Ion Oscillations Research Articles

Mass-selective instability and resonance ejection modes for DIT with rectangular asymmetric wave shape.

We consider the operation of a digital linear ion trap with resonance radial ejection and mass selective instability modes. Periodic wave shape has a positive part with amplitude and duration and negative part with amplitude and duration , where T is the period. The mapping of the stability diagram, calculations of the well's depth and ion oscillations spectra are presented. The process of resonant excitation of ion oscillations by a dipole sinusoidal signal is studied, as well as ion ejection at the stability boundary. The trajectory method is used for this purpose. It is shown that the mass selectivity of dipole excitation is twice as large for rectangular wave shape compared to sinusoidal wave shape. Increasing the diameter of the round rods of the linear trap gives an increase in the resolving power. The possibility of DIT operation in mass-selective instability mode at the boundary point is discussed.

Electrochemical Monitoring of Real‐Time Vesicle Dynamics Induced by Tau in a Confined Nanopipette

AbstractThe microtubule‐associated protein tau participates in neurotransmission regulation via its interaction with synaptic vesicles (SVs). The precise nature and mechanics of tau‘s engagement with SVs, especially regarding alterations in vesicle dynamics, remain a matter of discussion. We report an electrochemical method using a synapse‐mimicking nanopipette to monitor vesicle dynamics induced by tau. A model vesicle of ~30 nm is confined within a lipid‐modified nanopipette orifice with a comparable diameter to mimic the synaptic lipid environment. Both tau and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) present two‐state dynamic behavior in this biomimetic system, showing typical ionic current oscillation, induced by lipid‐tau interaction. The results indicate that p‐tau has a stronger affinity to the lipid vesicles in the confined environment, blocking the vesicle movement to a higher degree. Taken together, this method bridges a gap for sensing synaptic vesicle dynamics in a confined lipid environment, mimicking vesicle movement near the synaptic membrane. These findings contribute to understanding how different types of tau protein regulate synaptic vesicle motility and to underlying its functional and pathological behaviours in disease.

Electrochemical Monitoring of Real-Time Vesicle Dynamics Induced by Tau in a Confined Nanopipette.

The microtubule-associated protein tau participates in neurotransmission regulation via its interaction with synaptic vesicles (SVs). The precise nature and mechanics of tau's engagement with SVs, especially regarding alterations in vesicle dynamics, remain a matter of discussion. We report an electrochemical method using a synapse-mimicking nanopipette to monitor vesicle dynamics induced by tau. A model vesicle of ~30 nm is confined within a lipid-modified nanopipette orifice with a comparable diameter to mimic the synaptic lipid environment. Both tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) present two-state dynamic behavior in this biomimetic system, showing typical ionic current oscillation, induced by lipid-tau interaction. The results indicate that p-tau has a stronger affinity to the lipid vesicles in the confined environment, blocking the vesicle movement to a higher degree. Taken together, this method bridges a gap for sensing synaptic vesicle dynamics in a confined lipid environment, mimicking vesicle movement near the synaptic membrane. These findings contribute to understanding how different types of tau protein regulate synaptic vesicle motility and to underlying its functional and pathological behaviours in disease.

Modeling of a linear ion trap with driving rectangular waveforms.

We consider the operation of a digital linear ion trap with resonant radial ejection. A sequence of rectangular voltage pulses with a dipole resonance signal is applied to the trap electrodes. The periodic waveform is piecewise constant, has zero mean, and is determined by an asymmetry parameter : one value is taken on interval and another on , where is the RF period. Ion mass scanning is performed by varying the asymmetry parameter and amplitude of the negative pulse part with time. The ion oscillation frequencies and acceptance of the linear trap are calculated. The dependence of the ion mass to charge ratio on the parameter is . The maximum value is about kDa for typical parameters of the linear trap: frequency 0.5 MHz, rod radius 4 mm, and negative pulse amplitude 1 kV. The dipolar excitation frequency is 0.125 MHz at which the LIT acceptance is maximal.

