. Direction or time-dependent oscillation probabilities and anisotropy of the neutrino velocity are manifestations of the same kind of new physics. CPT violation, on the other hand, may be responsible for different oscillation patterns for neutrino and antineutrino and unconventional energy dependency of the oscillation phase or of the mixing angles. Future perspectives for possible CPT and Lorentz violating systems are also presented.

Time-dependent oscillation of pre-MiRNAs, mature MiRNAs and MiRNA targets in tomato plants subjected to varying abiotic stress conditions

Miniature non-coding RNAs known as MicroRNAs (MiRNA) are transcribed from their independent genes. MiRNAs bind to and regulate various transcripts. They have been linked to a number of biological processes ranging from organ growth, senescence, and pathogen response. We used model crop tomato to study how miRNA genes respond to a variety of abiotic stress, e.g. salt, drought and cold temperature. Precursor-miRNA (pre-miR) levels of six highly conserved plant miRNAs were monitored over 24 h time period. Expression of pre-miR159, −160, −162 and −397 were induced, while pre-miR171a and −319 levels were down regulated as a reaction to a variety of stress treatments. The expression profiles related to miRNA precursors exhibit unique expression pattern to the stress subjected. We followed expression of three mature miRNAs, namely, miR159, miR160 and miR171 upon stress treatment and these exhibited expression profiles similar to their corresponding precursors. Moreover, modulation in mature miRNA levels affected expression of their target transcripts. Prediction of promoter sequences of various tomato pre-miRNAs revealed several cis-elements that may have functional consequence on the gene expression as a consequence of stress. Together, these findings indicate that miRNA genes are sensitive to stress induced due to abiotic factors (climatic stress caused due to drought and cold as well as salt). They demonstrated drastic expression changes to most of the stress examined, a strategy to fine tune transcriptome in a time-efficient manner.

Coherent time-dependent oscillations and temporal correlations in triangular triple quantum dots

The fluctuation behavior of triple quantum dots (TQDs) has, so far, largely focused on current cumulants in the long-time limit via full counting statistics. Given that (TQDs) are non-trivial open quantum systems with many interesting features, such as Aharonov-Bohm interference and coherent population blocking, new fluctuating-time statistics, such as the waiting time distribution (WTD), may provide more information than just the current cumulants alone. In this paper, we use a Born-Markov master equation to calculate the standard and higher-order WTDs for coherentlycoupled TQDs arrayed in triangular ring geometries for several transport regimes. In all cases we find that the WTD displays coherent oscillations that correspond directly to individual time-dependent dot occupation probabilities, a result also reported recently in Ref.[1]. Our analysis, however, goes beyond the single-occupancy and single waiting time regimes, investigating waiting time behavior for TQDs occupied by multiple electrons and with finite electron-electron interactions. We demonstrate that, in these regimes of higher occupancy, quantum coherent effects introduce correlations between successive waiting times, which we can tune via an applied magnetic field. We also show that correlations can be used to distinguish between TQD configurations that have identical FCS and that dark states can be tuned with Aharonov-Bohm interference for more complicated regimes than single-occupancy.

Nanomechanical Detection of Bacteria–Bacteriophage Interactions Using Microchannel Microcantilevers

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a serious threat to global health, which may be addressed using bacteriophage therapy. It is important to measure the susceptibility of bacteria to bacteriophages. We used a micromechanical sensor with a microfluidic channel for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The interior surface of the microfluidic channel was functionalized with a molecule linker to capture the bacterial cells inside the channel. The Escherichia coli response to the bacteriophage PhiX174 and Staphylococcus aureus response to the bacteriophage Phi44AHJD is observed. The micromechanical sensor measured the mechanical fluctuations induced by nano-movements of the bacteria, reflecting their metabolic activity, before and after viral infection. In other words, the time-dependent oscillations of the microchannel can be correlated to the membrane movement in the cells produced by the cell metabolisms. The initial magnitudes of the fluctuations were different in the two bacteria. Bacteria exposure to the bacteriophages induced a sharp reduction of the sensor response, indicating a marked decrease in bacterial metabolic activities. In contrast to E. coli, S. aureus was resistant to Phi44AHJD, and the significant reduction in its metabolic activity may be attributed to transient dormancy due to stress caused by the viral interaction. This technique provides a rapid and accurate assessment of the susceptibility of bacteria to bacteriophages in a small volume of 150 picolitres.

