Orthographic Norm Research Articles

A Critical Review on the Form of Presence and Application of the Korean Orthographic Norm : Focusing on the Provision 30 ‘Sai-siot’ of 〈Hangeul Spelling〉

A Critical Review on the Form of Presence and Application of the Korean Orthographic Norm : Focusing on the Provision 30 ‘Sai-siot’ of 〈Hangeul Spelling〉

Russian elements in the ergonymy of intra-urban objects in Moscow

The article presents a fragment of a study examining the ergonymy of intra-urban objects in Moscow. The research focuses on ergonyms created on the basis of the Russian language. The study aims to find out what names of commercial enterprises are more attractive to city residents, which of them provoke positive, neutral, or negative emotions. The material for the study included the names of commercial enterprises in Moscow formed with the techniques of retrohybridisation, quasi-naming, anti-orthography, superimposition of words, and allusion. During the study, 2700 names of commercial enterprises located on the signs, bracket panels, and in the shop windows of establishments in the main streets of Moscow were collected. The selected ergonyms were classified according to their formation methods. A survey involving 90 respondents of different ages and educational backgrounds was conducted as well. The data obtained during the survey were processed using statistical analysis. Based on the experimental results, the study revealed that ergonyms with letters from the pre-revolutionary script had positive evaluations more often. Also, they were the most memorable. The largest number of negative evaluations was given to the names with a deliberate distortion of the Russian orthographic norm. Drawing on the data obtained, the paper formulates recommendations to those who create commercial enterprise names aimed at different age groups of consumers. The results of the work can be used in linguodidactics, for example, in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Verschriftungsprinzipien im geschriebenen Dialekt: WhatsApp-Nachrichten aus Südtirol

Although the orthographic norm of the standard language has dominated most written registers of German, social media and other non-standardized digital contexts have recently given rise to the written use of dialects and vernaculars in informal communication. The written use of non-standard dialects is especially wide-spread in the south of the German-speaking area, e. g. in Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria and South Tyrol, where various studies have reported the use of dialectal forms in digital contexts such as Chatrooms, WhatsApp or Facebook (cf. Christen 2004; Glaznieks/Frey 2018). Using a corpus of South Tyrolean WhatsApp chats with corresponding audio recordings of the chat authors retelling the chat contents, we analyze four phonetic-phonological phenomena of Tyrolean dialects, characteristic of the southern German-speaking area: pre-consonantal s-retraction, the neutralization of the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in word-initial position, vowels undergoing umlaut or unrounding and the realisation of r in the coda of unstressed syllables. In particular, we analyze if and how these phenomena of the dialect are represented in the written form. The results show that Standard German graphematic conventions form the basis for most dialect spellings in WhatsApp chats. However, they are sometimes abandoned for the benefit of spellings that explicitly represent dialectal pronunciations. Interestingly, in some cases these dialectal spellings do not correspond to the pronunciation of the writers who, instead, opt for a pronunciation closer to that of the standard language.

Analysis of spelling errors from the 'dyslexic sight words' list.

In this study the spelling errors of the 'Dyslexic Sight Words - DSW' list are analyzed according to the semiological classification. The spelling errors were made by schoolchildren with and without dyslexia. The high number of inaccuracies observed in the writing of the Group with dyslexia (GD) was often related to the complexity of syllabic structures and orthographic irregularity. The syllabic structures, in addition to the consonant-vowel (CV) pattern, often pose challenges for all students as they move through the alphabetic writing phase, early in literacy. This classification provides an understanding of the characteristics of Natural Spelling and Arbitrary Spelling, providing support for the teaching-learning of words by dyslexic students and is also relevant for the design of Portuguese language teacher training policies. In the teaching of the orthographic norm, the success and error when writing words should be followed by a reflection (metaorthographic skill) and monitoring of learning, both on the part of the teacher and on the part of the learner, reinforcing the knowledge of spelling patterns that will be triggered as the student is exposed to the explicit formal teaching of spelling.