Simple 3D PIC Analysis for Beam Phase Space Oscillation in RF Driven Negative Hydrogen Ion Source

Temporal oscillation of the negative hydrogen ion (H−) beam in the Radio Frequency (RF) ion source is investigated by a simple 3D3V Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model. The model solves electron, proton, and H− transport processes in the extraction region. The calculation domain is from the vicinity of the beam aperture to the ground electrode. To understand the relation between the plasma density oscillation and the extracted H− beam characteristics, the input electron and proton fluxes from the driver region are varied parametrically with the fundamental J-PARC RF frequency (2 MHz). The numerical results give an idea of the main physical processes between the oscillations of the plasma parameters and the extracted H− ion trajectories depending on the plasma meniscus shape in the different RF phases.

Macrophage Intracellular “Calcium Oscillations” Triggered Through In Situ Mineralization Regulate Bone Immunity to Facilitate Bone Repair

AbstractBioceramics are vital for treating bone defects, and bioactive glasses (exemplified by 45S5) and calcium phosphate ceramics (CaPs, exemplified by tricalcium phosphate [β‐TCP]) are extensively explored. β‐TCP exhibits superior biocompatibility, degradability, and osteoconductive properties than 45S5; however, it lacks bioactivity, such as mineralization capability. To harness the synergies of both, four 3D printing bioceramic scaffolds: 45S5, 70% 45S5 + 30% TCP, 30% 45S5 + 70% TCP, and TCP, are manufactured. Furthermore, the investigation elucidates the correlation between their in situ mineralization capabilities and the intracellular calcium oscillations within macrophages and determines how they impact macrophage phenotypic transitions. Notably, during bioceramic degradation, there is an initial rise followed by a decline in calcium ion concentration, which results in intracellular calcium ion oscillations within macrophages. In the 70% 45S5 + 30% TCP group, early release of calcium ions promotes M1 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, rapid in situ mineralization causes a decrease in extracellular calcium ions, thus accelerating the transition of M1 to M2 macrophages and facilitating bone repair. The present study reveals a novel mechanism through which bioceramics modulate macrophage polarization, offers new insights into the initial foreign body response to bioceramics and presents a perspective on expeditious progression toward tissue repair.

Theoretically modeling oscillations and waves (EEG and MEG signals) of the brain neuronal fluids and extracellular fluids, using plasma hydrodynamics

Introduction: Ionic oscillations and waves of the brain neurons are mostly analyzed and recorded by EEG (electroencephalography) and (or) MEG (magnetoencephalography). In principle EEG and MEG signals arise from the same neuronal sources. The traditional models of EEG and MEG do not involve natural excitations and attenuations, encodings (decodings), displacement currents of the brain neuronal electromagnetic signals, nor active pumps and passive channels of biological ions. Besides, we have not found any published research at an ionic level to theoretically describe the mechanisms how oscillations and waves of the brain neuronal fluids and extracellular fluids are excited, attenuated and maintained in the both natural and forced modes. Methods and Results: We introduce the plasma physics into brain theory; based on plasma hydrodynamic equations and published data of the brain or neuron sciences and molecular biology, at an ionic level, we model the mechanisms of the complete procedures of excitations, attenuations, propagations (oscillations and waves) of the brain neuronal fluids and extracellular fluids in the both natural and forced modes; our models include active pumps and passive channels of biological ions. Moreover, we also elucidate frequency and amplitude modulations (encodings), displacement currents, as well as effective values of the alternating electric current densities, electric and magnetic fields and voltages, based on the modeling results of the brain neuronal and extracellular plasma waves (oscillations). Conclusion: Our modeling results are qualitatively consistent with the published data of brain neuroscience as well as EEG and MEG.

Sensory Quality and Shelf-life Enhancement of Vegetables Irradiated with Mid- infrared

Vegetables play a highly significant role in our daily dietary intake. The inherent perishability of vegetables restricts their exportation and necessitates early consumption. Consequently, ongoing research endeavors aim to develop technologies that can extend the shelf life of vegetables. In this study, we subjected vegetables to irradiation using a mid-infrared ray with a wavelength of 2-6 μm. To achieve this, we utilized a recently invented atomizer device termed MIRGA (Mid-infrared generating atomizer). During spraying of MIRGA, the contained chemical solution is expelled at a determined plunger pressure, leading to the oscillation of ions in the sprayed mist, thereby generating 2-6 μm mid-infrared. This mid-infrared energy exerts its influence on the chemical bonds within the vegetable molecules, resulting in improvements in taste, aroma, overall sensory satisfaction, and shelf life. Notably, the shelf life of vegetables increased by a range of 16-900% and 9-314% (duration) when stored at room temperature and refrigerated, respectively. These beneficial alterations, which are mediated by the 2-6 μm mid-infrared ray, are substantiated through a variety of instrumentation and sensory expert panel results that elucidate the physicochemical characteristics of the vegetables. Employing MIRGA in various domains of food technology represents a plausible and viable option.

