Oryza Rufipogon Research Articles

Morphological and molecular dissection of wild rices from eastern India suggests distinct speciation between O. rufipogon and O. nivara populations

The inter relationships between the two progenitors is interesting as both wild relatives are known to be the great untapped gene reservoirs. The debate continues on granting a separate species status to Oryza nivara. The present study was conducted on populations of Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara from Eastern India employing morphological and molecular characteristics. The cluster analysis of the data on morphological traits could clearly classify the two wild forms into two separate discrete groups without any overlaps i.e. lack of intermediate forms, suggesting the non-sympatric existence of the wild forms. Amplification of hyper variable regions of the genome could reveal 144 alleles suggesting high genetic diversity values (average He = 0.566). Moreover, with 42.37% of uncommon alleles between the two wild relatives, the molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) could detect only 21% of total variation (p < 0.001) among them and rest 59% was within them. The population structure analysis clearly classified these two wild populations into two distinct sub-populations (K = 2) without any overlaps i.e. lack of intermediate forms, suggesting the non-sympatric existence of the wild forms. Clear differentiation into two distinct groups indicates that O. rufipogon and O. nivara could be treated as two different species.

Morphological and Molecular Data Reveal Three Distinct Populations of Indian Wild Rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. Species Complex.

Wild relatives of crops possess adaptive mutations for agronomically important traits, which could play significant role in crop improvement for sustainable agriculture. However, global climate change and human activities pose serious threats to the natural habitats leading to erosion of genetic diversity of wild rice populations. The purpose of this study was to explore and characterize India’s huge untapped wild rice diversity in Oryza rufipogon Griff. species complex from a wide range of ecological niches. We made strategic expeditions around diversity hot spots in 64 districts of nine different agro-climatic zones of the country and collected 418 wild rice accessions. Significant variation was observed among the accessions for 46 morphological descriptors, allowing classification into O. nivara, O. rufipogon, and O. sativa f. spontanea morpho-taxonomic groups. Genome-specific pSINE1 markers confirmed all the accessions having AA genome, which were further classified using ecotype-specific pSINE1 markers into annual, perennial, intermediate, and an unknown type. Principal component analysis revealed continuous variation for the morphological traits in each ecotype group. Genetic diversity analysis based on multi-allelic SSR markers clustered these accessions into three major groups and analysis of molecular variance for nine agro-climatic zones showed that 68% of the genetic variation was inherent amongst individuals while only 11% of the variation separated the zones, though there was significant correlation between genetic and spatial distances of the accessions. Model based population structure analysis using genome wide bi-allelic SNP markers revealed three sub-populations designated ‘Pro-Indica,’ ‘Pro-Aus,’ and ‘Mid-Gangetic,’ which showed poor correspondence with the morpho-taxonomic classification or pSINE1 ecotypes. There was Pan-India distribution of the ‘Pro-Indica’ and ‘Pro-Aus’ sub-populations across agro-climatic zones, indicating a more fundamental grouping based on the ancestry closely related to ‘Indica’ and ‘Aus’ groups of rice cultivars. The Pro-Indica population has substantial presence in the Eastern Himalayan Region and Lower Gangetic Plains, whereas ‘Pro-Aus’ sub-population was predominant in the Upper Gangetic Plains, Western Himalayan Region, Gujarat Plains and Hills, and Western Coastal Plains. In contrast ‘Mid-Gangetic’ population was largely concentrated in the Mid Gangetic Plains. The information presented here will be useful in the utilization of wild rice resources for varietal improvement.

Rapid mapping of candidate genes for cold tolerance in Oryza rufipogon Griff. by QTL-seq of seedlings

Cold stress is a major problem in rice production. To rapidly identify genes for cold tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice (DWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.), sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis of QTL-seq method was used to resequence the extremely resistant (R) and susceptible (S) bulks of a backcross inbred lines (BILs) population (derived from Oryza sativa×O. rufipogon) and their parents. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-index graphs and corresponding ρ(SNP-index) graphs (at 99 and 95% confidence levels) for R- and S-bulks detected a total of 2 609 candidate SNPs, including 58 candidate cold-tolerance genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 5 out of the 58 candidate genes had significant differences in expression between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. Structural variation and functional annotations of the 5 candidate genes were also analyzed, and allowed us to identify 2 insertion-deletion (InDel) markers (12-7 and 12-16) that were linked with candidate genes on chromosome 12 in DWR. These results are helpful for cloning and using cold tolerance genes from common wild rice in cultivated rice.