Language ideologies against norm change: A case study of the orthographic norm of Finnish O(i)ttA-verbs and language professionals’ unwillingness to change it

This study investigates why language professionals of the standard Finnish language are unwilling to change a known problematic orthographic norm and how their arguments are based on overt and covert conceptions of standard language. It also analyzes how dominant language ideologies, namely standard language ideology (SLI) and linguistic purism, form the bases of these conceptions. The study is based on a qualitative survey, and it explores the metalanguage of the answers to one open-ended question using content analysis. The concepts of language are presented as conceptual metaphors. The analysis reveals six concepts that represent a particular ideological notion belonging to purism, SLI, or both. The respondents conceptualize language as value judgments and through functions and social connotations. Some concepts are based on non-linguistic but emotionally powerful values, others on usability or language’s ability to serve as a marker of status or social bonds. The study highlights the deep impact of language ideologies. Kokkuvõte. Henni Pajunen: Normingu muutmisega seotud keeleideloogiad: soome keele O(i)ttA-tegusõnade ortograafianormingu juhtumiuuring ja keeleprofessionaalide soovimatus normingut muuta. See artikkel uurib, miks soome keeleprofessionaalid ei soovi laialt tuntud problemaatilise ortograafianormingu muutmist ja kuidas nende argumendid põhinevad avalikel ja varjatud arusaamadel normitud keelest. Samuti analüüsib artikkel, kuidas peamised keelelised ideoloogiad – standardkeeleideoloogia ja purism – on nende arusaamade aluseks. Artikkel põhineb kvalitatiivsel uuringul ja selles käsitletakse sisuanalüüsi abil ühele avatud küsimusele antud vastuste metakeelt. Keelega seotud mõisted on esitatud mõistemetafooridena. Analüüsis tõuseb esile kuus mõistet, mis esindavad purismi, standardkeeleideoloogiat või mõlemat. Küsitlusele vastajad mõtestavad keelt väärtushinnangutena ning seda keele funktsioonide ja sotsiaalsete konnotatsioonide kaudu. Mõned kontseptsioonid põhinevad mittekeelelistel, kuid emotsionaalselt tugevatel väärtustel, teised kasutatavusel või keele võimel olla staatuse või sotsiaalsete sidemete markeriks. Uurimus tõstab esile keeleideoloogiate tugeva mõju.

THE FORMATION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

The article is about the formation of orthographic norm in German language since the XVII century up to the present time. The stages of the formation of German orthographic norm are examined with the description of the main characteristics of each of them. On the basis of the research works of prominent Ukrainian and foreign linguists and conference documents related to the formation and codification of a definite orthographic norm in German (Standarddeutsch) from the XVII century up to the present day, a certain simplification of certain spelling rules in modern German and more consistent adherence to the etymological principle of spelling have been revealed. The aim of this paper is to describe the processes of orthographic norm formation in the German language. The object of the research is orthographic peculiarities of the German written language in XVII–XIX centuries. The subject of the research is orthographic changes in the German language in the XVII–XIX centuries. The research is based on the works of prominent Ukrainian and foreign linguists and conference documents related to the formation and codification of a universally accepted orthographic norm in the German language. The conducted research has revealed the ways in which the orthographic norm in the German language has developed. Undoubtedly, all the authors of the various orthographic reforms were motivated to improve German spelling in order to meet the cultural objectives of the German language at every stage of its development. However, only time will show how much the new rules will ease the task of using the German language in writing. In our opinion, the authors of the latest reform avoided radical reforms, which explains, for example, the preservation of capitalization of nouns in German. The results of the study can be useful in lectures on the History of the German Language, Historical Phonetics of the German Language, as well as in teaching and learning a practical course of German.