A Single Trapped Vesicle Enhances the Sensing of Dynamic in-Teractions between Tau Protein and Lipid Membrane

The interaction between tau protein and lipid membrane is of considerable interest in neuroscience, as it promotes inter-neuronal tau spreading in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report a vesicle-enhanced nanopore electrochemistry for sensing the dynamic lipid-tau interaction at a sub-millisecond time scale. This method is developed by confining a model vesicle of ~ 30 nm within a lipid-modified nanopipette orifice with a comparable diameter, which increases the sensing ability in lipid-tau interaction to a signal-to-noise ratio of 10.8. Both tau and phosphorylated tau present a periodic dynamic behavior in this biomimetic system, showing typical ionic current oscillation. By comparing the oscillation frequency, p-tau shows a higher affinity to the lipid vesicles, considering its lowered binding frequency towards vesicle. This result is also supported by the Biolayer interferometry. For this well-distributed current oscillation, we proposed volume shrinking as a possible mechanism, which is further supported by finite element simulations. To elucidate the possibility of lipid-tau interactions inducing vesicle shrinkage, TEM was employed for vesicle characterization in bulk solution. With a 14 h incubation of SUV with tau proteins, the diameter shrunk from ~30 nm to ~22 nm. The difference of affinity between tau and p-tau toward synaptic-mimic vesicles helps to provide fundamental insight into the regulation of tau proteins in synaptic vesicle motility and consequently contributes to the understanding of neural dysfunction in neuro-degenerative diseases. Figure 1

Amplifying a Zeptonewton Force with a Single-Ion Nonlinear Oscillator.

Nonlinear mechanical resonators display rich and complex dynamics and are important in many areas of fundamental and applied sciences. Here, we present a general strategy to generate mechanical nonlinearities for trapped particles by transverse driving in a funnel-shaped potential. Employing a trapped ion platform, we study the nonlinear oscillation, bifurcation, and hysteresis of a single calcium ion and demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement of the signal from a zeptonewton-magnitude harmonic force through the effect of vibrational resonance. Our results represent a first step in combining the rich nonlinear dynamics with the precision control over mechanical motions offered by atomic physics and open up possibilities for exploiting nonlinear mechanical phenomena in the quantum regime.

Amplitude detection system for 6 kW Hall thruster

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has developed a power processing unit for a 6 kW Hall thruster, a candidate for propulsion systems for geostationary satellites. Hall thrusters have a discharge instability of tens of kHz, which may damage thrusters, power processing units, and satellite systems. This paper proposes our system for detecting discharge current amplitudes that exceed the specified limit of the thruster. The discharge current is converted into a voltage by the current sensor and is output to a digital controller through an AD converter.The system's innovation includes a frequency prediction model and a damping correction algorithm, which allow the system to accurately detect the peak amplitude of the discharge current without testing to measure the frequency characters of the Hall thruster. The design of the amplitude detection system considers the frequencies of the ionization oscillation and the switching frequency of the power processing unit. The frequency prediction model estimates the frequency of discharge current oscillations from simple parameters: the output voltage of the discharge power supply and the thruster dimensions. The amplitude of the discharge current is damped slightly by the frequency characteristics of the system, but the algorithm corrects this.The results of the frequency prediction model agreed well with the actual measurements. The predicted value was 13.2 kHz, while the actual measurement was 8–15 kHz. The integration test showed that the amplitude detection system identified 36 peaks exceeding the specified limit of 80% peak-to-peak during a 100 ms segment, although the actual number was 34. This difference is acceptable. The proposed amplitude detection system can accurately count the peaks in the discharge current that exceed specifications.