Pan-genome analysis highlights the extent of genomic variation in cultivated and wild rice

The rich genetic diversity in Oryza sativa and Oryza rufipogon serves as the main sources in rice breeding. Large-scale resequencing has been undertaken to discover allelic variants in rice, but much of the information for genetic variation is often lost by direct mapping of short sequence reads onto the O. sativa japonica Nipponbare reference genome. Here we constructed a pan-genome dataset of the O. sativa–O. rufipogon species complex through deep sequencing and de novo assembly of 66 divergent accessions. Intergenomic comparisons identified 23 million sequence variants in the rice genome. This catalog of sequence variations includes many known quantitative trait nucleotides and will be helpful in pinpointing new causal variants that underlie complex traits. In particular, we systemically investigated the whole set of coding genes using this pan-genome data, which revealed extensive presence and absence of variation among rice accessions. This pan-genome resource will further promote evolutionary and functional studies in rice.

A database of wild rice germplasm of Oryza rufipogon species complex from different agro-climatic zones of India.

Rice is a staple food for the people of Asia that supplies more than 50% of the food energy globally. It is widely accepted that the crop domestication process has left behind substantial useful genetic diversity in their wild progenitor species that has huge potential for developing crop varieties with enhanced resistance to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this context, Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara and their intermediate types wild rice germplasm/s collected from diverse agro-climatic regions would provide a rich repository of genes and alleles that could be utilized for rice improvement using genomics-assisted breeding. Here we present a database of detailed information on 614 such diverse wild rice accessions collected from different agro-climatic zones of India, including 46 different morphological descriptors, complete passport data and DNA fingerprints. The information has been stored in a web-based database entitled ‘Indian Wild Rice (IWR) Database’. The information provided in the IWR Database will be useful for the rice geneticists and breeders for improvement of rice cultivars for yield, quality and resilience to climate change.Database URL: http://nksingh.nationalprof.in: 8080/iwrdb/index.jsp

Diverse genetic variation in maternal lineages with high heterogeneity among in situ-conserved wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) developed in Thailand.

Wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, is a genetic resource that can be used to improve cultivated rice, but its populations are now decreasing in terms of both size and number. Extensive research on wild rice has been conducted in Thailand, where two in situ conservation sites have been preserved in natural areas where perennial wild rice predominates. The genetic structure of wild rice populations was investigated by examining both the chloroplast and nucleus genomes at sites of in situ conservation site in Thailand. One accession from an in situ-conserved site was re-sequenced against the chloroplast genome of O. sativa cv. ‘Nipponbare’ to develop chloroplast insertion/deletion (cpINDEL) markers. These cpINDEL markers revealed unique maternal lineages in the in situ-conserved populations upon comparison with other Asian wild rice accessions. Diverse genetic variation was also detected with SSR markers throughout the genome. Three populations differed from each other and also within single populations. The sub-populations within an in situ-conserved population showed a complex population structure due to their multiple maternal lineages and relatively higher number of haplotypes when they maintained a relatively large population size. Such a heterogeneous population would serve as a unique gene pool for rice breeding.

Mapping five novel interspecific hybrid sterility loci between Oryza sativa and Oryza meridionalis.