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD HIGH GERMAN CONSONANTISM

The article examines the main processes associated with the formation and development of writing in the Old High German period of the formation of the German language. The Old High German period is primarily the period of the formation of the German nation, first within the Frankish state, and later the East Frankish state, ending with the proclamation of the German Empire in 962. Actually, the written tradition of the German language is connected with church life. In the monastery cells, theological treatises, prayers, and psalms were translated into German, historical works were written, and biblical commentaries were compiled for the school and for the education of priests. Monasteries became the centers of education and spiritual life of the early feudal society. At this time, a new form of existence of the German language was formed in the form of a set of territorial dialects. The article notes that The Old High German dialects differ from each other in phonetic, morphological, lexical, and even syntactic aspects. In other words, almost every dialect had its own spelling and phonetic features. However, the unity of the German language was always ensured by the kinship of the dialects, the general trends in the development of their phonetic and grammatical structure, and interaction with a particularly strong influence of the Frankish dialect on others. The development of the graphic system in this period is complex due to the adaptation of the Latin alphabet to German pronunciation. At that time, there was not only a single orthographic norm for the German language in general, but also a single spelling of certain words or morphemes within the framework of a single written document. The main written works of that time are analysed, taking into account the dialectal features of each of them. It has been found that under the influence of Latin, the German script undergoes significant changes, but retains its linguistic independence, particularly in the consonant system.

Dialect word order in the Slovenian Carinthian 18th century books “Duhovna bramba” and “Kolomonov žegen”

The paper analyzes the use of the Slovenian Carinthian word order in the Carinthian early printed books of the mid-18th century – collections of prayers and incantations Duhovna bramba and Kolomonov žegen. The possibility of using them as a source of information about the 18th century Carinthian dialect syntax is considered. Based on significant deviations from the Central Slovenian standard language orthographic norm in Kolomonov žegen and the absence of such deviations in the Carinthian edition of Duhovna bramba, we assume that Kolomonov žegen reflects the Carinthian word order to a greater extent than Duhovna bramba. The work includes a brief description of the analyzed texts and the Carinthian dialects, an analysis of the reflection of the Rosen Valley syntactic features in these texts, and conclusions. The statistical analysis of the texts confirms the assumption that they contain Carinthian word order features. The assumption about their greatest concentration in Kolomonov žegen is not confirmed. According to the statistics, the first part of Duhovna bramba most fully and consistently reflects the Carinthian word order innovations, while its second part demonstrates the most conservative word order. Kolomonov žegen reflects Carinthian syntactic innovations rarely and inconsistently. Such heterogeneity demonstrates completely different views of the Carinthian editors on the admissibility of the inclusion of their native syntactic features into the printed text. These texts reflect the Carinthian word order to varying degrees, which requires caution in their further use as a source of information about the 18th century Carinthian dialect syntax.

COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIAL GROUP “SCHOOLCHILD”: THE OPPOSITION LITERARY LANGUAGE – NON-LITERARY FORMS (BASED ON THE NOVEL BY ANDRII KOKOTYUKHA “ZOO, OR CHILDREN UNDER 16”)