Hemoglobin and cytochrome c. reinterpreting the origins of oxygenation and oxidation in erythrocytes and in vivo cancer lung cells

Maintaining life (respiration), cell death (apoptosis), oxygen transport and immunity are main biological functions of heme containing proteins. These functions are controlled by the axial ligands and the redox status of the iron ion (oscillations between Fe2+ and Fe3+) in the heme group. This paper aims to evaluate the current state of knowledge on oxidation and oxygenation effects in heme proteins. We determined the redox status of the iron ion in whole blood (without and with anticoagulant), hemoglobin in erythrocytes, in isolated cytochrome c and cytochrome c in mitochondria of the human lung cancer cells using UV–VIS electronic absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. Here we discussed the mechanism responsible for the Q electronic absorption band spectral behavior, i.e., its splitting, and its change in extinction coefficient, as well as vibrational modifications upon oxygenation and oxidation. We compared the redox status of heme in hemoglobin of human erythrocytes and cytochrome c in mitochondria of human lung cancer cells. Presented results allow simultaneous identification of oxy- and deoxy-Hb, where 1547 and 1604 cm−1 vibrations correspond to deoxygenated hemoglobin, while 1585 and 1638 cm−1 correspond to oxyhemoglobin, respectively. Our results extend knowledge of oxidation and oxygenation effects in heme proteins. We demonstrated experimentally the mechanism of electronic-vibrational coupling for the Q band splitting. Presented results extend knowledge on oxidation and oxygenation effects in heme proteins and provide evidence that both processes are strongly coupled. We showed that retinoic acid affects the redox state of heme in cytochrome c in mitochondria. The change of the redox status of cytochrome c in mitochondria from the oxidized form to the reduced form has very serious consequences in dysfunction of mitochondria resulting in inhibition of respiration, apoptosis and cytokine induction.

Energetic ion and plasma oscillation measurements during plume mode operation of a hollow cathode

Hollow cathodes are important devices used for spacecraft electric propulsion. The hollow cathode has two operational modes. One mode is a stable mode called the spot mode, and the other is an unstable mode called the plume mode. Operation in plume mode should be avoided since the instability causes high-energy ions that sputter-erode the cathode parts. In this study, the relationship between discharge oscillations and ion energy distribution in plume mode was investigated using a triple Langmuir probe and retarding potential analyzer for a 40-A class xenon hollow cathode with a lanthanum hexaboride emitter. The triple probe can measure unsteady electron temperature and plasma density oscillations. The electron temperature was not so high, 1 to 2 eV. Some instabilities were observed in the plume mode. The ionization instability with a low frequency oscillation of 30 kHz was the dominant mode. A broad spectrum around 330 kHz due to ion acoustic turbulence was observed. In addition, in the downstream plume region, oscillations around 120 kHz were observed owing to temporal change in anomalous resistivity. The 95% ion population voltage found to be 20 and 30 eV in spot and plume modes, respectively. The magnitude of the low frequency ionization oscillation was found to be inversely proportional to ion energy in plume mode. This indicates that the resonant energy transfer from the oscillation to the ion energy through Landau damping probably plays an important role in high energy ion generation in plume mode. A clear correlation between discharge current and electron temperature waveforms was found. The larger the electron temperature fluctuation, the stronger the correlation between discharge current and electron temperature, and the larger the phase difference deviation from 180°.

Inertial and anisotropic pressure effects on cross-field electron transport in low-temperature magnetized plasmas

In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) model is developed to investigate the effects of anisotropic pressure and inertial terms due to non-Maxwellian velocity distribution functions on cross-field electron transport. The conservation of momentum is evaluated by taking the moments of the first-principles gas-kinetic equation. A steady-state discharge is obtained without any low-frequency ionization oscillations by considering an anomalous electron scattering profile. The results obtained from the 1D PIC-MCC model are compared with fluid models, including the quasi-neutral drift-diffusion (DD), non-neutral DD, and full fluid moment models. The discharge current obtained from the PIC-MCC model is in good agreement with the fluid models. The cross-field electron transport due to the inertial terms, i.e. the gradient of axial and azimuthal drift, is evaluated. Moreover, PIC-MCC simulation results show non-zero, anisotropic, off-diagonal pressure tensor terms due to asymmetric non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution function, potentially contributing to cross-field electron transport.

Functional Activity of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes on a Mouse Renal Subcapsular Xenograft Model.

