Abstract
Neutrinos are a powerful tool for searching physics beyond the standard model of elementary particles. In this review, we present the status of the research on charge-parity-time (CPT) symmetry and Lorentz invariance violations using neutrinos emitted from the collapse of stars such as supernovae and other astrophysical environments, such as gamma-ray bursts. Particularly, supernova neutrino fluxes may provide precious information because all neutrino and antineutrino flavors are emitted during a burst of tens of seconds. Models of quantum gravity may allow the violation of Lorentz invariance and possibly of CPT symmetry. Violation of Lorentz invariance may cause a modification of the dispersion relation and, therefore, in the neutrino group velocity as well in the neutrino wave packet. These changes can affect the arrival time signal registered in astrophysical neutrino detectors. Direction or time-dependent oscillation probabilities and anisotropy of the neutrino velocity are manifestations of the same kind of new physics. CPT violation, on the other hand, may be responsible for different oscillation patterns for neutrino and antineutrino and unconventional energy dependency of the oscillation phase or of the mixing angles. Future perspectives for possible CPT and Lorentz violating systems are also presented.
Highlights
The combination of the three discrete symmetries mentioned above forms the CPT symmetry, which is invariant in flat spacetimes [2]
Neutrinos may be a useful tool to explore physics on the Planck energy scale. They are already one step beyond the standard model because neutrino flavor oscillations are described through the interference of mass eigenstates, which are not predicted in the original theory [7]
In the two Sections, we present some of the main results in the low energy regime of SN and the high energy regime of other astrophysical sources, for example, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
Summary
The standard model of elementary particles, Standard Model (SM) for short, is a quantum field theory in which symmetries play an essential role [1]. They are already one step beyond the standard model because neutrino flavor oscillations are described through the interference of mass eigenstates, which are not predicted in the original theory [7] Given that their mass scale is small, that their charge and magnetic moment are robustly constrained, and that their only coupling with matter in the standard model is the weak interaction, effects of new physics on neutrinos may be relatively strong. They are natural candidates to explore possible violations of Lorentz and CPT symmetries [8].
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