Using the linguistic indicator “correspondence of the lexical means of the artistic text to the literary language – non-literary forms”, the paper discloses the means of expressing the verbal-semantic level in the structure of the writer’s language and personality. The forms of colloquial language, colloquial speech (surzhyk), slang vocabulary and vulgarisms have been distinguished as examples of communication (mediated by the speech personality of the artistic work’s author) in the social group “schoolchild”. The descriptive method was used for the analysis. Correspondence to the colloquial literary language was evidenced by nouns (‘elektrychka’ – electric train), ‘zahranka’ – a trip abroad), verbs (‘vidchepytysia’ – get away, ‘dokopatysia’ – find out), adjectives (‘babskyi’ – womanly, ‘idiotskyi’ – idiotic), idioms (‘daty po shyi’ – to hit the neck, ‘mozolyty banky’ – to be an eyesore). Correspondence to non-literary forms. These are cases of the use of colloquial speech (surzhyk) – violation of lexical norms (‘vidminyatysia’ – get cancelled, ‘v pershu cherhu’ – first of all), grammatical norms (‘davai vyidemo’ – let’s go out, ‘davai hovory’ – talk now), of the orthographic norm (‘viyskomat’). Jargon words and inflections in the direct speech of schoolchild characters – nouns (‘babky’ – money, zanachka – saved money), verbs (‘valyty’ – leave, ‘zakumaryty’ – bore), adjectives (‘hnylyi’ – rotten, ‘dovbanyi’ – damned), adverbs (‘kliovo’ – cool, ‘chiki-piki’ – well), stable expressions (‘rozkataty hubu’ – want too much, ‘sto pudiv’ – definitely). Swear words and phrases in the dialogues of the characters, there are also nouns (‘mudak’ – idiot), verbs (‘zherty’ – eat too much), adjectives (‘debilnyi’ – moron), fixed expressions (‘khrin yoho znaye’ – nobody knows). School nicknames also served as a marker of communication in the social group “schoolchild”. The results of the research can be used as materials for practical classes in sociolinguistics, language culture, social onomastics, and text linguistics.

Revision of the orthographic norm in the Bosnian language

There are three constitutional nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats who respectively speak Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian languages, and they are all standardized, i.e. guaranteed by the Constitution. However, that was not always the case. Namely, in 1954 (after the so called Novi Sad Agreement) the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages, despite their separate historical, territorial and cultural flows, were incorporated into a hybrid, politically motivated language called Croato-Serbian / Serbo-Croatian. They were part of it until the dissolution of Yugoslavia when former member republics became independent states, and demanded their own standardized languages: Croatia Croatian, Serbia Serbian, and Bosnia and Herzegovina all three – Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian. During the war and in the few following years, standardizing works, which proscribe what is the part of standardized Bosnian language, were published in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The key role in that process was played by Alija Isaković who lists the specificities of the Bosnian language in his dictionary (Rječnik karakteristične leksike u bosanskome jeziku 1993; Rječnik bosanskoga jezika: karakteristična leksika 1995) – the same specificities which were unscientifically overlooked for almost a century, and which were, all the while, a part of the language practices in the vernaculars and literature of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those specificities will be insisted on by the first orthographic manual of standard Bosnian language, the first orthographic manual for schools, and after some time the first grammar of standard Bosnian language. The same tradition will be, more or less, continued in the dictionaries of the Bosnian language. A sudden shift occurred in 2017 when the second edition of the orthographic manual of Bosnian language was published in which the aforementioned specificities slowly disappear. This work shows where and how it happened with an aim to find out why it happened.

O elementima leksičke anglicizacije u aktuelnim sportskim tekstovima u dnevnoj štampi

The subject of this paper were anglicisms in current sports texts in the daily newspapers in Serbian, and the aim was to carry out the descriptive analysis of the forms and stylistic features of these lexical units in order to find out the contemporary trends in the field of anglicization of Serbian sports language and Serbian language in general. The corpus con- sisted of the sports newspapers Sportski žurnal, and the daily newspapers: Politika, Euro Blic, Večernje novosti, Informer, Kurir, Nova, Danas, which were published in the period from June to September 2021. The theoretical background included Prćić (2005) who defined ortographic, grammatical and pragmatical level of lexical anglicization and classified anglicisms into three groups: obvious anglicisms, hidden anglicisms and lexical units in the original English form, and Milić (2011) who classified anglicisms as stylistic synonyms in daily newspapers into five groups: trendy anglicisms, advertisement anglicisms, associative anglicisms, metaphorical angli- cisms, ironic anglicisms and inertial anglicisms. Our analysis showed that the forms of lexical anglicization described in the previous linguistic studies, which we relied on in this research, are still frequently used in the Serbian language. We came to the conclusion that in the selected corpus of printed sports texts in daily newspapers, apart from the terminological anglicisms that represent an indispensable part of the vocabulary within sports texts, the remaining language forms taken from the English language turn out as synonyms, mainly in the form of obvious inertial and metaphorical anglicisms. The example of hidden anglicism is a frequently used ’noun + noun’ construction as a form of noun phrase which is not in line with the Serbian language norm. Some word forms – compoundings and acronyms – indicate that within the use of lexical anglicisms in sports texts in daily newspapers there are certain deviations from the orthographic norm of the Serbian language. Although the analysis of anglicisms in such a selected corpus could not show all the forms of English influence in Serbian that we would have discovered by examining a different language corpus, this research revealed which forms of lexical angliciza- tion are currently most infiltrated into the language of sports daily newspapers in the Serbian language, which indicates possible tendencies of anglicization of the language of sports and the Serbian language in general in the following years.