In the treatment of coronary heart disease, the most promising approach for replacing lost contractile elements involves obtaining cardiomyocytes through cardiac differentiation of pluripotent cells. The objective of this study is to develop a technology for creating a functional layer of cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs, capable of generating rhythmic activity and synchronous contractions. To expedite the maturation of cardiomyocytes, a renal subcapsular transplantation model was employed in SCID mice. Following explantation, the formation of the cardiomyocyte contractile apparatus was assessed using fluorescence and electron microscopy, while the cytoplasmic oscillation of calcium ions was evaluated through visualization using the fluorescent calcium binding dye Fluo-8. The results demonstrate that transplanted human iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte cell layers, placed under the fibrous capsules of SCID mouse kidneys (for up to 6 weeks), initiate the development of an organized contractile apparatus and retain functional activity along with the ability to generate calcium ion oscillations even after removal from the body.

High calcium transport by Polycystin-2 (TRPP2) induces channel clustering and oscillatory currents

The regulation by Ca2+ of Ca2+-permeable ion channels represents an important mechanism in the control of cell function. Polycystin-2 (PC2, TRPP2), a member of the TRP channel family (Transient Potential Receptor), is a Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channel. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that physiological concentrations of Ca2+ do not regulate in vitro translated PC2 (PC2iv) channel activity. However, the issue as to PC2′s Ca2+ permeability and regulation remain ill-defined, in particular because Ca2+ transport is usually observed in the presence of other ionic gradients. In this study, we assessed Ca2+ transport by PC2iv in a lipid bilayer reconstitution system in a high Ca2+ gradient (CaCl2 100 mM cis, CaCl2 10 mM trans) in the presence of either 3:7 or 7:3 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-choline and ethanolamine lipid mixtures. Reconstituted PC2iv showed spontaneous Ca2+ currents in both lipid mixtures, with a maximum conductance of 63 ± 13 pS (n = 19) and 105 pS ± 9.8 (n = 9), respectively. In both cases, we best fitted the experimental data with the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, observing a reversal potential (Vrev ∼ −27 mV) consistent with strict Ca2+ selectivity. The R742X mutated PC2 (PC2R742X), lacking the carboxy terminal domain of the channel showed no differences with wild type PC2. Interestingly, we also observed the onset of spontaneous Ca2+ current oscillations whenever PC2-containing samples were reconstituted in the 3:7, but not 7:3 POPC:POPE lipid mixture. The amplitude and frequency of the ionic oscillations were highly dependent on the applied voltage, the imposed Ca2+ gradient, and the presence of high Ca2+, which induced PC2 channel clustering as observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We also used the QuB suite to kinetically model the PC2 channel Ca2+ oscillations based on the presence of subconductance states in the channel. The encompassed evidence supports a high Ca2+ permeability by PC2, and a novel oscillatory mechanism dependent on the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids that provides the first evidence for the relation between stochasticity and deterministic processes mediated by ion channels.

A high resolution Fourier transform ion trap enabled by image current splicing: a theoretical study.

The relatively high work pressure within an ion trap has limited the implementation of the Fourier transform technique for high resolution mass analysis. The main reason is that high buffer gas pressure will cause the rapid decay of ion oscillations. In this study, an image current splicing method based on the filter diagonalization method (FDM) and the Hilbert transform was developed to increase the resolving power of nondestructive mass analysis in a linear ion trap. First, multiple repeated experiments (or ion trajectory simulations) were performed to collect multiple sets of data. Using the FDM, the frequency component distribution was extracted from short image current transients collected from each experiment. The Hilbert transform was then applied to calculate and normalize the decay envelope of each transient. The relative abundance was calculated by counting the envelopes. Finally, image current transients collected from these multiple experiments were spliced and merged into a whole signal with much longer duration and continuous phase. This splicing method could effectively increase the duration of the image current, and thus improve the mass resolution of the ion trap mass analyzer. The mass resolution (m/Δm) was improved from 183.5 to 5.8 × 103, and the average relative difference was 2.8%. The proposed method resolved 3 adjacent peaks which originally could not be resolved from the raw signal by the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Besides simulated data, this method was also applied to the experimental data collected from a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The influence of electronic noise on the proposed method was also discussed in this study.