Oryza meridionalis is a potential source for improving Asian cultivated rice O. sativa via direct hybridization and backcrossing. However, hybrid sterility between O. sativa and O. meridionalis is the main barrier of reproduction hindering the transfer of favorable genes from O. meridionalis to O. sativa. To investigate the nature of hybrid sterility between O. sativa and O. meridionalis, three accessions of O. meridionalis were used as male parents to cross Dianjingyou 1, an O. sativa subsp. japonica cultivar following the backcross with the recurrent parent of Dianjingyou 1. Twenty pollen sterility NILs (BC6F1) were obtained and genotyped by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across the 12 rice chromosomes. The heterozygous markers were employed to genotype the corresponding segregation populations for mapping sterility genes. As a result, five novel loci for pollen sterility between O. sativa and O. meridionalis were identified and designated as S51(t), S52(t), S53(t), S54(t) and S55(t), respectively. The genetic behavior of five novel loci followed one-locus allelic interaction model. The disharmonious interaction between Asian cultivated rice allele and wild relative allele led to the partial or full abortion of male gametes for one parent allele in the heterozygotes. These results will be useful for elucidating the mechanism of interspecific hybrid sterility and further utilizing favorable genes from O. meridionalis for enhancement of rice breeding.

Qtl analysis for flowering time using backcross population between Oryza sativa ir 36 and oryza rufipogon

Recently, climate change are causing serious loss to agricultural production in Vietnam and worldwide. Decreased rice yield due to climate change is needed to consider and solve as soon as possible. Prolonged high temperature at flowering time induced spikelet sterility of rice has been proved in number of studies. Some rice production areas, rice yield were damaged almost entirely. Therefore, study on early flowering time trait of rice to escape high temperature period of the day is the new strategy of this study. To evaluate this useful trait, the wild rice Oryza rufipogon W 630 and Oryza sativa IR36 wereused as materialsofthe study. As for SOT, two parameters of SOTb (beginning time when the first spikelet opens) and SOTm (median time when 50% of the spikelets open) were recorded. One QTL located on chromosome 8 in the regions of RM44-RM223 was detected for SOTb and another one QTL located on chromosomes 5 in the regions of RM13-RM574 was detected for SOTm, respectively. In addition, the additive effect of single wild alleles at these alleles was 0.27h and 0.25h. The results indicate that the homozygous wild alleles at these loci have potential to promote earlier flowering.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Oryza&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Wild Species: An Alternative for Rice Breeding under Abiotic Stress Conditions

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) presents a strategic role in social and economic levels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of genetic variability for the genus Oryza, and the possibility of using genotypes with wild characteristics in rice breeding programs. The Oryza genus shows great genetic variability through wild genotypes available in the most varied environments around the world. The negative effects imposed by abiotic stresses such as flood, salinity, low temperatures, water deficiency and high temperatures may be minimized by the efficient identification of a genetic variability source from the Oryza genus. Among the main wild species presented by the Oryza genus, Oryza glumaepatula stands out being an active source of germplasm. The occurrence and preservation of genetic variability of Oryza genus is indispensable to obtain new rice genotypes, to guarantee food security for the human population, as well as to develop genotypes that adapt to climatic changes and natural adversities.

Mapping of S56(t) responsible for interspecific hybrid sterility between Oryza sativa and Oryza glumaepatula.

Oryza glumaepatula originates from South America continent and contains many valuable traits, such as tolerance to abiotic stress, high yield and good cooking qualities. However, hybrid sterility severely hindered the utilization of favorable genes of O. glumaepatula by interspecific hybridization. In order to further understand the nature of hybrid sterility between O. sativa and O. glumaepatula, a near isogenic line (NIL) was developed using a japonica variety Dianjingyou 1 as the recurrent parent and an accession of O. glumaepatula as the donor parent. A novel gene S56(t) for pollen sterility was mapped into the region between RM20797 and RM1093 on the short arm of chromosome 7, the physical distance between the two markers was about 469 kb. The genetic behavior of S56(t) followed one-locus allelic interaction model, the male gametes carrying the alleles of O. sativa in the heterozygotes were aborted completely. These results would help us clone S56(t) gene and understand the role of S56(t) in interspecific sterility.

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the quantitative trait locus gw8.1 associated with grain length in rice.