AMBIGUOUS PARAGRAPH: PROBLEMS OF USING CAPITAL LETTERS IN THE CONTEXT OF "SPECIAL SUBLIME MEANING"

Along with the arbitrary application of §203 of the «Russian orthographic and punctuation rules. Complete Academic Handbook», leading to the excessive use of capital letters in usus, there are many other real issues related to this orthographic norm. What is the scope and criteria of special sublime meaning? How to comply with soft norms, which are not rules? The article outlines the general problem associated with the rules of Russian orthography: in literary and journalistic works, common nouns written with a capital letter are often found, which are attributed to a high value. The fuzziness of the criteria for using capital letters with "special sublime meaning" is discussed, which poses an urgent task for codifiers to improve the orthographic rules. This task attracts clear attention from the linguistic circles. Manifestations of a series of practical problems are considered - in order to make the expression richer, semantic contrasts are more pronounced, writers use capital letters, guided by their own standards rather than by orthographic rules. The author's analysis of examples of the use of capital letters in literatures of different periods, based on the history of the development of orthographic rules, confirms the excessive use of capital letters with a special sublime meaning. For example, such words are mentioned that are used with sublime meaning, as Revolution, Love, Dream, Happiness, Freedom, etc. The poems of the poets of the sixties are analyzed, in particular.

O PODELI REČI NA KRAJU REDA U PISMENIM ZADACIMA

With the development of electronic literacy and the dominance of printed text over hand- written text, the need to know the rules of word division at the end of a line is decreasing. However, it is inevitably actualized when writing school written assignments. In this paper, therefore, we bring an excerpt from a broader study dealing with the orthographic norm in the written assignments of high school students of different educational profiles and directions in the Republic of Serbia. The goal is to determine the orthographic characteristics of more than 3 000 written assignments from the subject The Serbian Language and Lterature in a separate spelling area - Dividing words at the end of the line. We also pay attention to determining the representation and frequency of errors according to the age of the students, the school they attended and the assessment of the written task. The research corpus was examined by a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research showed that the dominant mistake of the high school students was in cases when the consonant is in a position between two vowels at the end of the line, and they often avoid the division whatsoever. The rules of word division at the end of the line are the least followed by the students of the technical high school, while the weakest achievements in this spelling area were shown by both first-year pupils and high school graduates. The grades that students receive on written assignments are in line with the representation of errors in them. The current findings confirm the primary hypothesis that more attention should be paid to the issue of following the orthographic norm in high school teaching practice when it comes to word division at the end of a line. In the final part, the paper is enriched with reflections on the possibilities of improving the teaching prac- tice in secondary schools, as well as the orthographic literature in order to change the current situation when it comes to the examined area of orthography.