Environment driven oscillation in an off-lattice May\u2013Leonard model

Cyclic dominance of competing species is an intensively used working hypothesis to explain biodiversity in certain living systems, where the evolutionary selection principle would dictate a single victor otherwise. Technically the May–Leonard models offer a mathematical framework to describe the mentioned non-transitive interaction of competing species when individual movement is also considered in a spatial system. Emerging rotating spirals composed by the competing species are frequently observed character of the resulting patterns. But how do these spiraling patterns change when we vary the external environment which affects the general vitality of individuals? Motivated by this question we suggest an off-lattice version of the tradition May–Leonard model which allows us to change the actual state of the environment gradually. This can be done by introducing a local carrying capacity parameter which value can be varied gently in an off-lattice environment. Our results support a previous analysis obtained in a more intricate metapopulation model and we show that the well-known rotating spirals become evident in a benign environment when the general density of the population is high. The accompanying time-dependent oscillation of competing species can also be detected where the amplitude and the frequency show a scaling law of the parameter that characterizes the state of the environment. These observations highlight that the assumed non-transitive interaction alone is insufficient condition to maintain biodiversity safely, but the actual state of the environment, which characterizes the general living conditions, also plays a decisive role on the evolution of related systems.

Decoherence from general relativity

It is of great interest to explore matter in nontrivial quantum arrangements, including Schrodinger cat-like states. Such states are sensitive to decoherence from their environment. Recently, in Ref. [1] we computed the rate of decoherence of a piece of superposed matter that primarily only interacts gravitationally, a dark-matter-Schrodinger-cat-state (DMSCS), within the nonrelativistic approximation. In this work we improve this to a general relativistic analysis. We firstly derive a single particle relativistic Schrodinger equation for a probe particle that passes through the DMSCS; the interaction is provided by the weak field metric of general relativity from the source. For a static DMSCS we find a neat generalization of our previous results. We then turn to the interesting new case of a time dependent DMSCS, which can be provided by a coherently oscillating axion field leading to superposed time dependent oscillations in the metric; a truly quantum-general relativistic phenomenon. We use scattering theory to derive the decoherence rate in all these cases. When the DMSCS is in a superposition of distinct density profiles, we find that the decoherence rate can be appreciable. We then consider the novel special case in which the density is not in a superposition, but the phase of its field oscillation is; this is a property that cannot be decohered within the nonrelativistic framework. We find that if the probe particle and/or the DMSCS's velocity dispersion is slow, then the rate of decoherence of the phase is exponentially suppressed. However, if both the probe and the DMSCS's velocity dispersion are relativistic, then the phase can decohere more rapidly. As applications, we find that diffuse galactic axions with superposed phases are robust against decoherence, while dense boson stars and regions near black hole horizons are not, and we discuss implications for experiment.

Resolving multifrequential oscillations and nanoscale interfacet communication in single-particle catalysis.

In heterogeneous catalysis research, the reactivity of individual nanofacets of single particles is typically not resolved. We applied in situ field electron microscopy to the apex of a curved rhodium crystal (radius of 650 nanometers), providing high spatial (~2 nanometers) and time resolution (~2 milliseconds) of oscillatory catalytic hydrogen oxidation, to image adsorbed species and reaction fronts on the individual facets. Using ionized water as the imaging species, the active sites were directly imaged with field ion microscopy. The catalytic behavior of differently structured nanofacets and the extent of coupling between them were monitored individually. We observed limited interfacet coupling, entrainment, frequency locking, and reconstruction-induced collapse of spatial coupling. The experimental results are backed up by microkinetic modeling of time-dependent oxygen species coverages and oscillation frequencies.

Time-resolved photoelectron imaging of complex resonances in molecular nitrogen.

We have used the FERMI free-electron laser to perform time-resolved photoelectron imaging experiments on a complex group of resonances near 15.38 eV in the absorption spectrum of molecular nitrogen, N2, under jet-cooled conditions. The new data complement and extend the earlier work of Fushitani et al. [Opt. Express 27, 19702-19711 (2019)], who recorded time-resolved photoelectron spectra for this same group of resonances. Time-dependent oscillations are observed in both the photoelectron yields and the photoelectron angular distributions, providing insight into the interactions among the resonant intermediate states. In addition, for most states, we observe an exponential decay of the photoelectron yield that depends on the ionic final state. This observation can be rationalized by the different lifetimes for the intermediate states contributing to a particular ionization channel. Although there are nine resonances within the group, we show that by detecting individual photoelectron final states and their angular dependence, we can identify and differentiate quantum pathways within this complex system.