High-frequency Collective Ionic Dynamics in Liquid Metals

Abstract: The coexistence of the transverse and fast sounds of liquid metals in the terahertz range near the melting point is explained. These sound modes are phonon polaritons arisen from the interaction between the transverse collective ionic oscillations, known as phonons, and the electromagnetic wave radiated by the ions in vibration at high enough frequencies, for instance, in liquid Zn, Cu, and Fe. Applying the phonon-polariton dispersion relations, several critical dynamic parameters of these liquid metals such as the structural relaxation times, speeds of the fast and transverse sound modes, dielectric constant at THz frequency are extracted, allowing to further understand dynamic behaviors of liquid metals at the atomic level. Phonon-polariton theory can be used for the study of the dynamics in the terahertz frequency range of similar liquid metals.

The invariant ion-acoustic waves in the plasma

The space plasmas have been found empirically to be separated into those residing far from the classical thermal equilibrium and those residing near equilibrium. The modern formalism of the kappa distributions explains this distinction under the value of the kappa index, the intensive parameter that characterizes thermodynamics together with temperature. Recent studies have suggested that by defining an invariant kappa index as the zero dimensionality spectral index, kappa _{0}, which is independent of the dimensionality, the degrees of freedom, or the numbers of particles, one may separately consider the physical and thermodynamic feature of the kappa index in space plasmas by utilizing kappa _{0}. This study extends the mentioned idea to the ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) in the astrophysical plasmas in order to deriving an invariant formalism for the IAWs including the pure thermodynamic features of the background particles. This paper is based on the kinetic theory formalism and the hydrodynamic fluid description for extracting the characteristics of the invariant IAWs. Relying on the Vlasov–Poisson equations, considering a low-frequency band for the weakly damped ion oscillations, we have derived the most generalized formalism of the ion-sound speed in space plasmas in terms of the extended polytropic indices of the plasma species, gamma _{j}, and also the generalized formalism of Landau damping for the invariant IAWs in terms of kappa _{0}, wavelength, and temperatures of the plasma species. In the hydrodynamic description, we have normalized the fluid parameters in terms of the generalized quantities, including the extended formulations of the ion-sound speed and Debye length. Then, by using the perturbation expansion in linear and nonlinear regimes, we may find some other issues in the formalism of the invariant IAWs, such as the effect of the perturbed potential degrees of freedom, d_{Phi }, the isothermal/extended phase speed of the IAWs, and the combined effects of the wave steepening and dispersion of ion waves. We have also derived a generalized KdV equation and its solitary wave solutions in an invariant formalism. Based on the empirical evidences in space plasmas, the far-equilibrium plasmas are characterized by 0<kappa _{0}<1 (0<gamma _{j}<0.5), while the near-equilibrium plasmas are labeled with kappa _{0}>1 (0.5<gamma _{j}<1). We have numerically analyzed our solutions from the anti-equilibrium states at kappa _{0}rightarrow 0 (gamma _{j}rightarrow 0) towards the equilibrium states at kappa _{0}gg 1 (gamma _{j}rightarrow 1). Our theoretical study provides strong evidence, for the first time, about the distinction of plasmas under the value of the kappa index. Our analysis confirms the distinction of the involved IAWs diagrams in the two mentioned regions, where the transition from far-equilibrium states to the near-equilibrium states may occur in the vicinity kappa _{0}sim 1 (gamma _{j}sim 0.5), denoting the escape state of the evolution.

The Role of Myelin in Malfunctions of Neuron Transmittance

Because of different mechanism of electro-signaling in myelinated axons than in dendrites or unmyelinated axons, the role of the myelin needs to be reconsidered upon new premises in distinction to conventional cable model. It occurs that the latter model is inapplicable for so-called saltatory conduction in myelinated axons and the former imagination on the role of the myelin based on the cable model is confusing. We show how the myelin sheath of axons controls the electro-signaling in myelinated neurons upon a wave-type ionic oscillation model of electro-signaling, ion plasmon-polariton model, in close agreement with observations of the saltatory conduction not reachable within traditional cable model approach. This is of particular importance for better understanding of malfunctions of neuron communication due to demyelination diseases and for the strategy of future therapy methods at paralysis and at demyelination syndromes. The new mechanism of signaling in myelinated neurons is also supported by recent advances in recognition of so-called micro-saltatory conduction in C-fibers of pain sensation, also exceeding the range of applicability of the conventional cable model.