Orthographic destabilization in the Russian language in the early XXI century

This article analyzes the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization in the Russian language in the early XXI century. The phonic and graphic word forms compete in the process of phonetic-graphic adaptation of global lexis to the conditions of the accepting language. The spring to life of the loanword in the new orthographic conditions is associated with variability of the form. Over time, the form of the word stabilizes, resulting in formal de-barbarization of the loanword. In the early XXI century, certain lexical globalisms retain variability even after codification in the normative and specialized dictionaries. The concept of overcoming the variability of orthographic norm in the conditions of linguistic globalization is not being fully implemented, causing orthographic destabilization. On the one hand, the rollback to orthographic variability demonstrates complex vicissitudes of the formation of speech culture of the era of linguistic globalization, while on the other hand is substantiated by specificity of the mechanisms of phonetic-graphic adaptation of loanwords in the Russian language. The variability expands due to the adaptation of new words from the global English departs from the existing orthographic rules. The author demonstrates the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization using the representative examples; as well as concludes that it is of destructive nature, and should be overcome by hewing to the relevant orthographic trends and rules.

Normativity, power, and agency: On the chronotopic organization of orthographic conventions on social media

AbstractThis article examines Iranian social media users’ understandings of normative behavior by focusing on a new online ‘nonstandard’ orthographic norm: the ‘hekasreh’. Adopting a chronotopic approach to the study of discourse, I analyze Iranian Twitter users’ social positionings towards the ‘hekasreh’ phenomenon. I show how tweeters invoke different spatiotemporal configurations, and the normative behaviors associated with them, to argue for and/or against this new orthographic norm. Focusing on the argumentative dynamics of the invoked chronotopes, I investigate the agentive and creative ways in which power is claimed and maintained in online spaces. This study, on the one hand, provides more empirical data to highlight the significance of attending to the online-offline nexus, and on the other hand argues for a more dynamic conceptualization of the interaction between normativity, power, and agency in online communication. (Social media, Farsi/Persian orthography, sociolinguistic normativity, chronotope, power, agency)*

The interactional principle in digital punctuation

While early CMC research already mentioned the repetition and omission of certain punctuation signs as salient features of digital interactional writing (cf. Crystal, 2001; Runkehl et al., 1998; Werry, 1996), the theoretical perspective on punctuation was mostly limited to noting down these phenomena in their deviations from an orthographic norm and interpreting them as emulation of spoken language features. In contrast, this paper adopts a graphocentric approach and argues for investigating digital punctuation with regard to its emergent interactional principle: While the rhetorical principle (marking intonational structures) and the grammatical principle (marking syntactical structures) of punctuation are well known in the history of writing (cf. Parkes, 1992), digital punctuation appears as an innovative extension to these functional realms in that it is used by co-participants to shape and organize their mediated interactional order. When punctuation is deployed in an interactional mode, it structures primarily neither intonational patterns nor grammatical patterns, but interactional patterns such as shaping sequential organization and stance-taking. Drawing on a data set of 47 text-messaging threads by German adolescents, the paper investigates the interactional principle of punctuation by frequency analyses as well as by in-depth sequential analyses of <.>, <:>, <!>, <?>, and <…>. The findings suggest that even punctuation signs whose codification in descriptive and prescriptive grammars is based on pure syntactic criteria are utilized to achieve interactional goals. It shows that by following the interactional principle, punctuation establishes collaborative interactional management and serves participants as a graphic means of communicative and social contextualization in digital interactions.

Adaptacije češkega jezika na slovaškem in njegove oblike v slovaških literarnih besedilih v obdobju narodnega preporoda

The paper analyses the position of Czech language as one of the two elements of diglossia in Slovak culture and literature between 1780 and 1843, when Ľudovít Štúr’s codification was adopted. It discusses the relationship between Czech and the first norm of standard Slovak, codified by Anton Bernolák in 1787. The focus is on linguistic tendencies that brought Czech closer to pre-standard forms of Slovak, based on Central Slovak dialects. An analysis is undertaken of orthographic, grammatical and lexical modifications of the Czech orthographic norm in the territory of today’s Slovakia, as well as their forms in literary texts by Slovak writers. The paper also introduces Slovak theoretical works that concentrate on researching adaptations of the Czech orthographic norm in the Slovak milieu. Linguistic and literary analyses of the situation in Slovak literature in the first half of the nineteenth century reveal a significant weakening of the position of Czech in Slovakia. This is confirmed by the strong Slovakisation of Czech in the 1830s and 1840s, as well as Štúr’s codification of standard Slovak in 1843, which concluded the process of the language integration of Slovaks.