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) gw8.1 was detected in the population derived from a cross between the elite japonica cultivar, 'Hwaseong' and Oryza rufipogon (IRGC 105491). Near isogenic lines (NILs) harboring the O. rufipogon segment on chromosome 8 showed increased grain length and weight compared to those of the recurrent parent, Hwaseong. This QTL was mapped to a 175.3-kb region containing 28 genes, of which four were considered as candidates based on the presence of mutations in their coding regions and as per the RNA expression pattern during the inflorescence stage. Leaves and panicles obtained from plants harvested 5 days after heading showed differences in gene expression between Hwaseong and gw8.1-NILs. Most genes were upregulated in O. rufipogon and gw8.1-NIL than in Hwaseong. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the lemma inner epidermal cells indicated that cell length was higher in gw8.1 NIL than in Hwaseong, indicating that gw8.1 might regulate cell elongation. Among the candidate genes, LOC_Os08g34380 encoding a putative receptor-like kinase and LOC_Os08g34550 encoding putative RING-H2 finger protein were considered as possible candidates based on their functional similarity.

Emended description of the genus Phytobacter, its type species Phytobacter diazotrophicus (Zhang 2008) and description of Phytobacter ursingii sp. nov.

The species Phytobacter diazotrophicus and the associated genus Phytobacter were originally described by Zhanget al. [Arch Microbiol189 (2008), 431-439] on the basis of few endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) in China. In this study, we demonstrate that a number of clinical isolates that were either described in the literature, preserved in culture collections, or obtained during a 2013 multi-state sepsis outbreak in Brazil also belong to the same genus. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multilocus sequence analysis based on gyrB, rpoB, atpD and infB genes, as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization support the existence of a second species within the genus Phytobacter. All isolates from the recent Brazilian outbreak, along with some older American clinical strains, were found to belong to the already described species Phytobacterdiazotrophicus, whereas three clinical strains retrieved in the USA over a time span of almost four decades, could be assigned to a new Phytobacter species. Implementation of an extended set of biochemical tests showed that the two Phytobacter species could phenotypically be discriminated from each other by the ability to utilize l-sorbose and d-serine. This feature was limited to the strains of the novel species described herein, for which the name Phytobacter ursingii sp. nov. is proposed, with ATCC 27989T (=CNCTC 5729T) as the designated type strain. An emended description of the species Phytobacter diazotrophicus and of the genus Phytobacter is also provided.

Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes associated with ABA sensitivity in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

Abscisic acid (ABA), as one of the foremost signaling molecules in plants, is an important hormone which plays versatile functions in regulating developmental process and adaptive stress process. A set of introgression lines were previously generated via a backcrossing program using an elite indica cultivar rice Teqing (O. sativa L.) as recipient and an accession of Yuanjiang common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) as donor. In this study, the previously developed introgression lines were evaluated for ABA sensitivity. Here we reported that a total of 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with ABA sensitivity were identified. An ABA sensitive introgression line, YIL53, was identified and characterized. Physiological characterization, including chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugar content, and stomata movement, demonstrated that YIL53 exhibited the characteristics associated with ABA sensitivity. Genotypic analysis revealed that YIL53 harbored one QTL related to ABA sensitivity, qASS1-2, which was located on chromosome 1 within one introgressed segment derived from the Yuanjiang common wild rice. Furthermore, the qASS1-2 was finally narrowed down to a 441-kb region between simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker RM212 and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M3 using the segregation population derived from the cross between Teqing and YIL53, and three candidate genes associated with ABA sensitivity were identified using a strategy combined gene expression analysis with QTL mapping. Identification of the QTLs related to ABA sensitivity and characterization of the ABA sensitive line YIL53 would provide a helpful basis for isolating novel genes related to ABA sensitivity.