Pravopisna norma u izdanjima Nušićevih "Hajduka" i potrebe savremene nastave

Using the example of "Hajduci" by Branislav Nušić, as school extensive reading for the fifth grade of primary school, this paper analyzes the compliance of ten selected editions of this work with the orthographic norm that was current at the time when these editions were published. Ten editions of this work were selected, starting from the first edition (1933/34), to the most recent one (2018), aiming to cover both periods of Serbian orthographic norm - the first, Belić's period, with the editions from 1923, 1930, 1934, 1950, and the second period, of Matica Srpska orthographic norm, with the editions from 1960 (together with Matica Hrvatska), and in 1993 and 2010 whose authors are M. Pešikan, M. Pižurica and J. Jerković. In order to emphasize the importance of this analysis for teaching practice, it also includes the textbooks (readers) containing the excerpts from the novel "Hajduci". Bearing in mind that the students' language competencies in the field of grammar and orthographic norms are also developed by reading the works included in the reading lists, such as Nušić's "Hajduci", the aim of this paper is to determine to what extent, and according to which orthographic rules, the publishers of the later editions of this novel harmonised it with the current orthographic norm.

Orthographic Norm and Grammatical Homonymy

The article deals with the relevant linguistic issue of correlation between word spelling and the distinction of units belonging to different grammatical classes. The concepts of word and part of speech are contrasted. The author has revealed the peculiarities of lexical units functioning in written speech, which enables their part-of-speech status identification. The analysis of criteria, suggested by the linguists for differentiation of homonymous adverbs, preposition-and-case-form combinations, and derivative prepositions resulted in proposing a procedure of consecutive operations, accomplished to identify the part-of-speech status of grammatically homonymous words. The results of the linguistic experiment show how in speech practice native speakers solve the problems of part of speech determination and establishing the spelling of such words. It was revealed that the methods for distinguishing grammatical homonyms used by recipients, in many cases, do not lead to the correct solution. The existing codified guidelines are not applied while writing, as spelling of the major part of grammatically homonymous words does not meet the requirements of the norm. To solve the problem under consideration, it is necessary to adjust the content of spelling rules and change the spelling of a number of words, where traditional spelling principles are reflected.

Rimske brojke u nastavi i gramatičkim i pravopisnim priručnicima srpskog jezika

The orthographic norm specifies that Roman numerals (numbers) are used to denote ordinal numbers and represent a semantic equivalent to Arabic numerals with a full-stop, or ordinal numbers, as a numerical type, and therefore, with Roman numerals, the full-stop is not written (for example, XLVI FEST = 46 FEST). Bearing this in mind, the authors highlighted the importance of Roman numerals in the system of numerical types in the relevant orthography and grammar handbooks (from Belic's and Matica's orthography handbooks to Normative Grammar) and offered solutions that would regulate their normative status and place in the orthography and grammar of the Serbian Language. The paper analyzes the results obtained from the candidates at the entrance exam at the Teacher Education Faculty in Belgrade in 2017 on the tasks related to the knowledge of Roman numerals. The sample consisted of 405 candidates from both departments. The results of the research show that the knowledge that students acquire in the instruction of orthography is insufficient to clearly distinguish the functional marking of Roman numerals (on one hand, as linguistic, and on the other, as mathematical symbols). The results indicate the need for a systematic processing of Roman numerals within ordinal numbers (as one of the alternative solutions for their expression, in addition to the numerical word and Arabic numerals with a full-stop).