Identification of drought stress tolerance in wild species germplasm of rice based on leaf and root morphology

AbstractDrought is the major abiotic constraint to the rice production in the rain-fed areas across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Wild species of Oryza offer a wide spectrum of adaptive traits and can serve as potential donors of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. At the Punjab Agricultural University, we are maintaining an active collection of 1630 accessions of wild species germplasm (AA, CC, BBCC and CCDD) of rice. These accessions were screened to assess genetic variation for drought tolerance under field conditions. Severe water stress was imposed at the late vegetative stage by withholding water initially for 25 d and then extended further to 35 d during kharif season in the years 2013–14 and 2015–16. The tolerance score for drought stress was based on the extent of leaf rolling and leaf drying. Based on the 2 years’ data, seven accessions from Oryza rufipogon, four from Oryza longistaminata and one each from Oryza officinalis and Oryza latifolia were found tolerant to drought stress. These selected accessions were further phenotype for root morphology. The average root length among the selected accessions ranges between 36 and 80 cm and the number of primary roots vary from 30 to 87 cm. The O. rufipogon accession IRGC 106433, O. longistaminata accession IRGC 92656A, O. officinalis accession IRGC 101152 and O. latifolia accession IRGC 80769 showed approximately 2–2.5 times longer root length and number than the indica rice elite cultivar PR121. The results indicated potentiality of selected wild species germplasm for conferring drought tolerance to the elite cultivars.

Detection of quantitative trait loci controlling grain zinc concentration using Australian wild rice, Oryza meridionalis, a potential genetic resource for biofortification of rice.

Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential mineral elements for both plants and humans. Zn deficiency in human is one of the major causes of hidden hunger, a serious health problem observed in many developing countries. Therefore, increasing Zn concentration in edible part is an important issue for improving human Zn nutrition. Here, we found that an Australian wild rice O. meridionalis showed higher grain Zn concentrations compared with cultivated and other wild rice species. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was then performed to identify the genomic regions controlling grain Zn levels using backcross recombinant inbred lines derived from O. sativa ‘Nipponbare’ and O. meridionalis W1627. Four QTLs responsible for high grain Zn were detected on chromosomes 2, 9, and 10. The QTL on the chromosome 9 (named qGZn9), which showed the largest effect on grain Zn concentration was confirmed with the introgression line, which had a W1627 chromosomal segment covering the qGZn9 region in the genetic background of O. sativa ‘Nipponbare’. Fine mapping of this QTL resulted in identification of two tightly linked loci, qGZn9a and qGZn9b. The candidate regions of qGZn9a and qGZn9b were estimated to be 190 and 950 kb, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that plants having a wild chromosomal segment covering qGZn9a, but not qGZn9b, is associated with fertility reduction. qGZn9b, therefore, provides a valuable allele for breeding rice with high Zn in the grains.

Genetic diversity of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in Asia, especially in Myanmar, as revealed by organelle markers

Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated in Asia, where it has been classified into Indica and Japonica Group, the latter is further classified into Tropical and Temperate Japonica Subgroup. O. rufipogon is believed to be the closest ancestor to O. sativa, but it remains unclear whether the two groups arose from a single ancestor or different ancestors. Therefore, here, we investigated the matrilineal ancestors of O. sativa using markers for organelle (chloroplast and mitochondrial) genomes, and 119 O. sativa landraces, 10 O. glaberrima Steud., 115 O. rufipogon Griff. from Asia, and 39 accessions from other wild rice species with AA genomes. We screened 18 organelle markers developed based on polymorphic loci in the organelle genomes. In addition, we used the open reading frame 100 of a chloroplast marker. The results indicated that O. rufipogon first differentiated into two lineages and then further differentiated into Indica and Japonica Group, respectively. Accessions of O. rufipogon (R-1f and R-2d types) from Myanmar appear to be the closest ancestors of Tropical Japonica Subgroup and Indica Group, respectively. Therefore, these wild strains may have made a strong contribution to the domestication of rice landraces in Myanmar.

Comparison of the Genetic Structure betweenIn Situ and Ex Situ Populations of DongxiangWild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

In situ and ex situ conservation are two main wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) protection strategies. Few studies have compared the genetic diversity and genetic structure of wild rice between ex situ and in situ populations. Thus in this study, 278 individuals collected from three in situ and nine ex situ populations of Dongxiang wild rice (DXWR) were genotyped using 32 microsatellite loci to compare their population genetic structure and genetic diversity. Model‐based grouping, neighbor‐joining tree, and principal coordinate analyses showed that there were significant differences in the population structure between in situ and ex situ populations. The in situ populations clustered into three major groups, which were in accordance with their geographical distribution (Anjiashan, Zhangtang, and Shuitaoshu). However, the nine ex situ populations of DXWR showed no differences among populations, and there was a high heterozygosity for each individual. In addition, one of the in situ populations (Zhangtang) was not represented in the ex situ conservation garden. Given the above results, we concluded that the germplasm of both in situ and ex situ populations are precious, and that the combination of these two conservation strategies is necessary to protect the germplasm resources of DXWR, but special emphasis should be placed on in situ conservation to better maintain their genetic identities. In addition, it is necessary to recollect genetic resources from in situ populations for ex situ conservation, especially from the Zhangtang population.

Integrated RNA Sequencing and QTL Mapping to Identify Candidate Genes from Oryza rufipogon Associated with Salt Tolerance at the Seedling Stage.

Soil salinity is a common abiotic stress affecting crop productivity. To identify favorable alleles from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) that enhance salinity tolerance of rice (O. sativa L.), a set of introgression lines (ILs) were developed. The ILs were derived from an O. rufipogon accession collected from Chaling (Hunan Province, China) as the donor, and a widely grown O. sativa indica cultivar 93-11 as the recipient. Through evaluating the salt tolerance of 285 ILs at the seedling stage, a total of 10 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to salt tolerance were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, 7 and 9–12, with individual QTLs explaining 2–8% of phenotypic variance. The O. rufipogon-derived alleles at four QTLs improved salt tolerance in the 93-11 background. At the same time, a salt-tolerant IL, 9L136, was identified and characterized. Compared with the recipient parent 93-11, a total of 1,391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected specifically in 9L136 between salt stress and normal condition through genome-wide expression analysis. Of these, four DEGs located in the QTL regions carried by 9L136, suggesting that the four genes might be candidates associated with salt tolerance. Both the highly salt-tolerant ILs and the favorable O. rufipogon-derived QTLs identified in the present study will provide new genetic resources for improving the resistance of cultivated rice against salinity stress using molecular breeding strategies in the future.

Conservation and genetic diversity of populations of Oryza glumaepatula Steud. in ferruginous mountaintop lakes of the Brazilian Amazonia

Natural populations of Oryza glumaepatula, a wild relative of cultivated rice, were found in lakes at mountaintops of the Carajás Ridge, in Carajás National Forest. This species is generally found in aquatic environments of lowlands surrounded by tropical forests, and this is a rare case in which the species colonized high altitude lakes, situated amidst campo rupestre (rupicolous vegetation). This peculiarity instigated an interest on the natural history of these populations, especially on which lowland populations were the sources of the propagules that colonized the Carajás lakes. This study aimed at describing the genetic structure and divergence among four mountaintop populations in order to lay grounds for their long-term conservation. As an external comparison, four O. glumaepatula populations were used, three from Amazon Basin rivers (Solimões, Negro and Xingu), and another from the Paraguay Basin, in the Pantanal biome, in a total of 257 individuals. Eight microsatellite loci were evaluated in the eight populations. The Carajás populations showed less genetic diversity than the others, which suggests that they went through a founder effect as of their initial settling on the ridge. The fixation index was negative for the Carajás lakes populations, and this excess of heterozygotes is unexpected for a traditionally selfing species. This may be the result of selection for the ferruginous environment and/or due to the vegetative propagation of highly heterotic individuals. Two groups were detected, showing a lower divergence among the populations found in the ferruginous lakes at the mountaintops of the Carajás Ridge, when compared to the populations from riverine environments in the lowlands. For genetic conservation purposes, a large number of individuals was transplanted, based on the information generated in this work, to lakes devoid of natural populations of O. glumaepatula in a nearby ridge possessing the same rupicolous vegetation.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of Green Tissue-specific Expression Promoter of Common Wild Rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

Cloning and Functional Analysis of Green Tissue-specific Expression Promoter of Common Wild Rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)